u.s. history unit 10 notes world war ii. section 1

U.S. History U.S. History Unit 10 Notes Unit 10 Notes

World War IIWorld War II

Section 1Section 1

The Path to WarThe Path to War 1930s – 1930s – Dictatorships Dictatorships

came to power in Europe came to power in Europe and Asiaand Asia

Western democracies Western democracies looked on uneasilylooked on uneasily- U.S. Great Britain and - U.S. Great Britain and France couldn’t agree on France couldn’t agree on how to ensure their how to ensure their collective security collective security

Unrest could be traced Unrest could be traced back to back to WWI WWI peace peace settlementssettlements- - Japan,Japan, ItalyItaly, and , and GermanyGermany weren’t happy weren’t happy

Japan’s Expansion in AsiaJapan’s Expansion in Asia 11stst to reveal its to reveal its

territorial ambitionsterritorial ambitions- Depended on foreign - Depended on foreign sources for raw sources for raw materials and marketsmaterials and markets

1921 – Gained control 1921 – Gained control of of Manchuria Manchuria - Established it as an - Established it as an independent state independent state (Manchukuo)(Manchukuo)- Set up former - Set up former Chinese emperor Pu Yi Chinese emperor Pu Yi as a puppet ruleras a puppet ruler

Japan’s Expansion in AsiaJapan’s Expansion in Asia China protested to the China protested to the League of NationsLeague of Nations

- It ordered Japan to return Manchuria to China- It ordered Japan to return Manchuria to China 1933 - Japan withdrew from the 1933 - Japan withdrew from the League of League of

NationsNations - Revealed that the League was powerless- Revealed that the League was powerless- Boosted the expansionist ambitions of - Boosted the expansionist ambitions of ItalyItaly and and GermanyGermany

Early 1930s – Japanese military wanted gain Early 1930s – Japanese military wanted gain control of the East Indies Oil reserves control of the East Indies Oil reserves - Needed it for planes and ships- Needed it for planes and ships

Japan’s Expansion in AsiaJapan’s Expansion in Asia

1937 - Japan invaded 1937 - Japan invaded China and captured China and captured major eastern and major eastern and southern citiessouthern cities

- Needed the ports to - Needed the ports to control the Indiescontrol the Indies

- Engaged in mass - Engaged in mass brutality in brutality in Nanjing Nanjing (killed over 200,000 (killed over 200,000 civilians)civilians)

Japan’s Expansion in AsiaJapan’s Expansion in Asia

Nationalist Nationalist government of government of Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek retreated inlandretreated inland

1937 – 1945 – 1937 – 1945 – The The NationalistNationalist, , The The Chinese Chinese CommunistCommunist, and , and the Japanese fought the Japanese fought for control of Chinafor control of China

Italy’s Conquest of EthiopiaItaly’s Conquest of Ethiopia

ItalyItaly wanted to wanted to gain control of gain control of Ethiopia Ethiopia

- Thought an - Thought an Ethiopian colony Ethiopian colony would enhance its would enhance its image as a world image as a world power power

Italy’s Conquest of EthiopiaItaly’s Conquest of Ethiopia 1934 – Italian and 1934 – Italian and

Ethiopian forces clashed in Ethiopian forces clashed in a disputed zone on the a disputed zone on the border of Ethiopia and border of Ethiopia and Italian SomalilandItalian Somaliland - - Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini demanded an apology and demanded an apology and reparationsreparations-- Ethiopia Ethiopia asked the asked the League of NationsLeague of Nations to to investigate the matterinvestigate the matter- League decided neither - League decided neither side was to blameside was to blame

Italy’s Conquest of EthiopiaItaly’s Conquest of Ethiopia October 1935 – October 1935 – Italy Italy

invaded invaded EthiopiaEthiopia- Ethiopia appealed to - Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations the League of Nations for helpfor help- League imposed - League imposed economic sanctions economic sanctions against Italy against Italy - Were ineffective - Were ineffective because they didn’t because they didn’t include oil, coal, and ironinclude oil, coal, and iron

May 1936 – Mussolini May 1936 – Mussolini formally annexed formally annexed EthiopiaEthiopia

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War 1931 – 1931 – King AlfonsoKing Alfonso

abdicated the throneabdicated the throne New Republican New Republican

government government immediately began a immediately began a program of social program of social reformsreforms- Ended the Catholic - Ended the Catholic Church’s role in Church’s role in educating Spanish educating Spanish youthyouth - Redistributed land - Redistributed land from nobles to from nobles to peasantspeasants

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War Many right wing Many right wing

groups opposed the groups opposed the republic and wanted republic and wanted to restore the old to restore the old orderorder

1936 – 1936 – Right-wing Right-wing NationalistNationalist revolted revolted against the against the Republicans Republicans - Led by - Led by General General Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco

Spanish Nationalist Spanish Nationalist battled the Spanish battled the Spanish Loyalist for 3 yearsLoyalist for 3 years

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War Foreign powers Foreign powers

intervened in the intervened in the beginningbeginning- Soviet Union aided the - Soviet Union aided the LoyalistLoyalist- - GermansGermans and and ItaliansItalians aided the aided the Nationalist Nationalist

Volunteers from Great Volunteers from Great Britain, France and the Britain, France and the U.S. went to Spain to U.S. went to Spain to join the International join the International Brigade and fight for the Brigade and fight for the Republican Cause Republican Cause against fascism against fascism

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War Western governments Western governments

refused to get refused to get involvedinvolved

- Feared a general - Feared a general European warEuropean war

Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler viewed viewed Germany’s Germany’s participation in the participation in the war as a way to war as a way to strengthen ties with strengthen ties with Italy and secure a Italy and secure a supply of Spanish iron supply of Spanish iron ore, coal and ore, coal and magnesium magnesium

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

Germany used the war Germany used the war to test new weapons to test new weapons and military tacticsand military tactics

- - Hermann GoeringHermann Goering – – Head of the Head of the LuftwaffeLuftwaffe formed the formed the Condor LegionCondor Legion (an (an all German air and all German air and ground force)ground force)

1938 – Soviets 1938 – Soviets stopped sending aid stopped sending aid

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

March 1939 – March 1939 – Nationalist Nationalist defeated the defeated the LoyalistLoyalist

- Spain had a fascist - Spain had a fascist governmentgovernment

- Country lay in ruins- Country lay in ruins

- Franco didn’t ally - Franco didn’t ally himself with Italy and himself with Italy and GermanyGermany

Hitler on the OffensiveHitler on the Offensive

1936 - Hitler made 1936 - Hitler made his move in his move in GermanyGermany

- Convinced that - Convinced that Germany needed Germany needed more living spacemore living space for it growing for it growing population population ((lebenstraumlebenstraum) )


March 1936 – Hitler March 1936 – Hitler sent troops to occupy sent troops to occupy the the RhinelandRhineland (Violated the (Violated the Versailles TreatyVersailles Treaty) )

- Gambled that - Gambled that FranceFrance and and Great Great BritainBritain would do would do nothing to stop himnothing to stop him

- They were afraid of - They were afraid of starting another war starting another war


October 1936 – October 1936 – Hitler and Mussolini Hitler and Mussolini formed the formed the Rome-Rome-Berlin AxisBerlin Axis

- Hoped world - Hoped world affairs would affairs would revolve around revolve around their alliancetheir alliance


Anti-Comintern PactAnti-Comintern Pact – Italy and Germany – Italy and Germany joined Japan in an joined Japan in an alliance against the alliance against the Soviet Union Soviet Union

- Stalin urged the west - Stalin urged the west to unite against the to unite against the AxisAxis

- West refused due to - West refused due to fear of another war fear of another war and distrust of Stalin and distrust of Stalin

Seizing AustriaSeizing Austria Dreamed of joining Dreamed of joining

Austria to Germany Austria to Germany ((AnschlussAnschluss))- “One blood demands - “One blood demands one Reich”one Reich”

1934 - Hitler 1934 - Hitler attempted to take attempted to take over Austriaover Austria- Backed down when - Backed down when Mussolini mobilized Mussolini mobilized troopstroops

1938 – Alliance with 1938 – Alliance with Italy made it possibleItaly made it possible

Seizing AustriaSeizing Austria Bullied the Austrian Bullied the Austrian

chancellor into chancellor into appointing Nazis to appointing Nazis to key postkey post- Chancellor appealed - Chancellor appealed to West fro help to West fro help

March 1938 – Sent March 1938 – Sent troops into Austriatroops into Austria- Claimed that he was - Claimed that he was promoting political promoting political stability by uniting the stability by uniting the German - speaking German - speaking peoples into one peoples into one country country

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

Created at the end of Created at the end of WWIWWI

- Held a key strategic - Held a key strategic location in the region location in the region

