vettegren victor ivanovich , kulik v.b. , and mamalimov r.i
DESCRIPTION
STUDYING OF NANOCRYSATLS IN ROCKS BY RAMAN AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY. Vettegren Victor Ivanovich , Kulik V.B. , and Mamalimov R.I . Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences Sobolev G.A., Kireenkova S.M., Morozov Yu.A ., Smul’skaya A.I. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Vettegren Victor Ivanovich, Kulik V.B., and Mamalimov R.I.
Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSobolev G.A., Kireenkova S.M., Morozov Yu.A., Smul’skaya A.I.
Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences
The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant no. 100500505a
STUDYING OF NANOCRYSATLS IN ROCKS BY RAMAN AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
The purposes of this work
1. Search nanocrystals of minerals in deep rock, and their identification;
2. Estimation of their sizes and internal stresses in nanocrystals,
3. Studying the changes in their sizes and internal stresses under compression and high temperature.
Specimens
• Rocks:1.Mantle xenoliths from the kimberlitic tube;2.Fine-lamellar arkosic sandstone;3. Pseudotachylite (a product of intensive
milling of granite in seismic fault zones).• Form of specimens: quadrate or round plates with dimensions 3x3x3
cm.
Methods
• Raman and Infrared spectroscopy• The dimensions of nanocrystalls was
determine by measuring asymmetric broadening of bands in the spectra.
• The value of internal stresses in nanocrystals was estimated by measuring the shift of the bands.
Scheme of experiments in Raman spectroscopy
Specimen
Mirror
In spectrometer
Laser beam
Scattering light
Scheme of experiments in Infrared spectroscopy
Raman spectrum of Mantle xenolith
200 400 600
Inttn
sity
, ap
p. u
n.
Frequency, cm-1
Anatase Quartz plagioclase
Infrared reflection spectrum psevdotachilite
400 600 800 1000 12000
10
20
30
40
Inte
nsity
, %
Frequency, cm-1
Quartz Albite
• Measuring Raman and IR spectra we can determine minerals in rocks
Founded minerals in rocks
Arkosic
sandstone : •Anatase
•Quartz
•Plagioclase
Mantle
Xenolith
•Pirope
•Omphacite
Psevdotachilite
Quartz
Albite
Form and shift of band in Raman spectra of arcosic sandstone with nanocrystals anataze
120 140 1600,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Ine
ns
ity
, ap
pr.
un
.
Frequency, cm-1
Nanocrystal in arcosic
sandstone
Macro single crystal
Form and shift of band for nanocrystals quartz in IR spectra of psevdotachilite
680 7000,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
"
Frequency, cm-1
Macro- single crystal
Nano inpsevdotahilite
Conclusion
• When rocks contains crystals with nanometric dimensions the bands became asymmetrically form and their maximums shifts.
Mechanism of forming bands in Raman and IR spectra
• It is well-known that phonons (quantum of vibration of crystalline cells ) interactions each other. Because of the mean life time of phonons is approximately 1000 vibration periods. During the timethe phonon runs a distance Λ about 100 nm.
• In result of the interaction of light with the phonon a band in the spectrum became symmetrical dispersion shape. That is why the bands in Raman or IR spectra of single macrocrystals have a symmetrical dispersion shape.
Mechanism of changing shape of bands in Raman and IR spectra
• If the dimensions L on crystals are less the Λ vibrations (L<Λ ≈ 100 nm) the band broads asymmetrically . Measuring the value of asymmetrically broadening we can estimate the value of crystal dimension.
What we need know to calculate the sizes?
• Shape of the nanocrystal. We assumed that all the nanocrystals have a spherical or plate lake shape.
• Wave vector dependence of the frequency.
Expressions for calculating the size of nanocrystals
20
2
32
2q
qdq,0CI
Expression for the shape of the spectral bands is as follows:
Where is frequency, q is wave vector of phonon, Γ is half width of band. If the nanocrystals in the rock have the form of a sphere with diameter L, then
2
222
16
Lqexpq,0C
Dependence ν(q) for quartz is ν(q) ≈ ν(0) – 4,8q, where 0) is the frequency for single crystal.
