URBAN GEOGRAPHYChapter 9

Thinking Geographically

• Archaeologists have found that the houses in Indus River cities, such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, were a uniform size: each house had access to a sewer system, and palaces were absent from the cultural landscape. – Derive a theory as to why these conditions

were present in these cities that had both a leadership class and a surplus of agricultural goods.

When and Why Did People Start Living in Cities?

• City: A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics

• Urban: The buildup of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city (central city and suburbs)

• Urbanization: Movement of people from rural to urban areas—can happen very quickly in the modern world

Urban Population

Origins of Urbanization

• Agricultural villages– Began about 10,000 years ago– Relatively small, egalitarian villages,

where most of the population was involved in agriculture

• The first urban revolution: Enabling components1.An agricultural surplus2.Social stratification (leadership class)

Hearths of Urbanization

Hearths of Urbanization

• Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE• Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE• Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE• Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE• Mesoamerica, 200 BCE

Harappa and Mohenjo-

Daro• Intricately

planned• Houses equal in

size• No palaces• No monuments

Indus River Valley

Huang He and Wei River Valleys

Purposefully planned cities

• Centered on a north-south axis

• Inner wall built around center

• Temples and palaces for the leadership class

Terracotta warriors guarding the tomb of

the Chinese Emperor Qin Xi Huang

Mesoamerica

Mayan and Aztec cities: Theocratic centers where rulers were deemed to have divine authority and were god-kings

Diffusion of Urbanization• Greek cities (by 500 BCE)

– Greeks highly urbanized – Network of more than 500 cities and towns on

the mainland and on islands– Acropolis (buildings on a height of land) and

an agora (open public space) in each city• Roman cities

– A system of cities and small towns, linked together by hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes

– Sites of Roman cities typically for trade – Forum a combination of the acropolis and

agora into one space– Extreme wealth and extreme poverty

Roman Empire

Urban Growth after Greece and Rome

• Europe– Middle Ages (500–1300)– Little urban growth, even decline

• Asia– Centers along the Silk Road– Urban growth in Korea, Japan

• West Africa• The Americas

Cities in the Age of Exploration

• Early Eurasian centers– Crescent-shaped zone from England to

Japan– Most cities sited in continental interiors

• Maritime exploration– Change in situation to favor coastal

locations– Continued importance under colonialism– Wealth for mercantile cities of Europe– European model for cities in colonies

Urbanization

What do historians know about the earliest farmers and herders, and the evolution of cities?

Newly emerging evidence about the “cradles of

civilization” is examined in light of the social, technological, and cultural complexity of recently discovered settlements and cities.

Unit 4. Agricultural and Urban Revolutions http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=2147

The Second Urban Revolution

• A large-scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing, made possible by1. Second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus2. Industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources

• Favored places– Had undergone the second agricultural

revolution– Possessed industrial resources– Possessed capital from mercantilism and

colonialism

Industrialization in Europe

Where Are Cities Located, and Why?

Site• Absolute location• Static location,

often chosen for trade, defense, or religion

Situation• Relative location• A city’s place in

the region and the world around it

• Trade area: An adjacent region within which a city’s influence is dominant

Trade Areas

Rank-Size Rule• Characteristic of a model urban hierarchy • The population of the city or town is inversely

proportional to its rank in the hierarchy For example:largest city = 12 million2nd largest = 6 million3rd largest = 4 million4th largest = 3 million

• Primate city: The leading city of a country, disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities

Central Place Theory

• Developed by Walter Christaller • Predicts how and where central places in the

urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) are functionally and spatially distributed

• Assumes that– Surface is flat with no physical barriers– Soil fertility is the same everywhere– Population and purchasing power are evenly

distributed– Region has uniform transportation network – From any given place, a good or service could be

sold in all directions out to a certain distance

Hexagonal Hinterlands

C = city

T = town

V = village

H = hamlet

How Are Cities Organized, and How Do They Function?

