Unit 4Unit 4

Multiculturalism Multiculturalism & r& racacisismm

Laura LaubeovaLaura Laubeovalaubeovalaubeova@@fsvfsv..cunicuni..czcz

http://minorities.fsv.cuni.cz/http://minorities.fsv.cuni.cz/

Unit StructureUnit Structure

• Presentation on Rex by JuliaPresentation on Rex by Julia

• Activity on Activity on inclusioninclusion

• Racism, discriminationRacism, discrimination

• Inclusion, rights, equityInclusion, rights, equity

• Homework 2 - Vocabulary of DiscriminationHomework 2 - Vocabulary of Discrimination

Activity:Activity:Diamond ranking exercise to help you Diamond ranking exercise to help you think about INCLUSIONthink about INCLUSION

• There are nine concepts listed on the next slide. There are nine concepts listed on the next slide. Copy them onto slips of paper. Feel free to Copy them onto slips of paper. Feel free to substitute your own ideas for any of them, but substitute your own ideas for any of them, but you need to work with nine concepts. In groups of you need to work with nine concepts. In groups of three, do a diamond ranking exercise in which you three, do a diamond ranking exercise in which you decide between you which (in your view) is the decide between you which (in your view) is the most important idea for INCLUSION, which are the most important idea for INCLUSION, which are the next two most important ideas, then three, then next two most important ideas, then three, then two again, ending up with the one you think is two again, ending up with the one you think is less important than the others. It is not a less important than the others. It is not a competition, there are no “right or wrong” competition, there are no “right or wrong” answers; merely a game to get you to think about answers; merely a game to get you to think about the respective ideas. the respective ideas.

• Tolerance and respect for othersTolerance and respect for others• Strong opinions about issuesStrong opinions about issues• Willingness to allow others their point of Willingness to allow others their point of

viewview• Everyone has an equal right to voteEveryone has an equal right to vote• Notions of being fair to a minorityNotions of being fair to a minority• The majority decidesThe majority decides• A strong/charismatic leader to hold the A strong/charismatic leader to hold the

factions togetherfactions together• Becoming helpfully involved in the life and Becoming helpfully involved in the life and

concerns of your neighbourhoodconcerns of your neighbourhood• AS A GROUP, YOU DECIDE ON THE NINTH AS A GROUP, YOU DECIDE ON THE NINTH

STATEMENTSTATEMENT

54

7 8

9

6

32

1

MMulticulturalismulticulturalism

• DescriptiveDescriptive

• NormativeNormative- see bellow- see bellow

• Government policy Government policy

(Canada, Australia)(Canada, Australia)

• Institutional policies Institutional policies

(UK – racial equality, (UK – racial equality, CERES)CERES)

Multiculturalism – cont.Multiculturalism – cont.

• Conservative Conservative (diversity as a deficit, (diversity as a deficit, communit.)communit.)

• Left essentialistLeft essentialist (Afrocentrism, also comm.) (Afrocentrism, also comm.)

• LiberalLiberal (natural equality, lack of opportunities, (natural equality, lack of opportunities, decontextualisation, depolitisation)decontextualisation, depolitisation)but procedural liberalism vs communitarian liber. – but procedural liberalism vs communitarian liber. – Kis, Taylor, Kymlicka Kis, Taylor, Kymlicka (see also politics of recognition)(see also politics of recognition)

• PluralistPluralist - salad bowl (exoticism, affirmation) vs - salad bowl (exoticism, affirmation) vs melting potmelting pot

Multiculturalism – cont.Multiculturalism – cont.• Critical MCCritical MC (Frankfurt School, power, (Frankfurt School, power,

emancipation, soc. justice, self reflection)emancipation, soc. justice, self reflection)

• AntiracistAntiracist (life chances - CERES) (life chances - CERES)

• ReflexiveReflexive (Ali Ratansi – Derrida + Giddens) (Ali Ratansi – Derrida + Giddens)

• CosmopolitanCosmopolitan

• Ethnicity as habitusEthnicity as habitus (Bourdieu) (Bourdieu)

• HybridityHybridity (H. Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, St. Hall) (H. Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, St. Hall) rooting vs shiftingrooting vs shifting

((see S. May, P. McLaren, etc)see S. May, P. McLaren, etc)

QUIZQUIZ

Just one question to torture Just one question to torture your memory…your memory…

Referring to the reader Referring to the reader what is the difference what is the difference

between multicultural and between multicultural and plural societies?plural societies?