We must picked L and (0) which describes the shape of band as accurately as possible .
Founded dimensions of nanocrystals (nm)
• In xenolith:
pyrope ≈ 20; omphacite ≈ 10.
• In arkosic sandstone:
anataze ≈ 5-7; quartz ≈ 7 nm; plagioglace ≈ 20 nm.
• In psevdotachilite:
• quartz ≈ 70 nm; albite 10 – 30 nm.
Shift frequency vibration of quartz nanocrystals
• Frequency ν(0) in single crystal of psevdotachilite in Raman spectra is 464 cm-1 but it is 465,2 cm-1 in spectra of nanocrystals . Shift is +1,2 cm-1 .
• Frequency ν(0) in single crystal in IR spectra of psevdotachilite is 695 cm-1 but in nanocrystals is 497 cm-1 . Shift is +2 cm-1 .
• The same results was taken for other nanocrystals: frequency ν(0) of nanocrystals shift from value of frequency the single macro crystal
It is known that the frequency shifts Δ of crystal vibrations under stress P
Δ = αP,
where α is a mechanical spectroscopic coefficient.
If α is known we can calculated the value of internal stresses P.
Average compression stresses in nanocrystals, GPa
Arkosic sandstone : Anatase: - 0.1 – 0.2; Quartz 0.9 –
1.1
Mantle Xenolith: Pirope – 1 – 1.3
Psevdotachilite: Quartz – 0.25
Usually nanocrystals are compressed
Variation stresses in nanocrystals, GPa
No. area diameter 30 mm
1 2 3
Quartz in Psevdotachilite -0,3 +0,48 +0,05
Quartz in arkosic sandstone -0,25 -1,4 -0,5
Anataze in arkosic sandstone -0,7 -0,5 -0,3
Here + is tensile, - is compressive stresses
We see that stresses varies from tensile to compressive ones in areas diameter 30 mBut in average there are compression stresses.
Influence of high temperatures and pressure
The high pressure and high temperature experiments were carried out in the modified Bridgman chamber, which had been built by Yu. S. Genshaft.
Influence of high temperatures and pressure on dimension of crystals, nm
Before P=1 GPa, T=490 K, t=10 min P=1 GPa, T= 570 K, t=16 min
Quartz in psevdotachilite
20 10 -
Albite in psevdotachilite
20 13 13
The dimensions of nanocrystals usually decreases under high temperature and pressure
Influence of high temperatures and compression on internal stresses in crystals
Before P=1 GPa, T=490 K, t=10 min
Quartz in psevdotachilite
0,4 GPa 0,8 GPaIncreased to 2 times
Before P=1 GPa, T=300 K,
Pirope in xenolite 1,2GPa 1,8GPaIncreased to 50%
Before P=1 GPa, T=490 K, t=10 min
P=1 GPa, T=580 K, t=16 min
Albite in psevdotachilite
+2,5(Tensile)
+7(Tensile increased)
-3,5(compressed)
At 490 K tensile stresses increases, but at 580 K change sing
Shift of frequency band for SiOAl vibrations in albite
Conclusion1. Measuring Raman and Infrared spectra we can
found from which minerals the rocks consist.
2. Studying asymmetrically broadening the band in the spectra we can evaluated dimensions of nanocrystallites of the minerals.
3. Measured shift of frequency vibration crystalline cells in nanocrystals we can evaluated value of internal stresses in them.
4. We found that
•average dimensions of nanocrystals in rocks varies from 5 (for anataze) to 70 nm (for quartz)
•internal compression stresses in nanocrystals varies from 0,25 to 1.3 GPa.
•Dimensions of nanocrystals decreases but internal compression stresses in them increases as a rule under high presses and temperatures
Thank for yours attention very much!