The only democratic The only democratic nation in eastern nation in eastern EuropeEurope

- Had a strong army - Had a strong army and alliances with and alliances with France and the USSRFrance and the USSR


Minorities began Minorities began demanding more demanding more freedomsfreedoms

- Hitler used the - Hitler used the ethnic problems to ethnic problems to destroy the countrydestroy the country


September 5, 1938 – September 5, 1938 – Hitler demanded that Hitler demanded that the the SudetenlandSudetenland be be given the right of self-given the right of self-determination determination

- Heavily fortified - Heavily fortified region in northwestern region in northwestern Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia responded by responded by declaring martial lawdeclaring martial law

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia British Prime British Prime

Minister Neville Minister Neville ChamberlainChamberlain suggested a meeting suggested a meeting with Hitler to discuss with Hitler to discuss the matter (wanted to the matter (wanted to avoid an international avoid an international crisis)crisis)

September 15, 1938 – September 15, 1938 – Chamberlain met with Chamberlain met with Hitler in GermanyHitler in Germany


- Hitler demanded that - Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland be the Sudetenland be given to Germanygiven to Germany- Chamberlain - Chamberlain accepted Hitler’s accepted Hitler’s demands demands - Thought policy of - Thought policy of appeasementappeasement would would maintain peace and maintain peace and stabilize Europe stabilize Europe - Hitler then - Hitler then demanded that the demanded that the Sudetenland be united Sudetenland be united with Germanywith Germany

Munich ConferenceMunich Conference

September 29, 1938 – September 29, 1938 – ChamberlainChamberlain meet meet with with HitlerHitler for a 3 for a 3rdrd timetime

- - French Premier French Premier Edward DaladierEdward Daladier and and Benito Benito MussoliniMussolini also also attended attended

Mussolini offered a Mussolini offered a compromisecompromise

--

Munich ConferenceMunich Conference Germany received the Sudetenland in exchange Germany received the Sudetenland in exchange

for promising to respect Czechoslovakia’s for promising to respect Czechoslovakia’s sovereignty and by promising not to take any sovereignty and by promising not to take any more European territorymore European territory- Great Britain and France accepted the term - Great Britain and France accepted the term (Hoped to avoid war)(Hoped to avoid war) - Czechoslovakia reluctantly accepted it- Czechoslovakia reluctantly accepted it

Chamberlain returned home to cheering crowdsChamberlain returned home to cheering crowds- Proclaimed that he had ensured “peace in our - Proclaimed that he had ensured “peace in our time”time”

- Mistakenly trusted Hitler- Mistakenly trusted Hitler

The tragedy of this Sudeten woman, unable to conceal her misery as she The tragedy of this Sudeten woman, unable to conceal her misery as she dutifully salutes the triumphant Hitlerdutifully salutes the triumphant Hitler

Munich ConferenceMunich Conference

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill criticized the policy of criticized the policy of appeasement appeasement

- Said “England has - Said “England has been offered a choice been offered a choice between war and between war and shame. She has shame. She has chosen shame – and chosen shame – and will get war”will get war”

Munich ConferenceMunich Conference March 15, 1939 – March 15, 1939 –

Hitler sent troops to Hitler sent troops to take control of the take control of the western part of western part of CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia - Eastern part - Eastern part became a German became a German puppet statepuppet state

Western nations were Western nations were no longer able to no longer able to maintain their illusions maintain their illusions about Hitler’s plansabout Hitler’s plans- Began preparing for - Began preparing for warwar

The Coming of WarThe Coming of War

March 1939 – March 1939 – Hitler Hitler forced forced LithuaniaLithuania to give to give up the German-up the German-speaking city of speaking city of Memel Memel

The Coming of WarThe Coming of War Hitler pressured Hitler pressured

Poland by threatening Poland by threatening to take over the Baltic to take over the Baltic port of Danzig and the port of Danzig and the Polish CorridorPolish Corridor- France and Great - France and Great Britain promised to Britain promised to help Poland defend its help Poland defend its borders if necessary borders if necessary - Poland accepted the - Poland accepted the west’s help and west’s help and rejectedrejected

The West and the SovietsThe West and the Soviets West had to consider the West had to consider the

Soviet Union when Soviet Union when defending Polanddefending Poland - Poland’s neighbor and - Poland’s neighbor and traditional enemy traditional enemy

1930s – Stalin had urged 1930s – Stalin had urged the west to do something the west to do something about Hitlerabout Hitler- Suspected the Munich - Suspected the Munich agreement was an attempt agreement was an attempt to turn Hitler’s attention to turn Hitler’s attention toward toward

the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union

The West and the SovietsThe West and the Soviets Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain

believed that Stalin believed that Stalin was trying to extend was trying to extend his influence in his influence in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe- Wasn’t sure if - Wasn’t sure if Communist of Fascist Communist of Fascist were the greater were the greater enemy enemy

Chamberlain asked Chamberlain asked Stalin to join Britain Stalin to join Britain and France in an and France in an alliance to contain alliance to contain NazismNazism

The West and the SovietsThe West and the Soviets

- Stalin agreed on the - Stalin agreed on the condition that the condition that the Western powers Western powers recognize the USSR’s recognize the USSR’s right to occupy a right to occupy a stretch of land from stretch of land from Finland to BulgariaFinland to Bulgaria

(West (West refused)refused)- Deepened Stalin’s - Deepened Stalin’s suspicions that the suspicions that the west wanted to see west wanted to see the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union and Germany destroy each Germany destroy each otherother

Nazi-Soviet TalksNazi-Soviet Talks

August 23, 1939 – August 23, 1939 – Soviet-Nazi Soviet-Nazi Nonaggression PactNonaggression Pact

- Agreed to never - Agreed to never attack each other and attack each other and to remain neutral if to remain neutral if the other became the other became involved in a war involved in a war

- Agreed to divide - Agreed to divide PolandPoland

Nazi-Soviet TalksNazi-Soviet Talks It was an alliance of It was an alliance of

convenienceconvenience- Stalin was buying - Stalin was buying time to prepare for time to prepare for war against Germany war against Germany - Hitler was securing - Hitler was securing Germany’s eastern Germany’s eastern border border

The pact shocked the The pact shocked the westwest- It destroyed the last - It destroyed the last barrier to warbarrier to war

Nazi-Soviet TalksNazi-Soviet Talks

September 1, 1939 September 1, 1939 – – GermanyGermany invaded invaded PolandPoland- Hitler misjudged - Hitler misjudged the western the western leaders (Didn’t leaders (Didn’t think they would think they would act)act) - Britain and - Britain and France declared France declared war on Germany war on Germany

Vocabulary Vocabulary

Adolf Hitler - He was a fascist leader during WWII and felt that if Germany could get rid of Jews, Gypsies, and those who were handicap, then their problems would be solved.

Benito Mussolini – Leader od Italy in WWII

Joseph Stalin – He was the communist leader of Soviet Russia during WWII, and was part of the Allied Powers.

Section 2Section 2

War in EuropeWar in Europe September 1,1939 – September 1,1939 –

Germany invaded PolandGermany invaded Poland Used Used Blitzkrieg strategy Blitzkrieg strategy

– Lightning war aimed at – Lightning war aimed at taking the enemy by taking the enemy by surprise surprise - - LuftwaffeLuftwaffe – Bombed – Bombed targetstargets - - PanzersPanzers swept across swept across the border (tank the border (tank divisions)divisions) - Infantry followed - Infantry followed (1.5 (1.5 million in motorized million in motorized vehicles)vehicles)

War in EuropeWar in Europe Germany defeated Poland within a few weeksGermany defeated Poland within a few weeks

- Great Britain and France couldn’t mobilize fast - Great Britain and France couldn’t mobilize fast enough to help enough to help

Soviet Union quickly moved into East Poland Soviet Union quickly moved into East Poland Stalin forced the Baltic republics of Latvia, Stalin forced the Baltic republics of Latvia,

Lithuania, and Estonia to accept Soviet military Lithuania, and Estonia to accept Soviet military bases bases

War broke out when the Soviets tried to force War broke out when the Soviets tried to force Finland to do the sameFinland to do the same

March 1940 – March 1940 – Soviets Soviets defeated defeated FinlandFinland- Moved their frontier border 70 miles west - Moved their frontier border 70 miles west - Made the city of - Made the city of LeningradLeningrad less vulnerable to less vulnerable to German attackGerman attack

Hitler Looks WestHitler Looks West Western Front remained Western Front remained

quiet until the spring of quiet until the spring of 1940 1940 - Germans called it- Germans called it SitzkriegSitzkrieg (sit-down war) (sit-down war)- West called it the phony - West called it the phony war (hoped and all out war war (hoped and all out war could still be avoided)could still be avoided)

