TITLE OF THE REPORT:MANUFACTURING OF TYRES

TEAM LEADER: B.SRINIVAS (12H61A03D0)

TEAM MEMBERS:ASHWAAK KHAN(12H61A03C6) B.GOWTHAM REDDY(12H61A03C7) BUDHA PREETHAM(12H61A03C8) BRAHMANDLAPALLY RAMYA CHARITHA(12H61A03C9) B.SRINIVAS(12H61A03D0) RYAKAJIGARI. SANDEEP KUMAR(13H65A0326)

NAME&LOCATION OF THE INDUSTRY: T.M Tyres Ltd.Door no. 5-35 (Survey no. 319 & 321, PB No:102) Kalakal village, Gajwel Taluq, Toopran Mandal & Medak District.DATE OF INDUSTRIAL VISIT: 04-APRIL-2015

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Technical Report work entitled PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION AND MANAGERIAL SKILLS-MANUFACTURING OF TYRES submitted to the Department Of English, is a record of anoriginal work done by me under theguidance of ALLAM NARENDRA , Faculty Member, ANURAG GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, Venkatapur(V) and this Report work has notperformed the basis for the award of any Degree ordiploma/ associateship/fellowship and similar project if any .

NAME: B.SRINIVAS ROLL NO:12H61A03D0

FACULTY CO-ORDINATOR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Before getting into the thickest of things, we would like to thank the personalities who were part of my Technical Report in numerous ways, those who gave me outstanding support from the beginning of the project.

We are extremely thankful to our beloved project co-ordinator ALLAM NARENDRA Who inspired and extended his constructive guidance and supervision which is of immense help in the completion of my project

We are very much obliged to our beloved Ms. Dr.ANANTHA LAKSHMI, Head of the Department of English for providing the opportunity to undertake this project and encouragement in completion of this project.

We hereby wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof.K. SRINIVAS CHALAPATHI, H.O.D.Department of Mechanical for the esteemed guidance, moral support and invaluable advice provided by him for the success of the project.

We are also thankful to all the staff members of T.M.TYRES Ltd who have co operated in making our project a success. We would like to thank all our parents and friends who extended their help, encouragement and moral support either directly or indirectly in our project work.

Thanks for Your Valuable Guidance and kind support.

NAME:B.SRINIVAS ROLLNO:12H61A03D0

ABSTRACT Pneumatictyresare manufactured according to relatively standardized processes and machinery, in around 455 tYre factories in the world. With over 1 billion tyres manufactured worldwide annually, the tYre industry is the major consumer of natural rubber. Tyre factories start with bulk raw materials such asrubber,carbon black, and chemicals and produce numerous specialized components that are assembled and cured. This report describes the components assembled to make a tyre, the various materials used, the manufacturing processes and machinery, and the overall business model.

INDEX S.NO DETAILS PAGE. NO

1INTRODUCTION---ADVANCED ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILLS LAB--- INDUSTRY

1 2

2COMPANY PROFILE 3

3INTRODUCTION TO TYRES 4

4COMPONENTS 5-7

5RAW MATERIALS USED 8-10

6TYRE MANUFACTURING PROCES 11-15

7ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TYRE MANUFACTURING PROCESS 16

8PRESENT SCENARIO 17

9THE FUTURE 18

10SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT 19

11CONCLUSION 20

12REFERENCES 21

ADVANCED ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILLS LABThe Language Lab focuses on the production and practice of sounds of language and familiarises the students with the use of English in everyday situations and contexts.Objectives To facilitate computer-aided multi-media instruction enabling individualized and independent language Learning To sensitise the students to the nuances of English speech sounds, word accent, intonation and rhythm To bring about a consistent accent and intelligibility in their pronunciation of English by providing an opportunity for practice in speaking To improve the fluency in spoken English and neutralize mother tongue influence To train students to use language appropriately for interviews, group discussion and public speakingLearning Outcomes: Better Understanding of nuances of language through audio- visual experience and group activities Neutralization of accent for intelligibility Speaking with clarity and confidence thereby enhancing employability skills of the students

INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY

TM TYRES LTD. is a Blueprint of excellence that has unfolded across time.The Company made steady progress to establish itself as a market leader for tubes in India. With steadily increasing production of quality products, the Company ventured into overseas market and developed a niche for itself in the international market. The Company also kept itself abreast with latest technologies.MissionTM Tyres Ltd is one of the leaders in automotive tube industry and will continue to grow and expand, offering increased range suiting the requirements of all customers across the globe. We will achieve this through effective brand management, superior customer service, investing in the latest technology, quality accredited training and create and maintain consistent standards.

Vision Our goal is to build total brand equity by delivering greater consumer value, faster and better than our competitors. Our vision is guided by quality policies.

COMPANY PROFILE

T.M Tyres Ltd. was established in the year 1996, promoted by Sri. Ashok Kumar Agarwal, who have set a new era in Indian automobile butyl tube industry for the past two decades. The plant is largest in medium scale automobile tube manufacturing industry in the country. The main strength of T.M Tyres Ltd., is that this plant is versatile and specially designed to manufacture two-wheeler tubes, passenger tubes, truck and OTR tubes and each product range has got a separate infrastructure so that the production can be made as per customer requirement/specification. Their continuous efforts to supply quality products has won orders from many original equipment manufacturers. Within a short period of time, their continuous commitment to customer satisfaction and corporate responsibility has given us the confidence to manufacture value added products. They have established excellent dealership network across the country viz., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Goa, Rajasthan, West Bengal etc. With an increasing demand for their products, they started receiving overseas enquires from across the globe. The company started exports during the year 1996-97 and since then it has been no looking back. Each time they have entered a tough foreign market, they have risen to their high expectations duly maintaining Quality. Their products are being exported to Bangladesh, Mauritius, Nigeria, Singapore, Srilanka, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America, Ireland, Greece, Philippines, Dubai, Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, Egypt etc.Location and LandThe project is being set at Door no. 5-35 (Survey no. 319 & 321, PB No:102) of Kalakal village, Gajwel Taluq, Toopran Mandal & Medak District. It is connected with the national highway no. 7 at a distance of 35 KMs from Hyderabad city.

INTRODUCTION

Tyres are the only point of contact of the vehicle with the road. The intentions of the driver are finally executed by the tyres only, hence the quality and design of the tyres is important. The rubber tube inflated with air supports the whole weight of the car, but the rubber tube cannot directly come in contact with the road as it cannot resist wear and it lacks strength. Tyre encases the rubber tube. Tyres must perform a certain number of functions for the smooth functioning of the vehicle namely- steering, carrying a load, cushioning, rolling, transmitting drive and long lasting life.

Steering: Tyres should steer the vehicle with precision irrespective of surface of the road, weather conditions. The stability of a vehicle's path depends upon ability of tyre to hold its course by maintaining proper traction with the road. It should stand upto transversal forces without drifting from its path.

Carrying load: Tyres should carry lot of weight usually more 50 times its own weight not only when it is in motion but also at rest. Car usually weighs around 1.6 tonnes and the area of contact of a single tyre with road is size of a post card. Hence each tyre experiences a compressive stresses of the order of few MPa.

Cushioning: Tyres absorb the shock due to obstacles or irregularities present on the surface of the road, providing a comfort travel to the passenger as well as ensuring long life of the vehicle. The main characteristic of tyre is its ability to yield when stress is applied and return to its original shape when stress is removed, with the tyre lasts, or in other words, keeps its optimum performance level for millions of wheel revolutions. The tyres wear depends on its conditions of use (load, speed, condition of the road surface, state of the vehicle, style of driving, etc.) but above all the quality of its contact with the ground. Pressure therefore plays a major role. e stress cycle occurring at very high frequencies.

