Theory DefinitionTheories of Motivation

Advantages DisadvantagesInstinct Theory Certain behaviors are

innate and due toevolutionary programming

Forms of the basis of today'sevolutionary theory

Complex behaviorscannot be explained soeasily

Drive Theory Behavior is motivatedby the desire to reduceinternal tension causedby unmet biological needs

Useful in explainingmotivated behaviors thathave biological components

Many behaviors cannotbe explained by drivereduction orhomeostasis

IncentiveMotivation

Behavior is motivated bythe "pull" of external goals

Based on well-establishedlearning principles

Cannot explainbehaviors that have noapparent externalworth

Arousal Theory People are motivated tomaintain an individualoptimal level of arousal

Explains the search for variedand novel activities;sensation seeking

Adds to homeostasisbut does not replace it;not a comprehensivetheory

HumanisticTheories

Emphasizes the importanceof psychological andcognitive factors inmotivation;self-actualization

Recognizes biological needsand the importance of theenvironment

Basic ideas of Maslow'shierarchy of needs arenot supported byresearch