April 1940 - Britain mined April 1940 - Britain mined the waters off the coast of the waters off the coast of Norway to prevent it form Norway to prevent it form being conquered being conquered

Hitler Looks WestHitler Looks West Hitler used this action Hitler used this action

to support his claim to support his claim that the Allies were that the Allies were about to invade about to invade Scandinavia Scandinavia - Delivered an - Delivered an ultimatum to Norway ultimatum to Norway and Denmark and Denmark demanding that they demanding that they accept protection form accept protection form the Reich (Denmark the Reich (Denmark accepted Norway accepted Norway didn’t)didn’t)

Invasion of ScandinaviaInvasion of Scandinavia April 9 1940 - Germany April 9 1940 - Germany

invaded Denmark and invaded Denmark and Norway Norway - Faced little resistance in - Faced little resistance in DenmarkDenmark

Conquered Norway after Conquered Norway after defeating the Britishdefeating the British- Hitler won the outlet to - Hitler won the outlet to the Atlantic he needed the Atlantic he needed - Ensured that the German - Ensured that the German navy would not be bottle navy would not be bottle up in the Baltic Sea like it up in the Baltic Sea like it had been in World War Ihad been in World War I

Invasion of ScandinaviaInvasion of Scandinavia British Prime Minister British Prime Minister

Neville ChamberlainNeville Chamberlain stepped down after stepped down after the fall of Norwaythe fall of Norway- - King George VIKing George VI asked asked Winston Winston ChurchillChurchill to form a to form a new government new government - Had been one the - Had been one the few politicians to war few politicians to war of the Nazi danger in of the Nazi danger in the 1930sthe 1930s

War Begins on the Western FrontWar Begins on the Western Front

French and British French and British forces guarded the forces guarded the Maginot LineMaginot Line

Maginot Line had Maginot Line had one major flawone major flaw

- 50 mile gap in - 50 mile gap in the Ardennes the Ardennes

--


Tank commander Tank commander Charles De GaulleCharles De Gaulle pleaded for more pleaded for more tanks and planes tanks and planes - Germany had - Germany had invaded through invaded through Belgium and the Belgium and the Ardennes during WWIArdennes during WWI- French believed the - French believed the swamps, forest, and swamps, forest, and hill in the region wee s hill in the region wee s sufficient barrier sufficient barrier


May 10, 1940 May 10, 1940 Germans parachuted Germans parachuted into the Netherlands into the Netherlands before dawnbefore dawn

- 1- 1stst large scale large scale airborne attack in the airborne attack in the history of warfare history of warfare

- Caught the Dutch by - Caught the Dutch by surprise surprise

- Defeated the - Defeated the Netherlands in 5 days Netherlands in 5 days


Britain and France moved Britain and France moved their best troops into their best troops into Belgium when the Belgium when the Germans invaded the Germans invaded the NetherlandsNetherlands- German panzers swept - German panzers swept through the Ardennes and through the Ardennes and encircled themencircled them - Other divisions drove - Other divisions drove throve through throve through Luxembourg and headed Luxembourg and headed towards France towards France

DunkirkDunkirk Germans pushed the Germans pushed the

British, French and British, French and Belgium forces to the Belgium forces to the English ChannelEnglish Channel

Trapped the Allied Trapped the Allied forces in the forces in the northwest corner of northwest corner of FranceFrance- Sea evacuation of - Sea evacuation of 300, 000 soldiers 300, 000 soldiers seemed impossibleseemed impossible- Hitler ordered his - Hitler ordered his soldiers to halt soldiers to halt

DunkirkDunkirk May 26, 1940 – British May 26, 1940 – British

began a rescue began a rescue operationoperation- 850 vessels set sail - 850 vessels set sail for Dunkirk (Used for Dunkirk (Used civilians and anything civilians and anything that would float)that would float)- Evacuated the troops - Evacuated the troops under heavy fire over under heavy fire over a 9 day perioda 9 day period

Evacuation saved the Evacuation saved the British army British army

Fall of FranceFall of France

Germans continued Germans continued to seep into France to seep into France

French army was French army was unprepared and unprepared and the government the government was confusedwas confused

Fall of FranceFall of France June 14, 1940 – France June 14, 1940 – France

signed an armistice signed an armistice with Germanywith Germany - Germany occupied - Germany occupied all of northern France all of northern France and the Atlantic and the Atlantic coastline to the coastline to the Spanish borderSpanish border - Nazis set up a - Nazis set up a puppet government in puppet government in the Southern France the Southern France city of Vichycity of Vichy

Fall of FranceFall of France

Charles De Charles De GaulleGaulle organized organized the the Free French Free French governmentgovernment in in BritainBritain

- Many people in - Many people in France joined the France joined the French resistanceFrench resistance

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

Britain was all that Britain was all that stood between stood between Hitler and German Hitler and German domination of domination of western Europewestern Europe

Hitler thought the Hitler thought the British would seek British would seek peacepeace- He misjudged - He misjudged their determinationtheir determination

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain Germany knew Germany knew

invading Britain invading Britain depended on winning depended on winning air supremacyair supremacy

August 1940 –August 1940 – LuftwaffeLuftwaffe began began bombing the southern bombing the southern coastcoast- Damaged 4 aircraft - Damaged 4 aircraft factories and 5 RAF factories and 5 RAF airfields airfields - - RAF shotRAF shot down 75 down 75 German planesGerman planes


Herman GoeringHerman Goering began focusing began focusing attacks on the RAFattacks on the RAF- August 24 to - August 24 to September 6 1940 September 6 1940 – Germany sent – Germany sent over 1000 planes a over 1000 planes a dayday- Inflicted heavy - Inflicted heavy losses on the losses on the Luftwaffe Luftwaffe


Luftwaffe changed Luftwaffe changed tactics and began tactics and began night bombings of night bombings of LondonLondon

- September 7 to - September 7 to November 3 1940 – 57 November 3 1940 – 57 consecutive nightconsecutive night

- Killed and injured - Killed and injured 1000s and destroyed 1000s and destroyed infrastructureinfrastructure


Britain refused to Britain refused to surrendersurrender

Germany failed to Germany failed to achieve air achieve air supremacysupremacy

Hitler failed to Hitler failed to invade invade

Anglo –American CooperationAnglo –American Cooperation

U.S.A wanted to U.S.A wanted to remain neutral at remain neutral at the beginning of the beginning of the warthe war

- 1937 – - 1937 – Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts prohibited arms prohibited arms shipments, loans shipments, loans and credit to and credit to belligerent nations belligerent nations


President Roosevelt became convinced President Roosevelt became convinced that Germany’s expansion endangered that Germany’s expansion endangered American security American security

- Didn’t think Britain and France could stop - Didn’t think Britain and France could stop Hitler without America’s helpHitler without America’s help

- 1940 – Tried to rally national opinion as - 1940 – Tried to rally national opinion as he campaigned in the 1940 electionhe campaigned in the 1940 election

- Americans became sympathetic - Americans became sympathetic towards Britain towards Britain

Anglo –American CooperationAnglo –American Cooperation After Dunkirk - Roosevelt gave the British 50 old After Dunkirk - Roosevelt gave the British 50 old

American naval destroyers in exchange for the American naval destroyers in exchange for the right to maintain bases in Newfoundland and the right to maintain bases in Newfoundland and the British West Indies British West Indies

Cash and Carry PolicyCash and Carry Policy - Britain traded cash for - Britain traded cash for supplies supplies - Used their boats to transport - Used their boats to transport - Allowed the U.S. to supply the British without - Allowed the U.S. to supply the British without risking its neutrality risking its neutrality

War drained Britain’s treasuryWar drained Britain’s treasury- 1940 – Britain couldn’t pay for 12,000 planes it - 1940 – Britain couldn’t pay for 12,000 planes it orderedordered


Lend-Lease PolicyLend-Lease Policy – Authorized the – Authorized the President to loan war materials to any President to loan war materials to any country whose defense he deemed vital to country whose defense he deemed vital to the national; security of the U.S.A the national; security of the U.S.A

August 9, 1941 – Churchill and Roosevelt August 9, 1941 – Churchill and Roosevelt met off the coast of Newfoundland and met off the coast of Newfoundland and issued a joint statement issued a joint statement - - Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter – Upheld the freedom – Upheld the freedom of trade, the right of people to choose of trade, the right of people to choose their own government and called for the their own government and called for the “final destruction of Nazi tyranny” “final destruction of Nazi tyranny”

Eastern Europe and AfricaEastern Europe and Africa

Mussolini Mussolini wanted wanted Italy to create a Italy to create a Mediterranean EmpireMediterranean Empire