Transmitting Drive: Tyres transmit drive namely the engine's usable power, braking effort with the help of the friction. Superior quality and efficient design of the tyre helps in making complete use of engine's power and braking facility.

Long Lasting Life: Tyres should be able to give optimum performance for millions of revolutions. Life of a tyre depends on a variety of factors like quality of contact with the road, load, speed, driving style etc., Most of the functions of tyre can be achieved with proper maintenance of air pressure. Hence ability to hold air without allowing it to diffuse is important.

COMPONENTS Tyre is a composite structure consisting of many layers. They usually consist of

1. Inner liner 2. Body ply 3. Side wall 4. Beads, Apex 5. Belt Package 6. Tread 7. Cushion Gum.

FIG: Schematic of the components of a tyre

Inner Liner

It is an extruded halobutyl rubber sheet compounded with additives that result in low air permeability. The inner liner assures that the tire will hold high-pressure air inside, without the air gradually diffusing through the rubber structure.

Body Ply The body ply is a calendered sheet (two or more sheets are rolled together such that mechanically they are bonded) consisting of consecutive layers of rubber and reinforcing fabric.

Inner Liner

It is an extruded halobutyl rubber sheet compounded with additives that result in low air permeability. The inner liner assures that the tire will hold high-pressure air inside, without the air gradually diffusing through the rubber structure.

Body Ply The body ply is a calendered sheet (two or more sheets are rolled together such that mechanically they are bonded) consisting of consecutive layers of rubber and reinforcing fabric. They give the structural strength to the tyre. Passenger tyres typically have one or two body plies. Truck tires, off-road tires, and aircraft tires have progressively more plies. The fabric cords are highly flexible but relatively inelastic. The textile materials used are cotton in early years now replaced by rayon, nylon, kevlar, polyester.

Sidewalls

Sidewalls are non-reinforced extruded profiles with additives to give the sides of the tire good abrasion resistance and environmental resistance. Additives used in sidewall compounds include antioxidants and antiozonants to protect the tyre from decomposition when exposed to ultra violet light. Sidewall extrusions are nonsymmetrical and provide a thick rubber area to enable molding of raised letters and sidewall ornamentation.

Beads

Beads are bands of high tensile-strength steel wire encased in a rubber compound. Bead wire is coated with special alloys of bronze or brass. Coatings protect the steel from corrosion. Copper in the alloy and sulphur in the rubber cross-link to produce copper sulphide, which improves bonding of the bead to the rubber. Beads are inflexible and inelastic, and provide the mechanical strength to fit the tyre to the wheel. Bead rubber includes additives to maximize strength and toughness.

Apex The apex is a triangular extruded profile that mates against the bead. The apex provides a cushion between the rigid bead and the flexible inner liner and body ply assembly. It is alternatively called as "filler" in literature and industry.

Belt Package

Belts are calendered sheets consisting of a layer of rubber, a layer of closely spaced steel cords, and a second layer of rubber. The steel cords are oriented radially in radial tire construction, and at opposing angles in bias tire construction. Belts give the tyre strength and dent resistance while allowing it to remain flexible. Passenger tires are usually made with two or three belts. Tread

The tread is a thick extruded profile that surrounds the tire carcass and this is the layer which comes directly in contact with the. Tread compounds include additives to impart wear resistance and traction in addition to environmental resistance. Tread compound development is an exercise in compromise, as hard compounds have long wear characteristics but poor traction whereas soft compounds have good traction but poor wear characteristics. Cushion Gum

Many higher-performing tyres include an extruded component between the belt package and the tread to isolate the tread from mechanical wear from the steel belts

RAW MATERIALS USED

The above mentioned tyre components use a broad variety of materials like different rubber compounds, different types of carbon black, fillers like clay and silica, chemicals or minerals added to accelerate/decelerate vulcanisation. The tyres also have several types of fabric for reinforcement, several kinds and sizes of steel. Some of the steel is twisted or braided into strong cables. TABLE: Approximate amount of various materials used in different tyresNatural Rubber