Furnivall in all three textsFurnivall in all three texts

MC- ContextMC- Context

V. Parrillo: three models of minority integration:V. Parrillo: three models of minority integration:

• Assimilation (majority- comformity)Assimilation (majority- comformity)• Amalgamation (melting pot) Amalgamation (melting pot) • Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism)Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism)

Multiculturalism = diversity + cooperationMulticulturalism = diversity + cooperation

Parrillo, 1997Parrillo, 1997

AssimilationAssimilation

• cultural (acculturation) cultural (acculturation)

• marital marital

• structural (entrance into host society at structural (entrance into host society at all levels) all levels)

Milton Gordon in Parrillo, 1997Milton Gordon in Parrillo, 1997

• Voluntary vs forced Voluntary vs forced

• assimilation trap, double bind assimilation trap, double bind (Baubeck)(Baubeck)

Melting Pot (MP) TheoryMelting Pot (MP) Theory

1782 de Crevecoeur: „new breed of humanity“1782 de Crevecoeur: „new breed of humanity“

1893 Fred. Turner- frontier thesis „…merging… 1893 Fred. Turner- frontier thesis „…merging… new product which held the promise of world new product which held the promise of world brotherhood“brotherhood“

1952 triple melting pot1952 triple melting pot:: PProtestant, rotestant, CCatathholic, olic, JJewishewish

Etc.Etc.

MP MP = Anglocomformit= Anglocomformity (Parrillo 1997: 59)y (Parrillo 1997: 59)

Multiculturalism – cont.Multiculturalism – cont.

Eva Sobotka: policies twds the Roma in CEE:Eva Sobotka: policies twds the Roma in CEE:

• ExclusionExclusion• AssimilationAssimilation• Co-existenceCo-existence• MulticulturalismMulticulturalism

Sobotka 2003Sobotka 2003

Multicultural Policy Multicultural Policy target target

groups/requirementsgroups/requirements• Indigenous (Nunavat, Sami)Indigenous (Nunavat, Sami)• National minorities (Canada, Europe)National minorities (Canada, Europe)• Legal immigrants (USA, Australia)Legal immigrants (USA, Australia)• Irregular Irregular & illegal & illegal immigrants – denizens/meticsimmigrants – denizens/metics• AfroAmericansAfroAmericans• Roma, Ch. Jews, Amish, etcRoma, Ch. Jews, Amish, etc

See Unit 3See Unit 3KKyymlicka mlicka – –

stages: communitarian, liberal, nation buildingstages: communitarian, liberal, nation building

Multiculturalism – cont.Multiculturalism – cont.

Integration, inclusion, inclusive educationIntegration, inclusion, inclusive education

Intercultural vs multiculruralIntercultural vs multiculrural

Politics of Politics of redistributionredistribution, , of of recognitionrecognition (Frazer) – (Frazer) –

• politics of equal dignity (Autonomy) politics of equal dignity (Autonomy) &&• politics of difference (Authenticity) (Taylor) politics of difference (Authenticity) (Taylor)

Racism Racism & isms& isms

……… ……… sexism, disableism, ageism, homophsexism, disableism, ageism, homophoobiabiaNeil ThompsonNeil Thompson

RacismRacism can be defined as an can be defined as an attitude attitude (ideology)(ideology) or or action action (behaviour(behaviour) that disadvantages ) that disadvantages individuals or groups on the basis of their individuals or groups on the basis of their “racial” inferiority“racial” inferiority[1][1], mainly by means of , mainly by means of limiting their access to scarce resources.limiting their access to scarce resources.1]1] Racial difference or racial inferiority is often Racial difference or racial inferiority is often perceived or constructed in terms of different perceived or constructed in terms of different culture, ethnicity, religion, language, etc.culture, ethnicity, religion, language, etc.