June 10, 1940 – June 10, 1940 – Mussolini declared war Mussolini declared war on Franceon France

- Italians in Libya were - Italians in Libya were poised to attack poised to attack British forces guarding British forces guarding Egypt and the Sudan Egypt and the Sudan


December 9, 1940 – Outnumbered December 9, 1940 – Outnumbered British forces attacked the Italians British forces attacked the Italians

- Won several victories over the - Won several victories over the following weeksfollowing weeks

Eastern Europe and AfricaEastern Europe and Africa Churchill halted his Churchill halted his

advance and diverted advance and diverted troops to stop a troops to stop a German forces in German forces in Southeast Europe Southeast Europe (Fatal mistake)(Fatal mistake)

April 1941 – British April 1941 – British army was forced into army was forced into another Dunkirkanother Dunkirk- Had to leave behind - Had to leave behind their tanks and 12,000 their tanks and 12,000 menmen


Hitler sent Hitler sent Erwin Erwin RommelRommel to to command a tank command a tank force in Libya and force in Libya and rescue the Italians rescue the Italians - By April 11, 1941 – - By April 11, 1941 – Rommel had Rommel had pushed the British pushed the British out of northern out of northern Libya except for a Libya except for a small force at small force at Tobruk Tobruk

In the Spring of 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law a bill which allowed him to sell, loan, or give

war material to countries for their defense against Axis forces. This bill was known as the

A. Lend-Lease Act.

B. Cash and Carry Act.

C. European Recovery Program.

D. Destroyers for Bases Agreement.

Vocabulary Winston Churchill - Prime Minister of Great Britain during

WWII. Battle of Britain – Germany's attempt to take over Great

Britain. Allied Powers – This was the group made up of France,

Great Britain, United States, and the Soviet Union. Axis Powers - Alliance consisting of Germany, Japan, Italy,

and Spain during WWII. Lend-Lease Act – Act passed by Congress in which we

agreed to loan countries in Europe money, but they didn’t have to repay it until after the war.

Section 3Section 3

A Global ConflictA Global Conflict

Spring 1941 – Spring 1941 – Britain stood alone Britain stood alone against Nazi against Nazi GermanyGermany

Germany controlled Germany controlled almost all of Africaalmost all of Africa

General RommelGeneral Rommel had pushed the had pushed the British out of North British out of North AfricaAfrica

A Global ConflictA Global Conflict

Japanese held Japanese held Manchuria and Manchuria and controlled much of controlled much of China China

Soviet Union and Soviet Union and the United States the United States would enter the would enter the war by the end of war by the end of 19411941

Invasion of the Soviet UnionInvasion of the Soviet Union Hitler turned his Hitler turned his

attention to the Soviet attention to the Soviet Union after failing to Union after failing to invade Britaininvade Britain - Believed conquering - Believed conquering the Soviet Steppe the Soviet Steppe would provide would provide Germany with living Germany with living space vital to its space vital to its future future - Wanted wheat from - Wanted wheat from the Ukraine and oil the Ukraine and oil from the Caucasus from the Caucasus region region

Invasion of the Soviet UnionInvasion of the Soviet Union

June 22, 1941 – Hitler June 22, 1941 – Hitler launched a massive launched a massive attack on the Soviet attack on the Soviet Union (Union (Operation Operation BarbarossaBarbarossa))

- Took the Soviet - Took the Soviet Union by surprise Union by surprise

- Germany destroyed - Germany destroyed 1000s of Soviet tanks 1000s of Soviet tanks and ½ million and ½ million prisoners prisoners

Invasion of the Soviet UnionInvasion of the Soviet Union Stalin issued Stalin issued scorched-earth-policyscorched-earth-policy - Soviets - Soviets

destroyed everything that could be of use to the destroyed everything that could be of use to the invaders as they retreated invaders as they retreated

November 1941 – German forces reached the November 1941 – German forces reached the outskirts of Moscowoutskirts of Moscow- Controlled 40% of the population - Controlled 40% of the population - Had captured Kiev and begun the siege of - Had captured Kiev and begun the siege of LeningradLeningrad

Soviets refused to surrenderSoviets refused to surrender- Young soldiers rallied to the cry “Behind us is - Young soldiers rallied to the cry “Behind us is Moscow there is no room left for retreat” Moscow there is no room left for retreat”

Invasion of the Soviet UnionInvasion of the Soviet Union

December 2, 1941 – German troops December 2, 1941 – German troops began attack on Moscow began attack on Moscow

- Reached to within site of the city’s - Reached to within site of the city’s center the 1center the 1stst day day

- As far as they ever got- As far as they ever got

- Soviets launched a counterattack and - Soviets launched a counterattack and forced the Germans to retreatforced the Germans to retreat

- Russian winter also helped the - Russian winter also helped the Soviets Soviets

The Nazi OrderThe Nazi Order Hitler’s plan was to create an “New Order” in Hitler’s plan was to create an “New Order” in

EuropeEurope The Nazis would rule Europe and exploit its The Nazis would rule Europe and exploit its

resources resources They would enslave the conquered people and They would enslave the conquered people and

force them to work for the German “force them to work for the German “Master Master RaceRace””

Undesirable elements such as the Undesirable elements such as the Slavs, Slavs, Jews & Jews & GypsiesGypsies would be exterminated would be exterminated

Nazis drove millions of people into forced labor Nazis drove millions of people into forced labor and concentration campsand concentration camps

Massacred millions more Massacred millions more

The HolocaustThe Holocaust Mid 1940 – Mid 1940 – NaziNazi

began persecuting began persecuting JewsJews in the lands they in the lands they had conqueredhad conquered - Forced them to wear - Forced them to wear a yellow badge a yellow badge showing the Star of showing the Star of David David - Those who failed to - Those who failed to flee Europe were sent flee Europe were sent to concentration labor to concentration labor campscamps

The HolocaustThe Holocaust Largest number of Largest number of

Jews in Nazi occupied Jews in Nazi occupied Europe lived in Poland Europe lived in Poland and the USSRand the USSR- Forced to move into - Forced to move into specially designated specially designated areas called areas called ghettos ghettos - Largest was in - Largest was in Warsaw Warsaw - Many died from - Many died from starvation and starvation and diseases Beginning indiseases Beginning in

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

1941 – Carried out a 1941 – Carried out a plan aimed the plan aimed the complete complete extermination of all extermination of all Jews in EuropeJews in Europe

The HolocaustThe Holocaust June 1941 – Invasion June 1941 – Invasion

of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union was the turning point was the turning point in the Nazi in the Nazi mistreatment of Jewsmistreatment of Jews- Turned from forced - Turned from forced emigration and emigration and imprisonment to mass imprisonment to mass murder murder - Special units of Nazi - Special units of Nazi soldiers traveled with soldiers traveled with the German army and the German army and killed Jews (killed Jews (SSSS) )

The HolocaustThe Holocaust January 1942 – Nazi January 1942 – Nazi

party and German party and German government leaders government leaders secretly agreed to secretly agreed to what they called the what they called the “the final solution”“the final solution”- Code word for the - Code word for the destruction of all destruction of all European JewsEuropean Jews- 1- 1stst time a modern time a modern state had set out on a state had set out on a campaign of genocidecampaign of genocide

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

Began rounding up Began rounding up and transporting and transporting Jews to death Jews to death campscamps

- Many were killed - Many were killed in gas chambersin gas chambers

- Others starved to - Others starved to death or died from death or died from cruel experiments cruel experiments

The HolocaustThe Holocaust 6 million Jews were killed 6 million Jews were killed Another 6 million people Another 6 million people

including the including the Slavs Slavs and and Gypsies Gypsies were also killedwere also killed

Anti-SemiticAnti-Semitic feelings hurt feelings hurt the Jewsthe Jews- People in occupied - People in occupied territories helped turn territories helped turn them in them in

Most people in the Most people in the occupied areas did nothingoccupied areas did nothing - Felt that the plight of - Felt that the plight of the Jews didn’t concern the Jews didn’t concern them them

Japanese ExpansionJapanese Expansion

Conquered much of Conquered much of China during the China during the 1930s1930s

Wanted to gain Wanted to gain control of the control of the European colonies European colonies in East and in East and Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia- Needed raw - Needed raw materials materials

Japanese ExpansionJapanese Expansion Took advantage of Took advantage of

Hitler’s offensive to Hitler’s offensive to acquire the coloniesacquire the colonies - French Indochina - French Indochina and the Dutch East and the Dutch East Indies were left Indies were left defenseless after he defenseless after he collapse of France and collapse of France and the Low Countriesthe Low Countries- Britain left Singapore - Britain left Singapore defenseless as a result defenseless as a result of Germany’s attempt of Germany’s attempt to invadeto invade