Natural Rubber is an elastomer derived from latex, a milky colloid produced by some of the plants like Hevea brasiliensis. These plants produce latex when they are wounded as a healing mechanism. The latex is collected in a vessel and it is allowed to coagulate which gives you the solid rubber which can be further processed in to sheets. The coagulation process can be controlled by chemicals like Ammonia, Formic acid. Ammonia decelerates the coagulation process whereas Formic acid accelerates it. The purified natural rubber is same as polyisoprene.

The monomer of Natural Rubber is 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene,CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2. The required properties of rubber like elasticity, is mainly dependent on the cis form of C5H8 rather than its trans counterpart. As the natural rubber is formed by coagulation of latex, the relative proportions of cis and trans are fixed which can result in degradation of desired propertiesSynthetic Rubber

Synthetic rubber can be made from the polymerization of a variety of monomers including isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), 1,3-butadiene, chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene), and isobutylene (methylpropene) with a small percentage of isoprene for crosslinking. These and other monomers can be mixed in various desirable proportions to be copolymerized for a wide range of physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The monomers can be produced pure and the addition of impurities or additives can be controlled by design to give optimal properties. Polymerization of pure monomers can be stereospecifically regulated through various catalysts to acheive the desired cis or trans double bondsFIG:Various Polymerized products obtained from polymerization of polyisoprene Various kinds of synthetic rubbers are used in the tyre components like Styrene-butadiene, Polybutadiene because of the relatively low materials cost, low heat-buildup properties respectively.

Halobutyl rubber is used for the tubeless inner liner compounds, because of its low air permeability. The halogen atoms provide a bond with the carcass compounds which are mainly natural rubber. Carbon Black

Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as coal tar, ethylene cracking tar etc., It is a form of amorphous carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio and significantly lower PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon). It is used as a pigment and reinforcement filler in the tyre. It helps in conducting heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermal damage and increasing tire life. While a pure styrene-butadiene rubber has a tensile-strength of no more than 2.5MPa, and almost nonexistent abrasion resistance, compounding it with 50% of its weight of carbon black improves its tensile strength to 20MPa and considerable wear resistance. The black color of the tyre is due to carbon black, if we want to have anyother color with the same reinforcing properties fumed silica is used.Fumed Silica

It is also known as pyrogenic silica as it is produced in a flame, consisting of microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles. The resulting powder has an extremely low bulk density and high surface area. Its three-dimensional structure results in viscosity-increasing behavior when used as a thickener or reinforcing filler.

Fumed silica also provides better trade-off for fuel efficiency and wet handling due to a lower rolling loss compared to carbon black-filled tires. Traditionally silica fillers had worse abrasion wear properties, but the technology has gradually improved to where they can match carbon black abrasion performance.

Vulcanization

Natural Rubber is sticky, deforms easily when warm, and is brittle when cold. Vulcanization is a chemical reaction which helps in betterment of some of the properties like removes the sticky behavior, increases the young's modulus etc., in this chemical reaction elements/compounds like Sulphur are added which have the ability to form cross-links between the long chain polymer molecules, converting the rubber from a thermoplastic to a thermosetting polymer. The extent of vulcanization reaction can be controlled by accelerators and retarders.A derivative of aniline called thiocarbanilide, zinc oxide accelerates the action of sulfur to rubber, leading to shorter cure times.Antioxidant

An antioxidant is a molecule capable of preventing oxidation of other molecules. We say something is oxidized if it loses electrons, hence moving to a higher oxidation state. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals which can result in polymerization.As the tyre components are exposed to sunlight free radicals may get generated, antioxidants essentially terminate these free radicals preventing extraneous polymerization reactions. Antioxidants basically undergo oxidation reaction themselves, thus preventing oxidation of other compounds. Antioxidants are reducing agents such as thiols, ascorbic acid, polyphenols.

