3 mohenjo daro

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History

Planned city

Houses Street

Great bath

Art Seals

Sculptures

Decline


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Mohenjo-Daro was a city located in thesouth of Modern Pakistan in the SindProvince, on the right bank of the IndusRiver.

Mohenjo-Daro means mound of the

dead. Mohenjo-daro was a city of theIndus Valley Civilization, 20 km Larkana andsome 80 km southwest of modern Sukkur,Sindh, Pakistan. It is better preserved thanHarappa.

Being an agricultural city, it also featured alarge well, granary, and centralmarketplace.


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Mohenjo-daro had planned city ofstreets and buildings.

The settlement was thought to house

roughly 5,000 people, and hadhouses, a granary, baths, assemblyhalls and towers.

Also located here was a giantgranary, a large residential structure,and at least two aisled assembly halls.


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The people of the city used very littlestone in their construction.

They used two types of bricks- mudbricks, and wood bricks, which werecreated by burning wood.

They used timber to create the flat roofsof their buildings; there are brickstairways leading to the roofs of manyhouses.

Some houses were small, and otherswere larger with interior courtyards. Mosthad small bathrooms.


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To the east, was the lower city, laid out in a

grid pattern. The streets were straight, and were drained

to keep the area sanitary.

Each city had broad parallel streets, which

crossed each other to divide the city intocompact rectangular blocks, and had anadvanced and extensive drainage system.

In addition to it's numerous other

achievements Mohenjo-daro and otherIndus sites made extensive use of bakedbrick (unlike the sun-dried brick typical ofMesopotamian civilization), which gavegreater durability to all of its buildings.


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The "great bath" is without doubt the earliest publicwater tank in the ancient world.

The tank itself measures approximately 12 metersnorth-south and 7 meters wide, with a maximumdepth of 2.4 meters.

Two wide staircases lead down into the tank from thenorth and south and small sockets at the edges of thestairs are thought to have held wooden planks ortreads.

At the foot of the stairs is a small ledge with a brick

edging that extends the entire width of the pool.People coming down the stairs could move along thisledge without actually stepping into the pool itself.


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Two large doors lead into the complex fromthe south and other access was from the northand east.

A series of rooms are located along theeastern edge of the building and in one roomis a well that may have supplied some of thewater needed to fill the tank.

Rainwater also may have been collected forthis purposes, but no inlet drains have beenfound.

Most scholars agree that this tank would have

been used for special religious functionswhere water was used to purify and renew thewell.


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Archaeologists have found the remainsof fine jewelry, including stones from far

away places. This shows that the peopleof the Indus Valley civilization valued artand traded with other cultures.


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The first objects unearthed from Harappaand Mohenjo-Daro were small stone

seals

inscribed with elegant depictions of

animals, including a unicorn-like figurein upper left, and marked with Indus

script writing which still baffles scholars.

These seals are dated back to 2500 B. C.

These seals are in various quadrangular

shapes and sizes, each with a human or

an animal figure carved on it


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Long rectangular seals and a terra cottasealing (bottom) with Indus script.

The top seal has seven signs of Indus script.The back of this seal is convex and it is

perforated from the side. The central sign may represent a house or

temple and is a symbol that is often repeatedon seals with horned deities seated in yogic

position.Material: fired white glazed steatiteDimensions: circa 3.74 cm length, 1.47 cmwide


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Figurine heads

Terra cotta discs.Whistles.

Animal figures


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Male head probably broken from a seated

sculpture. Finely braided or wavy combed hairtied into a double bun on the back of the head anda plain fillet or headband with two hangingribbons falling down the back

The upper lip is shaved and a closely cropped andcombed beard lines the pronounced lower jaw.

The stylized almond shaped eyes are framed bylong eyebrows. The wide mouth is very similar to

that on the "Priest-King" sculpture. Stylized earsare made of a double curve with a central knob.Material: sandstoneDimensions: 13.5 cm height


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Seated male sculpture, or "Priest King" Fillet orribbon headband with circular inlay ornament on

the forehead and similar but smaller ornament on

the right upper arm.

The two ends of the fillet fall along the back andthough the hair is carefully combed towards the

back of the head, no bun is present.

The flat back of the head may have held a

separately carved bun as is traditional on the other

seated figures, or it could have held a more

elaborate horn and plumed headdress.
http://www.harappa.com/indus/43.html


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Two holes beneath the highly stylized ears suggestthat a necklace or other head ornament wasattached to the sculpture.

The left shoulder is covered with a cloak decoratedwith trefoil, double circle and single circle designsthat were originally filled with red pigment.

Drill holes in the center of each circle indicate they

were made with a specialized drill and thentouched up with a chisel.

Eyes are deeply incised and may have held inlay.The upper lip is shaved and a short combed beard

frames the face. The large crack in the face is theresult of weathering or it may be due to originalfiring of this object.Material: white, low fired steatiteDimensions: 17.5 cm height, 11 cm width


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Various factors contributed to the decline of Mohenjo-Daro.

On the one hand, changes in the river flow patterns and correspondentwidespread flooding would have disrupted the agricultural base, butdid not destroy the city directly.

Although there appears to have been a significant break between theend of the Indus occupation and the Early Historic occupation, it isunlikely that the site was ever totally abandoned due to its high positionon the plain and the protection it afforded against floods.

There have been some suggestions that the entire site was destroyed byfloods, but this theory has not been substantiated by later research.

The region around Mohenjo-Daro was inhabited throughout the EarlyHistoric period and numerous historical villages and towns are locatednear the mound today.


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