July 1940 – Japan announced its plan to July 1940 – Japan announced its plan to create a “new order in greater East Asia”create a “new order in greater East Asia”- Proclaimed “Asia for the Asiatics”- Proclaimed “Asia for the Asiatics”

Moved to create the Moved to create the Greater East Asia Greater East Asia Coprosperity SphereCoprosperity Sphere- An appeal to Asians who were tired of - An appeal to Asians who were tired of European ruleEuropean rule

Japan asked France for the right to build Japan asked France for the right to build airfields and station troops in northern airfields and station troops in northern IndochinaIndochina


United States placed an United States placed an embargoembargo on the on the sale of scrap iron to Japansale of scrap iron to Japan

September 27, 1940 – Japan signed the September 27, 1940 – Japan signed the TripartiteTripartite with with GermanyGermany and and ItalyItaly

- Affirmed the right of every nation to - Affirmed the right of every nation to “receive the space to which it is entitled “receive the space to which it is entitled and pledged to cooperate to reach that and pledged to cooperate to reach that goal as well as to come to one another’s goal as well as to come to one another’s aid if attacked aid if attacked

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor July 24, 1941 – Japan invaded Southern IndochinaJuly 24, 1941 – Japan invaded Southern Indochina President Roosevelt demanded that they President Roosevelt demanded that they

withdraw from both Indochina and Chinawithdraw from both Indochina and China- Placed an - Placed an embargoembargo on oil and froze all on oil and froze all Japanese assets in the United StatesJapanese assets in the United States - Negotiated with the Japanese government - Negotiated with the Japanese government throughout the summersthroughout the summers

Japan decided to go to war with the United States Japan decided to go to war with the United States - Believed that the U.S.A stood in the way of its - Believed that the U.S.A stood in the way of its plans for expansion in the Eastplans for expansion in the East

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Japanese Military Japanese Military leaders knew they had leaders knew they had destroy the American destroy the American Pacific fleet based at Pacific fleet based at Pearl Harbor in order Pearl Harbor in order to defeat the U.S.A to defeat the U.S.A

- Most American and - Most American and Japanese leaders Japanese leaders thought Pearl Harbor thought Pearl Harbor was safe from attack was safe from attack

--


Admiral Admiral Isoroku Isoroku YamamotoYamamoto believed believed it could be attacked it could be attacked by launching planes by launching planes off aircraft carriers off aircraft carriers and using new and using new weapons called weapons called torpedoes torpedoes

- November 1941 – - November 1941 – Japanese fleet set sail Japanese fleet set sail for Hawaiifor Hawaii


Negotiations between the two Negotiations between the two countries broke downcountries broke down- Roosevelt knew the Japanese were - Roosevelt knew the Japanese were ready to attackready to attack- Convinced Japan’s move would be - Convinced Japan’s move would be in Southeast Asiain Southeast Asia - Sent all the aircraft carriers and ½ - Sent all the aircraft carriers and ½ the army’s planes from Pearl Harbor the army’s planes from Pearl Harbor as a precautionary moveas a precautionary move


December 7, 1941 December 7, 1941 – Japanese – Japanese attacked attacked Pearl Pearl HarborHarbor

- Sank or damaged - Sank or damaged 19 American ships 19 American ships

- Killed more than - Killed more than 2,400 people and 2,400 people and wounded 1,100 wounded 1,100


United States United States declared war on declared war on JapanJapan

The AlliesThe Allies

December 11, 1941 – December 11, 1941 – ItalyItaly and and Germany Germany declared war on the declared war on the United StatesUnited States

Great Britain declared war on JapanGreat Britain declared war on Japan The West and the Soviet Union put The West and the Soviet Union put

aside differences to defeat their aside differences to defeat their common enemycommon enemy


Stalin urged the west Stalin urged the west to open a to open a second second front in France front in France

Roosevelt favored Roosevelt favored second frontsecond front

Churchill didn’t favor Churchill didn’t favor a second fronta second front

- Knew Great Britain - Knew Great Britain would have to bear would have to bear the brunt of a second the brunt of a second front operation front operation


RooseveltRoosevelt and and ChurchillChurchill postponed postponed a second front and a second front and laid out plans for laid out plans for military campaigns in military campaigns in North Africa and the North Africa and the Mediterranean area Mediterranean area

- Created more - Created more distrust between USSR distrust between USSR and the Westand the West

VocabularyVocabulary Concentration camps – Areas where Jews and other

prisoners were either immediately put to death or forced to provide slave labor before finally being executed or dying of disease.

Holocaust - Actions taken during WWII in which German SS Troops and Nazi Troops tried to execute all Jews. This was part of Hitler’s final solution.

Pearl Harbor – Attack on the Pacific fleet in the United States. This was the final event that drew the United States into WWII. This occurred December 7, 1941.

Section 4Section 4

62)

The poster is an attempt to encourage women to

A) demand their right to vote.

B) enlist in the U.S. armed forces.

C)participate in the anti-war movement.

D)get involved in the effort to win World War II.

Preparing for warPreparing for war 1940 - 1940 - Selective Service Selective Service

ActAct allowed the Gov. to allowed the Gov. to start drafting men for the start drafting men for the armed Forcesarmed Forces- 1- 1stst peace time draft peace time draft

FDR FDR decided to run for 3rd decided to run for 3rd term ( 1st time anyone term ( 1st time anyone served more than 2 terms)served more than 2 terms)- Americans agreed that - Americans agreed that U.S. needed experienced U.S. needed experienced leader with the world in leader with the world in crisescrises

The Home FrontThe Home Front

December 7, 1941- rumors spread December 7, 1941- rumors spread that Japanese planes had been seen that Japanese planes had been seen over San Franciscoover San Francisco

- Mayor sent troops to protect - Mayor sent troops to protect bridges, tunnels, and factoriesbridges, tunnels, and factories

Next day 1000's of men signed up for Next day 1000's of men signed up for the armythe army

The Wartime BoomThe Wartime Boom Armed forces were Armed forces were

enlargedenlarged Women went to work in Women went to work in

the factoriesthe factories- Over 50,000 women - Over 50,000 women joined the armyjoined the army

A popular song of the day A popular song of the day was called was called Rosie the Rosie the RiveterRiveter..

This described a woman This described a woman who worked in the factory who worked in the factory as a riveter while her as a riveter while her boyfriend served in the boyfriend served in the marines.marines.

The Wartime BoomThe Wartime Boom

Army needed supplies which created Army needed supplies which created jobsjobs

War Production BoardWar Production Board directed directed private industry to produce war private industry to produce war materials materials - - U.S.U.S. produced more than anyone produced more than anyone elseelse

New OpportunitiesNew Opportunities

1000's of African 1000's of African Americans moved Americans moved north to work in north to work in the factoriesthe factories

Were discriminated Were discriminated against at 1against at 1stst

New OpportunitiesNew Opportunities Phillip RandolphPhillip Randolph threatened threatened

to lead a protest in to lead a protest in Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

- FDR issued an - FDR issued an Executive Order 8802 Executive Order 8802 - it - it outlawed job discrimination in outlawed job discrimination in industries that had industries that had government contractsgovernment contracts

Roosevelt supported the Roosevelt supported the Fair Fair Employment ActEmployment Act, which , which prohibited discrimination in prohibited discrimination in the national defense industry.the national defense industry.

This convinced Randolph and This convinced Randolph and his colleagues to cancel their his colleagues to cancel their marchmarch..

Diversity in the MilitaryDiversity in the Military Nearly 1 million Nearly 1 million

African Americans African Americans served in the armed served in the armed forces forces

Accepted into the Accepted into the Marines and Air Corps Marines and Air Corps for the 1for the 1stst time time- Faced discrimination- Faced discrimination

1945 - War 1945 - War department integrated department integrated some unitssome units

Diversity in the MilitaryDiversity in the Military

300,000 Mexican 300,000 Mexican Americans served Americans served in the armyin the army

- Faced - Faced discriminationdiscrimination

Japanese AmericansJapanese Americans Most lived in California, Most lived in California,

Oregon, and WashingtonOregon, and Washington Feb 1942 - FDR signed order Feb 1942 - FDR signed order

that called for Japanese that called for Japanese Americans to be moved away Americans to be moved away from coastfrom coast

Roosevelt ordered more than Roosevelt ordered more than 100,000 Japanese American’s 100,000 Japanese American’s from their homes and from their homes and businesses during the war, businesses during the war, and placed them in various and placed them in various internment camps.internment camps.