Antiozonant

Rubber contains an unsaturated double bond, as the tyre is always exposed to atmosphere ozone gas present in the atmosphere may break the double bond in to aldehydes or ketones. Thus reducing the degree of polymerization results into the degradation of properties. Cracks start to appear on the tyre, which are called as ozone cracks. Antiozonants are chemical compounds that prevent or slow down the degradation of material caused by ozone gas in the air. Paraffin wax acts as an antiozonant by the means of formation of a surface barrier.

TYRE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

FIG: SCHEMATIC OF TYRE MANUFACTURE

Compounding and Banbury mixing

A Banbury mixer combines rubber stock, carbon black and other chemical ingredients to create a homogeneous rubber material. Time, heat and raw materials are factors utilized to engineer material composition. The ingredients are generally provided to the plant in pre-weighed packages or are prepared and weighed by the Banbury operator from bulk quantities. Measured ingredients are placed onto a conveyor system, and the Banbury is charged to initiate the mixing process. Hundreds of components are combined to form rubber utilized for tyre manufacturing. The components include compounds which act as accelerators, anti-oxidants, anti-ozonants, extenders, vulcanizers, pigments, plasticizers, reinforcing agents and resins. Most constituents are unregulated and may not have had extensive toxicological evaluations. Generally speaking, the Banbury operators' occupational exposures to the raw materials have been reduced by improvements in administrative and engineering controls. However, concern remains due to the nature and quantity of components which make up the exposure. FIG: Mill with a trip bar located too high to be effective. The operator, however, has large gloves which would be pulled into the mill before his fingersMilling

Shaping of rubber begins in the milling process. At the completion of the Banbury mixing cycle, rubber is placed onto a drop mill. The milling process shapes the rubber into flat, long strips by forcing it through two set rolls rotating in different directions at different speeds. Mill operators are generally concerned with safety hazards associated with the open operation of the turning rolls. Older mills usually had trip wires or bars which could be pulled by the operator if he or she is got caught in the mills. Modern mills have body bars at about knee level that are automatically triggered if the operator is caught in the mills. Most facilities have extensive emergency rescue procedures in place for workers trapped in mills. Mill operators are exposed to heat as well as noise. FIG: a)Mill for calender line with a body bar guard that shuts down the mill if tripped by workersFIG: b) Drop mill and dryer with canopy hood and trip wires Extruding and Calendering

The calender operation continues to shape rubber. The calender machine consists of one or more (often four) rolls, through which the rubber sheets are forced. The calender machine has the following functions: To prepare compounded rubber as a uniform sheet of definite thickness and width To place a thin coat of rubber on a fabric (coating or skimming) To force rubber into the interstices of fabric by friction (frictioning)

The rubber sheets coming off the calender are wound on drums, called shells, with fabric spacers, called liners, to prevent sticking. The extruder is often referred to as a tuber because it creates tube-like rubber components. The extruder functions by forcing rubber through dies of appropriate shape. The extruder consists of a screw, barrel or cylinder, head and die. A core or spider is used to form the hollow inside of tubing. The extruder makes the large, flat section of tyre treads. Extruder and calender operators may be exposed to talc and solvents, which are used in the process. Also, the workers at the end of the extrusion operation are exposed to a highly repetitive task of placing the tread onto multi-tiered carts. This operation is often referred to as booking treads, because the cart looks like a book with the trays being the pages. The configuration of the extruder as well as the weight and quantities of tread to be booked contribute to the ergonomic impact of this operation. Numerous changes have been made to lessen this, and some operations have been automated.