• Urban morphology: The layout of a city, its physical form and structure

• Functional zonation: The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain functions (purposes)

Zones of the City

• Zones– Central business district (CBD)– Central City (the CBD + older housing

zones)– Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone

outside of the central city)• Modeling the North American city

– Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)– Sector model (Homer Hoyt)– Multiple-nuclei model (Chauncy Harris

and Edward Ullman)

Classical Models of Urban Structure

Edge Cities

Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, including•Office complexes•Shopping centers•Hotels•Restaurants •Entertainment facilities•Sports complexes

Urban Realms Model

Each realm a separate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metropolitan framework

Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery: Latin America

• Griffin-Ford model• Blend of Latin

American traditions with globalization

• Disamenity sectors– Not connected to

city services– May be controlled

by gangs and drug lords

• Industrial park• Gentrification area

Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery: Subsaharan Africa

• De Blij model• Low levels of

urbanization but rapid growth rates

• European colonial imprint

Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery: Southeast Asia

• McGee model• Colonial port and

surrounding commercial zone as focal point

How Do People Make Cities?• Role of powerful social and cultural forces• Periphery and semi-periphery

– Sharp contrast between rich and poor – Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of

zoning laws

Luanda, Angola Tokyo, Japan

Making Cities in the Global Core

• Redlining: Financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods

• Blockbusting : Realtors purposefully selling a home at a low price to an African American and then soliciting white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight”

• Gentrification: Individuals buying and rehabilitating houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood

• Commercialization: City government transforming a central city to attract residents and tourists, often in stark contrast to the rest of the central city

• Tear-downs: Houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing them down to build much larger homes

• McMansions: Large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot

Making Cities in the Global Core

Cityscapes, Suburban Sprawl Questions

PART I. VIDEO CLIP QUESTIONS• What is the CBD? Where is it located?• What are empowerment zones?• What is the ethnicity of the majority of the residents in South Boston?• What is La Cocina?• Where does the funding to Revitalize Boston’s empowerment zone come from?• List three things which occurred as a result of the empowerment zone’s

revitalization.• What is advantageous about the relative location of Boston’s empowerment

zone?• How can new businesses in the Boston empowerment zone receive tax credits?• North America’s tallest building is located where? What is it called?• Where is Sears located?• Why have many employers left the Central Business District?• Farmlands in what region of North America are under threat as a result of

suburban sprawl?• What are “edge cities” on the edge of?• Why did Motorola leave the Chicago CBD for an edge city?

PART II. FRQ. Answer the following Question on a separate sheet of paper.• The pattern of migration in LDC’s is from Rural to Urban. The pattern in MDC’s is

predominantly the opposite- from Urban to Rural. Discuss why these patterns are so different.

Urban Sprawl

• Cityscapes, Suburban Sprawl – Boston: Ethnic Mosaic — How has federal

empowerment zone funding helped Boston's diverse but poor neighborhoods?

– Chicago: Farming on the Edge — As in many areas of the U.S., suburban Chicago just keeps expanding into the surrounding countryside.

Urban Sprawl Discussion Questions

1. What changes in American society have made urban sprawl possible?

2. What are the consequences of lost farmland regionally, nationally and globally as other countries also lose land to urban growth?

3. Contemplate the time it takes nature to produce good soil versus the time it takes to build a city.

4. Why are so many farmers in the near hinterlands of big cities willing to sell the family farm? Discuss this phenomenon in terms of post-industrial transformation.

5. What is implied by the notion of “back to our roots”, and how “real” is it?

6. Do you feel there is a moral imperative to preserve the way of life and quality of life in small-town, rural America?

Urban Sprawl

Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

New Urbanism

• Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs

• Concerns – Privatization of public spaces– Failure to address conditions that create

social ills of cities– Countering urban sprawl

Gated Communities

• Neighborhoods with controlled gate (access) for people and vehicles

• Private security• Rapid diffusion to Europe, Asia, Africa,

Latin America• Security for wealthy in poor countries• Use for low-income communities in core

countries

Ethnic Neighborhoods

• European cities: Neighborhoods of migrants

• Cities of the periphery and semi-periphery

What Role Do Cities Play in Globalization?

• Function of world cities beyond state boundaries

• World cities as nodes in globalization• Primate cities with concentration of

development, interconnectedness• Primate cities in former colonies

World Cities

FRQ

• Discuss the central place theory of urban systems advanced by Christaller.– Describe the following features of the theory:

• Central place• Trade area• Hexagonal hinterlands

– What assumptions did Christaller make when formulating the theory?

– Give one example of an area where his theory seems to explain the distribution of cities.