Japanese AmericansJapanese Americans

Were moved to Were moved to internment internment campscamps- Forced to sell - Forced to sell their homes and their homes and possessions (lost possessions (lost money)money)- 2/3 were - 2/3 were NiseiNisei - - Japanese Japanese Americans born in Americans born in the United Statesthe United States

Internment of Japanese, Internment of Japanese, German and Italian AmericansGerman and Italian Americans

This was meant to keep potentially This was meant to keep potentially threatening citizens in an isolated threatening citizens in an isolated location to keep a close eye.location to keep a close eye.

German and Italian immigrants faced German and Italian immigrants faced the same treatment, but not to the the same treatment, but not to the extent of Japanese Americans.extent of Japanese Americans.

Response to Internment CampsResponse to Internment Camps

In 1944 the Supreme Court ruled that the In 1944 the Supreme Court ruled that the internment camps was lawful and justified internment camps was lawful and justified due to “the military urgency of the due to “the military urgency of the situation”.situation”.

In 1983, the United States government In 1983, the United States government formally recognized the injustice that had formally recognized the injustice that had been done and authorized payments of been done and authorized payments of $20,000 each to all living Japanese $20,000 each to all living Japanese Americans who had suffered under this Americans who had suffered under this policy.policy.

Shortages at HomeShortages at Home Most resources went to Most resources went to

armed forcesarmed forces No autos were made No autos were made

between 1942 and 1945between 1942 and 1945 Gas was in short supplyGas was in short supply Government set up a Government set up a

system of system of rationingrationing- Everyone got a book of - Everyone got a book of stampsstamps- Had to give up stamps - Had to give up stamps when you purchased items when you purchased items such as gas, meats, shoes, such as gas, meats, shoes, and sugarand sugar

The War Time EconomyThe War Time Economy

Jobs gave people Jobs gave people money to buy goods money to buy goods they couldn't afford in they couldn't afford in the depression the depression

Wasn't anything to Wasn't anything to buy due to shortagesbuy due to shortages

Caused inflationCaused inflation Government started Government started

Office of Price Office of Price AdministrationAdministration to to control pricescontrol prices

The War Time EconomyThe War Time Economy Gov. raised income tax to pay Gov. raised income tax to pay

for the warfor the war The number of people The number of people

required to pay income taxes required to pay income taxes greatly increased during the greatly increased during the war years.war years.

To help improve this the To help improve this the government implemented the government implemented the idea of “withholding income idea of “withholding income tax”, or asking employers to tax”, or asking employers to withhold taxes. (payroll withhold taxes. (payroll deduction)deduction)

- Easier to pay than lump - Easier to pay than lump sum at the end year sum at the end year

- Also sold - Also sold war bondswar bonds

A. Philip Randolph's proposed "March on Washington" in 1941 was going to protest racially discriminatory hiring

practices in the defense industry, but was called off after President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued the

A) New Deal.

B) Desegregation Act.

C) Fair Employment Act.

D) "Four Freedoms" speech.

During World War II, a widely adopted means of solving labor shortage problems in U.S. industry was to

A) employ women.

B) use forced labor.

C) enact welfare reform.

D) raise the immigration quotas.

EOCT REVIEWEOCT REVIEW

SSUSH19: The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of the federal government.

Explain A. Philip Randolph’s proposed

March on Washington, D.C., and President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s response.

1. Who was A Philip Randolph? What did his March on Washington seek to do?

2. How did FDR respond?


Explain the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the internment of Japanese- Americans, German-Americans, and Italian-Americans.

3. How did Americans treat Japanese-Americans after Pearl Harbor

4. How were German-Americans and Italian-Americans treated?


Describe war mobilization, as indicated by rationing, war-time conversion, and the role of women in war industries.

9. What is War Mobilization?10. What is Rationing?11. What is war-time conversion?12. What was the role of women during the war?

Vocabulary Vocabulary War Production Board (WPB) – This board re-directed

raw materials and resources from the production of civilian consumer goods, to the production of materials needed for war.

A. Philip Randolph – Civil Rights leader that planned a march on Washington D.C. until Roosevelt passed the Fair Employment Act.

Fair Employment Act – Act passed by Congress allowing equal access in the military for all races.

Internment camps – These were used to house Japanese immigrants during WWII after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

In the late 1930s and during World War II, millions of American men were drafted into military service. This meant that there

were millions of jobs - many of them industrial and agricultural - that were left vacant and in need of being filled.

How did MOST American businesses attempt to deal with the labor shortages that potentially affected their businesses?

A. They hired increased numbers of women and African Americans.

B. They decided to declare bankruptcy and receive government funds.

C. They lowered the pay of other workers and increased their hours.

D. They hired increased numbers of child workers and Asian Americans.

Section 5Section 5

Sea and Air BattlesSea and Air Battles German U-Boats German U-Boats

threatened Great Britain’s threatened Great Britain’s supply linessupply lines- U.S. had been shipping - U.S. had been shipping supplies under the Lend-supplies under the Lend-Lease Plan before it Lease Plan before it entered the entered the

May 1941 – New German May 1941 – New German battleship battleship BismarckBismarck entered the war along with entered the war along with a new cruiser a new cruiser Prinz Eugen Prinz Eugen - British hastily dispatched - British hastily dispatched several ship to intercept several ship to intercept the Nazisthe Nazis

Sea and Air BattlesSea and Air Battles

May 23, 1941 – May 23, 1941 – British ships met British ships met the German ships the German ships in the Denmark in the Denmark Strait between Ice Strait between Ice land and land and Greenland Greenland

Sea and Air BattlesSea and Air Battles Bismarck sank the British Bismarck sank the British

cruiser cruiser Hood Hood and damaged and damaged another ship in the battleanother ship in the battle- May 26, 1941 – British - May 26, 1941 – British patrol plane spotted the patrol plane spotted the Bismarck about 600 miles Bismarck about 600 miles off the Frenchoff the French CoastCoast- - Bismarck Bismarck was finally was finally sank by the British navy sank by the British navy after sustaining at least 8after sustaining at least 8 torpedo hitstorpedo hits- Battle ended the German - Battle ended the German effort to win control of the effort to win control of the Atlantic with surface ShipsAtlantic with surface Ships

Sea and Air BattlesSea and Air Battles

Allies carried out an Allies carried out an air offensive against air offensive against GermanyGermany

- Directed at factories, - Directed at factories, railroads, dockyards, railroads, dockyards, cities, and townscities, and towns

- Aimed to destroy - Aimed to destroy the German war the German war industries and weaken industries and weaken the will of the civilianthe will of the civilian population to continue population to continue the warthe war

Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad

July 1942 – Germany July 1942 – Germany had the Soviets in full had the Soviets in full retreat retreat

Stalin Pressed the Stalin Pressed the Allies for a second Allies for a second frontfront

- August 1942 – - August 1942 – Churchill told Stalin Churchill told Stalin there would be no there would be no second front in 1942second front in 1942


August 2, 1942 – August 2, 1942 – Germans attacked Germans attacked StalingradStalingrad

- Tried to destroy - Tried to destroy Soviet moraleSoviet morale

- Stalin ordered the - Stalin ordered the city held at all costcity held at all cost


September 1942 – September 1942 – Soviets launched a Soviets launched a counter attack and counter attack and encircled the encircled the GermansGermans- Cutoff German - Cutoff German supply lines supply lines

Hitler refused to Hitler refused to retreat although retreat although winter and Soviets winter and Soviets were closing inwere closing in


February 1943 – February 1943 – Germany finally Germany finally surrenderedsurrendered

- Germany lost its best - Germany lost its best troopstroops

- 100,000 were killed - 100,000 were killed and 80,000 capturedand 80,000 captured

- Soviets seized large - Soviets seized large quantities of military quantities of military equipment equipment


StalingradStalingrad considered the considered the turning point of turning point of the war in the war in Europe Europe

- Broke the back of - Broke the back of the German the German military machinemilitary machine

War in the DesertWar in the Desert January 1942 – Allied January 1942 – Allied

forces struggled to regain forces struggled to regain land lost to Germanyland lost to Germany

Erwin Rommel applied Erwin Rommel applied blitzkrieg tactic s to desert blitzkrieg tactic s to desert warfare (The Desert Fox)warfare (The Desert Fox)

Spring 1942 – Rommel had Spring 1942 – Rommel had pushed the British 2/3 of pushed the British 2/3 of then way back to the then way back to the Egyptian Frontier Egyptian Frontier

War in the DesertWar in the Desert

July 1942 – British July 1942 – British General General Bernard Bernard MontgomeryMontgomery stopped stopped Rommel at El AlameinRommel at El Alamein

October 1942 – October 1942 – Montgomery launched Montgomery launched a counter attack and a counter attack and forced the Germans forced the Germans back across the back across the Egyptian- Libyan Egyptian- Libyan frontier frontier

