The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton206 Bones and Their Features

Axial Skeleton (80)

Axial: Skull (22)

Know the terms cranium, calvaria, cranial floor and orbit; know which bones are facial and which are cranial. Know what a sutural (= wormian) bone is. Be able to locate the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae as well as the paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary) and the squamous, lambdoid, coronal, and sagittal sutures.

Cranial bones (8)Frontal (1)

GlabellaFrontal sinusSupraorbital foramen/notchSupraorbital margin

Parietal (2)Occipital (1)

Foramen magnum (spinal cord)Occipital condyles (articulate with atlas)External occipital protuberance

Temporal (2) Squamous portion

Zygomatic processMandibular fossa

Tympanic portionExternal auditory (= acoustic) meatus (external ear canal)Styloid process

Mastoid portionMastoid processStylomastoid foramen

Petrous portionInternal auditory meatus (vestibulocochlear nerve)Carotid canal (internal carotid artery)Jugular foramen (internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal, vagus and

accessory nerves)Sphenoid (1) Body Lesser wing

Optic canal/foramen (for optic nerve)Superior orbital fissure (oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves)

Greater wingForamina: ovale, rotundum, spinosum, lacerum

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Sphenoid, continued Sphenoid sinus Sella turcica and hypophyseal fossa (protects hypophysis = pituitary gland)

Ethmoid (1)Perpendicular plateSuperior (you will not be asked to identify this) and middle nasal conchaCrista galliCribriform plate (passage of olfactory nerves)Ethmoid sinus

Facial bones (14)Maxilla (2)

Palatine processesMaxillary sinusesAlveoli and alveolar processes/marginsInfraorbital foramen

Palatine (2)Zygomatic (2)

Temporal processLacrimal (2)

Lacrimal fossa (tear duct leading to nasal cavity)Nasal (2)Vomer (1)Inferior nasal concha (2) (A separate bone, not part of ethmoid)Mandible (1) Body

Mandibular/mental symphysisMental protuberance (not shown in book)Alveolar processes/margins

Angle Ramus

Mandibular condyleCoronoid processMandibular notch

Axial: Auditory ossicles (6)

Know the names only – you will see the bones when you study the sensory systems.Malleus (2) (hammer)Incus (2) (anvil)Stapes (2) (stirrup)

Axial: Hyoid bone (1)

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Axial: Vertebral Column (26)

Cervical (7)Atlas with superior articular facet and atlanto-occipital joint

(joint between atlas and cranium; know articular surfaces)Axis with dens or odontoid process and atlanto-axial joint

(joint between atlas and axis; know articular surfaces)Thoracic (12)Lumbar (5)Sacrum (1)Coccyx (1)

Know the following features of a vertebra:Body or centrumSpinous processLaminaPedicleVertebral archVertebral foramenIntervertebral foramenTransverse processTransverse foramenSuperior and inferior articular facets

Know the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc.

Axial: Thoracic Cage (25)

Sternum (1)ManubriumBody or gladiolusXiphoid process

Ribs (24)True ribs (1-7)False ribs (8-12)Floating ribs (11-12)

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Appendicular Skeleton (126)

Appendicular: Pectoral Girdle (4) and Upper Limb (60)

Clavicle (2)Sternal and acromial ends

Scapula (2)Suprascapular notchSpineFossae: subscapular, infraspinous, supraspinousAcromionCoracoid processGlenoid cavity

Humerus (2)HeadAnatomical and surgical neckGreater and lesser tubercleIntertubercular sulcusDeltoid tuberosityTrochleaCapitulumMedial and lateral epicondylesOlecranon fossa, coronoid fossa

Radius (2)HeadTuberosityStyloid process

Ulna (2)Trochlear notchOlecranon processCoronoid processRadial notchStyloid processInterosseous membrane

Carpal bones (16)Proximal group

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiformDistal group

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamateBones of the hand (38)

Metacarpal bones I – VPhalanges I – V

Proximal, middle, and distal phalanx

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Appendicular: Pelvic Girdle (2) and Lower Limb (60)

Os Coxae (2)Pubic symphysisGreater (false) pelvisLesser (true) pelvisPelvic brim, inlet, outletAcetabulumObturator foramenIleum

Iliac crestAnterior superior spine

IschiumBodyRamus

PubisBodySuperior ramus

Femur (2)HeadFovea capitisNeckGreater and lesser trochanterIntertrochanteric crestLinea asperaMedial and lateral condylesMedial and lateral epicondylesIntercondylar fossaPatellar surface

Patella (2) Tibia (2)

Medial and lateral condyleIntercondylar eminenceTibial tuberosityMedial malleolus

Fibula (2)HeadLateral malleolus

Tarsal bones (14)Proximal group: calcaneus, talus, navicularDistal group: Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform, cuboid

Bones of the foot (38)Metatarsal bones I – V (10)Phalanges I- V (28)

Proximal, middle, distal

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