Component Assembly and Building

The tyre assembly machine consists of a rotating drum, on which the components are assembled, and feeding devices to supply the tyre builder with the components to assemble (see figure 80.7). The components of a tyre include beads, plies, side walls and treads. After the components are assembled, the tyre is often referred to as a green tyre. Tyre builders and other workers in this area of the process are exposed to a number of repetitive motion operations. Components, often in heavy rolls, are placed onto the feeding portions of the assembly equipment. This may entail extensive lifting and handling of heavy rolls in a limited space. The nature of assembly also requires the tyre builder to perform a series of similar or identical motions on each assembly. Tyre builders utilize solvents, such as hexane, which allow the tread and plies of rubber to adhere. Exposure to the solvents is an area of concern. After being assembled, the green tyre is sprayed with a solvent- or water-based material to keep it away from adhering to the curing mould. These solvents potentially expose the spray operator, material handler and curing press operator. Nowadays, water-based materials are mostly used.

FIG: Operator assembling a tyre on a single-stage tyre machine

Curing and Vulcanizing

Curing press operators place green tyres into the curing press or onto press loading equipment. Curing presses in operation in North America exist in a variety of types, ages and degrees of automation (fig 5). The press utilizes steam to heat or cure the green tyre. Rubber curing or vul-canization transforms the tacky and pliable material to a non-tacky, less pliable, long-lasting state. FIG:Passenger and light truck Bag-o-matic McNeal curing press ventilated with a ceiling fan, Akron, Ohio, US Inspection and Finishing

Following curing, finishing operations and inspection remain to be performed before the tyre is stored or shipped. The finishing operation trims flash or excess rubber from the tyre. This excess rubber remains on the tyre from vents in the curing mould. Additionally, excess layers of rubber may need to be ground from the side walls or raised lettering on the tyre. One of the major health hazards that workers are exposed to while handling a cured tyre is repetitive motion. The tyre finishing or grinding operations typically expose workers to cured rubber dust or particulate. This contributes to respiratory illness in workers in the finishing area. In addition, a potential exists for solvent exposure from the protective paint which is often used to protect the side-wall or tyre lettering. After finishing, the tyre is ready to be stored in a warehouse or shipped from the plant.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TYRE MANUFACTURING PLANTS

In any type of rubber product manufacturing (including tires), the primary environmental concerns are fugitive air emissions, solid wastes, wastewater, and hazardous2-6wastes. Fugitive air emissions can be released from the compounding areas, where dry chemicals are weighed and put into containers prior to mixing. Most facilities have eliminated this problem, however, by purchasing their chemicals in small, pre-weighed,sealed polyethylene bags. Emissions are also generated from the rubber compounds themselves and from solvents that are added for cement, inks, and lubrication (EPA, 1995).Several other environmental concerns are also associated with rubber product manufacturing facilities. Solid waste is generated from the mixing, milling, calendering, and extruding processes. Most of this solid waste is recycled or sold to companies who use the rubber for some other type of product. Waste water is generated from the cooling, heating,vulcanizing, and cleaning operations (EPA, 1995).Two kinds of HAP emissions from rubber product manufacturing are the subject ofthe MACT standard: particulate matter hazardous air pollutants (PMHAPs) and volatile organic hazardous air pollutants (VOHAPs). PMHAPS result mainly from the production processes of mixing, milling, and grinding. VOHAPs are emitted when the mixing and milling of rubber compounds generate heat, when solvents and cementing liquids are incorporated on components for tire building, and when solvents are used in lubricating the uncured (green) tire (EPA, 1998).