War in the DesertWar in the Desert January 1943 – British January 1943 – British

captured the capital of captured the capital of Libya (Tripoli)Libya (Tripoli)

Allied force began Allied force began trying to trap Rommel trying to trap Rommel moving east to west moving east to west (pincer strategy)(pincer strategy)- Montgomery moved - Montgomery moved west west - Allied troops landed - Allied troops landed in Morocco and Algeria in Morocco and Algeria and moved east and moved east

War in the DesertWar in the Desert Allied forces were met with Allied forces were met with

heavy resistance from the heavy resistance from the Vichey French who Vichey French who governed North Africagoverned North Africa- - Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower struck a deal with a Vichy struck a deal with a Vichy official Admiral Francois official Admiral Francois Darlan to end the fightingDarlan to end the fighting- Darlan ordered an end to - Darlan ordered an end to resistance in exchange for resistance in exchange for allied support of his claim allied support of his claim to French North Africa- - to French North Africa- -


November 1942 – November 1942 – Free French under Free French under Charles de Gaulle Charles de Gaulle joined Allies in joined Allies in North AfricaNorth Africa


Allies began closing the pincers on Allies began closing the pincers on RommelRommel- He flew to Berlin and told Hitler - He flew to Berlin and told Hitler there was no hopethere was no hope- Hitler barred Rommel from - Hitler barred Rommel from returning to Africareturning to Africa

May 1943 – German forces May 1943 – German forces surrendered in Tunisia surrendered in Tunisia - Allies controlled all of North Africa- Allies controlled all of North Africa

Pacific WarPacific War Japan took over most Japan took over most

of Southeast Asia and of Southeast Asia and the Pacificthe Pacific- Welcomed as - Welcomed as liberatorliberator- Local began hating - Local began hating them after they killed them after they killed civilians and seized civilians and seized propertyproperty

Allies couldn’t stop Allies couldn’t stop Japanese advances Japanese advances

Expected the Japanese Expected the Japanese to invade Australia to invade Australia

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March January 1942 – Japanese January 1942 – Japanese

captured Manilacaptured Manila General Douglass General Douglass

MacArthurMacArthur led a led a retreat of 12000 retreat of 12000 American and 65,000 American and 65,000 Filipino troopsFilipino troops

February 1942 – February 1942 – President Roosevelt President Roosevelt ordered Macarthur to ordered Macarthur to Australia to take Australia to take command of the Allies command of the Allies in the Pacific (“I shall in the Pacific (“I shall return”)return”)

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March May 1942 – Japanese May 1942 – Japanese

forced the Allies to forced the Allies to surrender on the surrender on the Bataan PeninsulaBataan Peninsula in in the Philippines the Philippines - Soldiers were forced - Soldiers were forced to march 60 miles to a to march 60 miles to a prison campprison camp-Thousands collapsed -Thousands collapsed of starvation along the of starvation along the wayway - Many were shot, - Many were shot, beaten, or bayoneted beaten, or bayoneted to death to death

Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of the Coral Sea

11stst time two enemy time two enemy ships fought a battle ships fought a battle without coming within without coming within sight of each othersight of each other

- Warplanes launched - Warplanes launched form the carriers form the carriers fought the battlefought the battle

May 1942 – Allies were May 1942 – Allies were finally able to stop the finally able to stop the Japanese advances Japanese advances

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway June 1942 - Allies defeated June 1942 - Allies defeated

the Japanesethe Japanese Sank four Japanese carriers Sank four Japanese carriers

- Crippled Japan’s navy- Crippled Japan’s navy

- Ended Japanese naval - Ended Japanese naval superiority in the Pacific superiority in the Pacific

Japan lost its best pilotsJapan lost its best pilots Turning point of the war Turning point of the war

in the Pacificin the Pacific

GuadalcanalGuadalcanal

August 1942 – August 1942 – Allies began Allies began attacking attacking Guadalcanal Guadalcanal

- General Douglass - General Douglass MacArthur led MacArthur led ground forcesground forces

- Admiral Chester - Admiral Chester Nimitz led the sea Nimitz led the sea attackattack

GuadalcanalGuadalcanal Allied victory at Allied victory at

Guadalcanal was the Guadalcanal was the beginning of a series of beginning of a series of battlesbattles - Allies - Allies island-hoppedisland-hopped their way north to Japan their way north to Japan (only attacked Islands (only attacked Islands that weren’t heavily that weren’t heavily defendeddefended- Cutoff - Cutoff supply linessupply lines to to islands they bypassedislands they bypassed

Allied forces paused to Allied forces paused to build up their Pacific build up their Pacific forces after Guadalcanal forces after Guadalcanal

GuadalcanalGuadalcanal November 1943 – November 1943 –

Japanese began using Japanese began using Kamikaze pilotKamikaze pilot- Far from ready to - Far from ready to surrendersurrender

Summer 1944 – Allies Summer 1944 – Allies captured the captured the Mariana Mariana IslandsIslands - Within striking - Within striking distance of Japandistance of Japan- Began building - Began building airfields from which airfields from which B29 bombersB29 bombers could could attack Japan attack Japan

VocabularyVocabulary

Bataan Death March – Event where more than 75,000 American and Filipino troops were captured and forced to march sixty miles, during which many died.

Battle of Midway – This was known as the turning point during the war in the Pacific.

Island hopping – This was a series of small battle in hopes of pushing Japan back to their mainland.

Section 6Section 6

Allied VictoriesAllied Victories Democracies geared Democracies geared

their economies for their economies for war productionwar production - Rationed goods, and - Rationed goods, and regulated prices and regulated prices and wageswages

Wartime emergency Wartime emergency limited citizens rightslimited citizens rights

War ended War ended unemployment unemployment - Women worked in - Women worked in factories while men factories while men joined the military joined the military

Invasion of ItalyInvasion of Italy Early 1943 – British Early 1943 – British

and American leaders and American leaders decided to invade decided to invade SicilySicily

July 1943 – July 1943 – General General EisenhowerEisenhower led a led a combined air and sea combined air and sea attackattack- Forced the Germans - Forced the Germans to retreat into Italyto retreat into Italy

Invasion of ItalyInvasion of Italy Sicily invasion caused the Sicily invasion caused the

downfall of downfall of MussoliniMussolini- July 25, 1943 -- July 25, 1943 -King King Victor EmmanuelVictor Emmanuel fired fired him and had him arrested him and had him arrested

New Italian Prime Minister New Italian Prime Minister dissolved the Fascist Partydissolved the Fascist Party- September 3, 1943 – He - September 3, 1943 – He signed a secret act signed a secret act surrendersurrender - Caught the Germans by - Caught the Germans by surprisesurprise- Allied forces landed on in - Allied forces landed on in Italy on the day of the Italy on the day of the treaty treaty

Invasion of ItalyInvasion of Italy

Germans recovered Germans recovered and to occupy Romeand to occupy Rome

- Forced the king and - Forced the king and Prime Minister to Prime Minister to withdraw to the southwithdraw to the south

- Rescued - Rescued MussolinMussolini i and put him in control and put him in control of Northern Italyof Northern Italy

Invasion of ItalyInvasion of Italy Allied Forces fought Allied Forces fought

their way up the their way up the Italian PeninsulaItalian Peninsula- Took the Allies 5 - Took the Allies 5 months to penetrate months to penetrate the Axis defenses at the Axis defenses at Monte Cassino Monte Cassino - 6- 6thth century century monastery located on monastery located on a mountain top a mountain top

June 4, 1944 – Allied June 4, 1944 – Allied forces entered Romeforces entered Rome

D-DayD-Day

1943 – Allied 1943 – Allied leader meet in leader meet in Tehran Iran Tehran Iran

- - Churchill Churchill and and Roosevelt Roosevelt told told StalinStalin about their about their plan to open a 2plan to open a 2ndnd front the following front the following springspring

D-DayD-Day

Operation Operation OverlordOverlord – Allied – Allied Invasion of France Invasion of France

- General - General Eisenhower Eisenhower assembled a force assembled a force of 176,000 soldiers, of 176,000 soldiers, 600 warships and 600 warships and 10,000 aircraft in 10,000 aircraft in England England

D-DayD-Day June 6, 1944 – Allied June 6, 1944 – Allied

Forces land Normandy, Forces land Normandy, France France (D-Day)(D-Day)

- British bombers bombed - British bombers bombed German coastal defensesGerman coastal defenses

- Allied airborne troops - Allied airborne troops parachuted into France parachuted into France

- Allied soldiers fought - Allied soldiers fought their way onto the beachestheir way onto the beaches

D-DayD-Day August 1944 – August 1944 –

American tank American tank commander General commander General George PattonGeorge Patton leads leads forces across Northern forces across Northern FranceFrance