Explanations of racism:Explanations of racism:1. Psychological1. Psychological ”Some people are like ”Some people are like

that”that”

22. . Lack of knowledge, ignoranceLack of knowledge, ignorance „„To know is to loveTo know is to love““

3.3. Intergroup relationsIntergroup relations ”Birds of a feather” ”Birds of a feather”

44.. Individuals are racists because the Individuals are racists because the structures, practices, and values of our structures, practices, and values of our society are racistsociety are racist. . ”Its the system””Its the system”

DiscriminationDiscrimination//iismssms::Personal – Cultural - Personal – Cultural -

StructuralStructuralNeilNeil Thompson Thompson

P

C

S

Racisms – cont.Racisms – cont.

• from violent attacks or scapegoating from violent attacks or scapegoating • ttoo paternalistic crypto-racistpaternalistic crypto-racist assistanceassistance to m. to m.• tendency to deny racism tendency to deny racism ((unacceptableunacceptable))

two main two main meanings:meanings: 1) 1) ideology ideology ((beliefsbeliefs)) about racial superiority about racial superiority2) 2) “the whole complex of factors which produce “the whole complex of factors which produce

racial discrimination” and sometimes also racial discrimination” and sometimes also “those which produce racial disadvantage”“those which produce racial disadvantage”

CashmoreCashmore

Racism as ideologyRacism as ideology

1. 1. the so called “the so called “scientific racismscientific racism of the 19th century”, of the 19th century”, manifested for example in the publication by manifested for example in the publication by Herrnstein, Murray, 1995Herrnstein, Murray, 1995

2. 2. “popular” racism or ““popular” racism or “common sense” racismcommon sense” racism that is that is based on ethnocentrism, a tendency to believe based on ethnocentrism, a tendency to believe that one´s own cultural paradigm is universal, that one´s own cultural paradigm is universal, neutral and superior to any other cultureneutral and superior to any other culture

In other words…In other words…

RacismRacism

1.1. ddenies all difference in the name of enies all difference in the name of universalityuniversality of the human nature, but of the human nature, but unconsciously it takes back this universality to unconsciously it takes back this universality to the dominant model;the dominant model;

2. 2. uses the obvious differences to turn them into uses the obvious differences to turn them into instruments of domination, exploitation, instruments of domination, exploitation, condemnation, exclusion, or exterminationcondemnation, exclusion, or extermination..

Racisms- cont.Racisms- cont.

PrejudicePrejudice DiscriminationDiscrimination InequalityInequality

„„RRacism, in short,acism, in short, involves involves (a)(a)stereotypes about difference and inferiority stereotypes about difference and inferiority (b)(b)use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugateuse of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate““

The Parekh Report, 2000The Parekh Report, 2000

AttitudesAttitudesBehaviourBehaviourStructuresStructures

Racisms – cont.Racisms – cont.

          

      

ExclusionExclusionDiscriminationDiscrimination

PrejudicePrejudice

Assimilation and RacismAssimilation and Racism (Bauböck)

 

 assimilation is possible

yes no

assimilation is required

yes compulsory assimilation

racist double-bind

no pluralism segregation

 

assimilationist assimilationist policies policies

inclusivenessinclusiveness

Assimilationist modelAssimilationist model

DIFFERENCEDIFFERENCE DEFICITDEFICIT

ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION

  

    COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMESCOMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES

Does the individual fitDoes the individual fit

into the System or ‘Institution’?into the System or ‘Institution’?  

  

ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION

Curriculum (Multiculturalism) Curriculum (Multiculturalism) modelmodel

Cultural EffectsCultural Effects

  CULTURESCULTURES

LIFESTYLES LIFESTYLES ATTITUDESATTITUDES

PLURALISTPLURALIST

TOLERANCE AND HARMONYTOLERANCE AND HARMONY  Does the organisation of this ‘institution’Does the organisation of this ‘institution’

recognise Diversity ?recognise Diversity ?      

PLURALISTPLURALIST

Equity/Rights ModelEquity/Rights Model

Social and Political EffectsSocial and Political Effects

  EQUITY EQUITY PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION

ANTIDISCRIMINATORYANTIDISCRIMINATORY

LIFE CHANCESLIFE CHANCES

Are people enabled in thisAre people enabled in this ‘institution’?‘institution’?

Do the structures allow forDo the structures allow for

achievement, growth and opportunities?achievement, growth and opportunities?

ANTIDISCRIMINATORYANTIDISCRIMINATORY