PRESENT SCENARIO At present there are 40 listed companies in the tyre sector in India. Major players are MRF, JK Tyres, and Apollo Tyres & CEAT, which account for 63 per cent of the organized tyre market. The other key players include Modi Rubber, Kesoram Industries and Goodyear India, with 11 per cent, 7 per cent and 6 per cent share respectively. Dunlop, Falcon, Tyre Corporation of India Limited (TCIL), TVS-Srichakra, Metro Tyres and Balkrishna Tyres are some of the other significant players in the industry. While the tyre industry is largely dominated by the organized sector, the unorganized sector is predominant with respect to bicycle tyres. The industry is a major consumer of the domestic rubber market. Natural rubber constitutes 80% while synthetic rubber constitutes only 20% of the material content in Indian tyres. Interestingly, world-wide, the proportion of natural to synthetic rubber in tyres is 30:70 The sector is raw-material intensive, with raw material accounting for 70% of the total costs of production Total production figures in tonnage: 11.35 lakh MT & total production of tyres in all categories: 811 lakh (2007-08) Current level of radialization includes 95% for all passenger car tyres, 12% for light commercial vehicles and 3% for heavy vehicles (truck and bus) Restrictions were placed on import of used /retreaded tyres since April 2006 Import of new tyres & tubes is freely allowed, except for radial tyres in the truck/bus segment which has been placed in the restricted list since November 2008 Total value of tyre exports form India is approximately Rs 3000 crore (2007-08) The major factors affecting the demand for tyres include the level of industrial activity, availability and cost of credit, transportation volumes and network of roads, execution of vehicle loading rules, radialization, retreading and exports.

THE FUTURE

Constant improvements in rubber chemistry and tire design are creating exciting new tires that offer greater mileage and improved performance in extreme weather conditions. Manufacturers now offer tires estimated to last up to 80,000 miles. Treads, designed and tested by computer, now feature unique asymmetrical bands for improved traction and safety on wet or snowy roads. Tire design engineers are also experimenting with non-pneumatic tires that can never go flat because they don't contain air under pressure. One such non-pneumatic tire is simply one slab of thick plastic attached to the wheel rim. The plastic curves out from the rim to a point where a rubber tread is secured to the plastic for contact with the road. Such a tire offers lower rolling resistance for greater fuel economy and superior handling because of a greater area of contact between tread and road.

SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

The first thing is to improve the infrastructure in a better way so that the manufacturing process can be done without any congestion

Raw materials should not be exposed directly to atmosphere and should be stored in a proper place so that there wouldnot be any compromise in the quality

While dealing with the heat treatment process the employee must have proper insulation so as to protect oneself from several injuries and burns.

The fumes allowed in the atmosphere should be diluted properly before being letting out in order to decrease the effect in pollution.

Management should have enough labour or should hire on contract basis or permanent labour instead of hiring daily wage labours to decrease the shortage of human power

CONCLUSION Communication skills plays an important role in our daily life. This project gave us a complete and different experience on how to communicate with different people at a professional level.

By doing this project we got to know about the manufacturing process of TYRES its origin and its history, how the industry works, their selling strategies, and problems faced by this industry along with speaking, listening and writing skills .we have also developed our interpersonal skills.

While doing this project we came to know how difficult managing a team could be .We also knew how to divide a task among the team members and how to be responsible to complete the assigned task within the stipulated time. Along with these we have also developed our problem solving skills ,communication skills, decision making skills and questioning skills.

REFERENCES

1. http://www.michelin.re/zma/front/affich.jsp?codeRubrique=20060922131123&lang=EN 2. http://www.bridgestone.co.in/tyre/tyrecare/safedriving.asp 3. www.hankooktyre.com.au/Tech/Functions.aspx?pageNum=3&subNum=4&ChildNum=2 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_manufacturing 5. http://www.jktyre.com/Customer_Service/Tyre_Components.aspx 6. http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/how_tyres_work.htm 7. Wikipedia articles Natural rubber, Synthetic rubber, Carbon black Fumed silica Vulcanization, anti oxidants and anti ozonants 8. www.emt-india.net/process/tyre/pdf/TyreManufactureProcess001.pdf 9. wrap.org.uk/downloads/2__Composition_of_a_Tyre__May_2006.4d2e4682.2856.pdf 10. www.emt-india.net/process/tyre/pdf/TyreManufactureProcess001.pdf 11. http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/tire