French resistance French resistance fighters rose up fighters rose up against the Germansagainst the Germans

German forced to German forced to retreatretreat

D-DayD-Day

August 25, 1944 – August 25, 1944 – Free French forces Free French forces led the Allied led the Allied troops into Paristroops into Paris

Victory over GermanyVictory over Germany Summer 1944 – Soviets Summer 1944 – Soviets

had pushed the Germans had pushed the Germans back into Eastern Europeback into Eastern Europe

Hitler thought a surprise Hitler thought a surprise offensive in the west would offensive in the west would reverse the Allied advance reverse the Allied advance (Battle of the Bulge) (Battle of the Bulge) - December 1944 – - December 1944 – German troops cut through German troops cut through the center of the Allied the center of the Allied forcesforces• - Created a bulge in the - Created a bulge in the

lineline

- Allies finally defeated the - Allies finally defeated the Germans at Bastogne, Germans at Bastogne, Belgium Belgium

Victory over GermanyVictory over Germany

March 1945 – Allied March 1945 – Allied forces crossed the forces crossed the Rhine RiverRhine River in the in the westwest

- Germany’s - Germany’s historic defense historic defense barrierbarrier


Soviets fought their Soviets fought their way into way into BerlinBerlin in in the eastthe east

- Inflicted savage - Inflicted savage revenge on the revenge on the German populationGerman population

April 1945 – April 1945 – American and American and Soviet troops met Soviet troops met on the on the Elbe RiverElbe River


May 7, 1945 – May 7, 1945 – German German surrendered surrendered unconditionally unconditionally

- Celebrated as - Celebrated as V-E V-E DayDay western western DemocraciesDemocracies

- May 9 celebrated - May 9 celebrated as V-E Day in the as V-E Day in the Soviet UnionSoviet Union


End came for the End came for the Fascists dictatorsFascists dictators

- Italian partisans - Italian partisans shot shot MussoliniMussolini

-- Hitler Hitler committed committed suicide in an under suicide in an under ground bunkerground bunker

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

February 1945 -February 1945 - StalinStalin,, Churchill Churchill, , and and RooseveltRoosevelt met at the Black met at the Black Sea resortSea resort

Proposed that Proposed that France and China France and China join their countries join their countries in forming the in forming the United NationsUnited Nations

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

Agreed to Divide Germany as well asAgreed to Divide Germany as well as BerlinBerlin into 4 zones into 4 zones

Stalin promised to hold free elections Stalin promised to hold free elections in Soviet-occupied Eastern Europein Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe

Stalin promised to declare war on Stalin promised to declare war on JapanJapan- Received the - Received the Kuril IslandsKuril Islands and the and the southern part of Sakhalin Island in southern part of Sakhalin Island in exchange exchange

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference August 1945- Allied leaders August 1945- Allied leaders

met in Germanymet in Germany Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman became became

President after F.D.R died President after F.D.R died in April.in April.

Clement AttleeClement Attlee replaced replaced Churchill midway through Churchill midway through the conferencethe conference- - Labour PartyLabour Party defeated defeated the the Conservative PartyConservative Party in the general electionin the general election

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference

Made plans for the Made plans for the occupation of occupation of GermanyGermany

Issued an ultimatum Issued an ultimatum to Japan for to Japan for unconditional unconditional surrendersurrender

Tensions between Tensions between the Allied begin to the Allied begin to pull the wartime pull the wartime alliance apartalliance apart

Victory over JapanVictory over Japan

Seemed inevitable Seemed inevitable by the end of 1944by the end of 1944

American planes American planes bombed Japanese bombed Japanese citiescities

General General Douglass Douglass MacArthurMacArthur reclaimed the reclaimed the Philippines Philippines


Americans won two Americans won two bloody battles on bloody battles on the islands of the islands of Iwo Iwo JimaJima and and Okinawa Okinawa

British forces British forces Destroyed the Destroyed the Japanese forces in Japanese forces in Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

Japan’s military Japan’s military leaders refused to leaders refused to surrendersurrender


President President Truman decided Truman decided to use an new to use an new secret weapon secret weapon ((Atomic BombAtomic Bomb))--


Had been developed Had been developed under the code name under the code name “Manhattan Project”“Manhattan Project”- Said it would end the - Said it would end the war quickly and avoid war quickly and avoid the loss of lives that the loss of lives that would have resulted would have resulted from an American from an American invasion (Estimated invasion (Estimated 1 million)1 million)- May have also used - May have also used the bomb to impress the bomb to impress the Sovietsthe Soviets


August 6, 1945 – August 6, 1945 – Dropped 1Dropped 1stst atomic atomic bomb on bomb on HiroshimaHiroshima

- Heard no - Heard no response response

August 9, 1945 – August 9, 1945 – Dropped a 2nd Dropped a 2nd bomb on bomb on NagasakiNagasaki


Two bombs killed Two bombs killed 200,000 people200,000 people

- Many more would - Many more would die from radiation die from radiation exposureexposure

August 14, 1945 - August 14, 1945 - Japan Japan unconditionally unconditionally surrendered surrendered


September 2, 1945 September 2, 1945 – Proclaimed – Proclaimed V-J V-J DayDay

- Japanese officials - Japanese officials signed the official signed the official surrender onboard surrender onboard the American the American battleship Missouri battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bayin Tokyo Bay

- Ended WWII- Ended WWII

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

Over 70 million people fought in the Over 70 million people fought in the warwar

55 million people died as a result of 55 million people died as a result of the warthe war

- Soviet Union lost 22 million- Soviet Union lost 22 million

- Germany lost 8 million- Germany lost 8 million

- Japan lost 2 million- Japan lost 2 million

- U.S.A lost 300,000- U.S.A lost 300,000

· Fought in February and March, 1945 · Involved roughly 110,000 U.S. and 18,000 Japanese forces· Some of the fiercest fighting in all of World War II· U.S. forces eventually took Japanese airbases on this Island All of these are describing the World War II battle of

A. Midway.

B. Iwo Jima.

C. Leyte Gulf.

D. Guadalcanal.

· Fought in February and March, 1945 · Involved roughly 110,000 U.S. and 18,000 Japanese forces· Some of the fiercest fighting in all of World War II· U.S. forces eventually took Japanese airbases on this Island

All of these are describing the World War II battle of

Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operationsoperations

Effects of the WarEffects of the War Allied Powers began to Allied Powers began to

address the wrongs address the wrongs committed by the Axis committed by the Axis PowersPowers

Nuremburg TrialsNuremburg Trials – – Brought Nazi leaders to Brought Nazi leaders to justice for crimes they had justice for crimes they had committed during the warcommitted during the war- Upheld the idea that - Upheld the idea that people are responsible for people are responsible for their actions even during their actions even during wartimewartime

Trials were also held in Trials were also held in Italy and JapanItaly and Japan

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

New weapons made WWII the most New weapons made WWII the most destructive war in historydestructive war in history

- Many people were left homeless- Many people were left homeless

- Food, medicine, and clothing were - Food, medicine, and clothing were in short supplyin short supply

The "Manhattan Project" was the code name for the

A. U.S. plan to invade Japan.

B. German use of jet aircraft.

C. Allied plan to invade Europe.

D. U.S. plans to make an atomic bomb.

Military and political leaders in the United States during World War II publicly justified the use of atomic weapons on

Japan because they argued that

A. Japan had first attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor four years earlier.

B. the sites chosen for bombing were military bases, absent of civilian population.

C. it would save perhaps a million lives that would be lost in an amphibious assault on Japan.

D. the Japanese already had an atomic bomb and were preparing to deploy it against the United States.


Explain major events; include the lend-lease program, the Battle of Midway, D-Day, and the fall of Berlin.

5. What was the Lend-Lease program?6. Why was the Battle of Midway important?7. What was D-Day?8. What was the significance of the Battle of Berlin


Describe Los Alamos and the scientific, economic, and military implications of developing the atomic bomb.

13. What was atomic bomb? 14. How did it affect the US in

scientific, economic, and military sectors?

VocabularyVocabulary General Dwight D. Eisenhower – He was appointed

supreme commander of allied forces during WWII. D-Day – June 6, 1944 when the largest invasion by sea was

launched. The nickname given the plan for this was Operation Overlord.

Los Alamos, New Mexico – Place where the atomic bomb was tested

Atomic bomb - New weapon technology used to end the war in the Pacific that caused mass destruction and high civilian casualties.

Harry S. Truman – Became President of the United States after FDR’s death. This man would oversee the ending of WWII, and major military programs.

u.s. history unit 10 notes world war ii. section 1

Documents

ethiopia ethiopia

control of ethiopia

annexed ethiopia slide

spanish civil war germany

magnesium slide

fascism slide

control of china

years spanish nationalist