Types of ResearchDANILO V. ROGAYAN JR.

Kinds and classifications of research

• Researches are classified according to the

following criteria:

– According to Purpose

– According to Goal

– According to the Level of Investigations

– According to the Types of Analysis

– According to Scope

– According to Choice of Answers to Problems

– According to Statistical Content

– According to Time Allotment

– According to the Types and Kinds of Research

According to Purpose

• Predictive/Prognostic. This research

determines the future operation of the

variables

• Directive. This kind determines what

should be done based on the findings.

• Illuminative. This type of research is

concerned with interaction of the

components of the variables.

According to Goal

• Fundamental or basic research. This

type of research aims to develop theories

and often leads to knowledge for

knowledge’ sake. It is often carried on in a

laboratory or some other sterile

environment. It has no immediate or

planned application and may later result to

further research of an applied nature.

According to Goal

• Applied research. Its purpose is

improving a product or a process—testing

theoretical concepts in actual problem

situations. Most educational research is

applied research, for its attempts to

develop generalizations about teaching-

learning processes, instructional materials,

the behavior of children and ways to

modify it and so on.

According to Goal

• Action research. Its emphasis is on a

problem here and now in a local setting.

Its findings are to be evaluated in terms of

local applicability, not universal validity.

According to the Level of Investigations

• Exploratory. This study of variables

pertinent to a specific situation.

• Descriptive. This study of the relationship

of variables.

• Experimental. This type of research

studies the effects of variables on each

other.

According to the Types of Analysis

• Analytic Approach - identification and

isolation of components of a research

situation.

• Holistic Approach – beginning with the

total situation, focusing on the system and

its internal relationships

Types of Research

QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH

1. Case Study

2. Grounded Theory

Research

3. Phenominological

Research

4. Ethnography Research

5. Historical

QUANTITATIVE

RSESEARCH

1. Descriptive Research

= Factor-isolating

2. Correlational Research

= Factor-relating

3. Quasi-experimental

Research

= Situation-relating

4. Experimental Research

= Situation-producing

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

- presents non-quantitative type of analysis

- the nature of this type of research is

exploratory and open ended

- it refers to meanings, definitions,

characteristics, symbols, metaphors

and description of things.

- It is more SUBJECTIVE

Qualitative Research is a journey of discovery into the reality (researcher is the instrument) in its natural setting, equipped with different tools (data collection methods, data analysis procedures etc), guided by philosophical orientations (post-positivism, constructivism, interpretivism etc), in order to answer questions that its essence cannot be or is difficult to be represented numerically.

- Dr. Fukofuka, 2012

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Case Study

• Studies and individual or small group of

individuals with an unusual condition or

situation

• Case studies are typically clinical in scope

• Examples:

– Clinical studies on psychological

– behavior of patients

– Suicide tendencies

is a research approach designed to discover what

problems exist in a given social environment and how

the persons involved handle them; it involves

formulation, testing, and reformulation of propositions

until a theory is developed.

2. Grounded Theory Research

2. Grounded Theory Research

• A research method that operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional research abdappears to contradict scientific method.

• Four Stages

1. Codes – identifying factors that allow the key points of the data to be gathered

2. Concepts – collections of codes of similar content that allows the data to be grouped

3. Categories – broad groups of similar concepts that are used to generate a theory

4. Theories – collection of explanations that explain the subject of the research

3. Phenomenological Research

• Describes the structures of experience as they present themselves to consciousness, without recourse to theory, deduction, or assumptions from other disciplines

• Its aim is to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the person

• Concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of the individual, ‘bracketing’ taken-for-granted assumptions and usual ways of perceiving.

4. Ethnography Research

• refers to the investigation of a culture

• it involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of theories of cultural behavior.

• It studies people, ethnic groups and formations, resettlement, social welfare characteristics and culture.

• Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc.

5. Historical Research

• is research involving analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past

• The systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects or trends of these events that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events.

• Example: the lending pattern of business in the 19th century.

4. Historical Research• Example: the lending pattern of business

in the 19th century.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

- The research is based on numeric figures or numbers

- Aim to measure the quantity or amount and comparesit with past records and tries to project for future period.

- The process of measurement is its main central; statistical methods are widely used

- It is more OBJECTIVE

1. Descriptive Research

• Refers to research that provides an accurate potrayal of characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group.

• Deals with everything that can be counted and studied, which has an impact on the lives of the people it deals with.

• Discovers meaning, describing what exists, the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information.

2. Correlational Research

• Refers to the systematic investigation or

statistical study of relationships among two

or more variables, without necessarily

determining cause and effect.

• It seeks to establish a relation/

association/ correlation that do not readily

lend themselves to experimental

manipulation.

3. Quasi-experimental Research

• Situation – relating

• Comparing a group that gets a particular

intervention with another group that is

similar in characteristics but did not

receive the intervention—no random

assignment used

4. Experimental Research

• is an objective, systematic, controlled

investigation for the purpose of predicting and

controlling phenomena and examining

probability and causality among selected

variables.

• Tests the way in which an independent

variable (the factor that the scientists

manipulates) affects the dependent variable

(the factor that the scientists observes).

References

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PCARRD, Los Banos., Laguna

• Belmont Report. 1979. Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research.

Washington

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Rex Books Store.

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USA: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.

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Laguna, Philippines: UPLB.

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HarperCollins College Publishers.

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Maraming salamat! That in all

things God may be glorified!