The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

FunctionsFunctions

SupportSupport– structured frame that supports other structured frame that supports other

body structuresbody structures ProtectionProtection

– surround internal body organssurround internal body organs Aid in MovementAid in Movement

– Attachment site for muscles, serve Attachment site for muscles, serve as levers when muscles contractas levers when muscles contract

Functions cont.Functions cont.

Blood Cell FormationBlood Cell Formation– blood cells manufactured by red blood cells manufactured by red

marrow found in bone tissuemarrow found in bone tissue StorageStorage

– stores calcium and phosphate-these stores calcium and phosphate-these are minerals needed for muscle are minerals needed for muscle contraction, nerve cell function and contraction, nerve cell function and movement across cell membranesmovement across cell membranes

Types of BonesTypes of Bones

Long bonesLong bones– greater in length than widthgreater in length than width– absorb stress from body weightabsorb stress from body weight

Short bonesShort bones– equal in length and widthequal in length and width– cube shapedcube shaped– found in wrists and anklesfound in wrists and ankles

Types of Bones cont.Types of Bones cont.

Flat bonesFlat bones– thin and flatthin and flat– cranium, ribs and sternumcranium, ribs and sternum

Irregular bonesIrregular bones– complex shapes that don’t fit other complex shapes that don’t fit other

categoriescategories– vertebrae, bones of facevertebrae, bones of face

Parts of a Long BoneParts of a Long Bone DiaphysisDiaphysis

– shaft shaft located between proximal located between proximal

and distal epiphysesand distal epiphyses

– articulationarticulation point where long bone forms point where long bone forms

joint with another bonejoint with another bone covered by articular covered by articular

cartilagecartilage

– periosteumperiosteum dense connective tissue that dense connective tissue that

surrounds rest of bonesurrounds rest of bone

Cross Section of Long Cross Section of Long BoneBone

DiaphysisDiaphysis– Compact bone surrounds Compact bone surrounds

chamber known as medullary chamber known as medullary cavitycavity

– cavity filled with yellow marrow cavity filled with yellow marrow used for energy storageused for energy storage

– cavity lined by endosteumcavity lined by endosteum EpiphysisEpiphysis

– mostly occupied by spongy mostly occupied by spongy bone surrounded by thin layer bone surrounded by thin layer of compact boneof compact bone

– spaced filled with red marrowspaced filled with red marrow

Three Types of Bone Three Types of Bone CellsCells OsteoblastsOsteoblasts

– youthful stageyouthful stage– found on surface of bone tissuefound on surface of bone tissue– produces matrixproduces matrix

OsteocytesOsteocytes– maturemature– trapped in lacunae, surrounded by matrixtrapped in lacunae, surrounded by matrix

OsteoclastsOsteoclasts– cells that wander through tissue secreting cells that wander through tissue secreting

substance that dissolved matrixsubstance that dissolved matrix– probably osteoblasts under hormonal probably osteoblasts under hormonal

influenceinfluence

Microscopic Structure of Microscopic Structure of BoneBone

CompactCompact– organized in concentric organized in concentric

units known as units known as osteons/haversian osteons/haversian systemssystems

– Each osteon hasEach osteon has lamellae - layer of lamellae - layer of

hardened matrix hardened matrix Volkmann’s Canals – Volkmann’s Canals –

longitudinal canals to longitudinal canals to connect to blood supplyconnect to blood supply

Canaliculi – small canals Canaliculi – small canals from osteonic canal to cells from osteonic canal to cells in lacunaein lacunae

Microscopic Structure Microscopic Structure of Bone cont.of Bone cont. SpongySpongy

– more porous than compactmore porous than compact– bony plates (trabeculae) with spaces bony plates (trabeculae) with spaces

filled with red marrowfilled with red marrow– site of blood cell formationsite of blood cell formation– osteocytes still located in lacunae – osteocytes still located in lacunae –

don’t need channels because of rich don’t need channels because of rich blood supplyblood supply

Two Types of Bone Two Types of Bone DevelopmentDevelopment

IntramembranousIntramembranous– Bones that develop from embryonic Bones that develop from embryonic

membranesmembranes– Spongy bones develop first forming Spongy bones develop first forming

thin, bony plates in center of bonethin, bony plates in center of bone– Compact bones form along outer Compact bones form along outer

surfacessurfaces– ExamplesExamples

flat bones of skullflat bones of skull mandiblemandible claviclesclavicles

Two Types of Bone Development Two Types of Bone Development cont.cont. EndochondralEndochondral

– bones that form from cartilagebones that form from cartilage– begins around 6begins around 6thth week of life week of life– Primary Ossification Center (diaphysis)Primary Ossification Center (diaphysis)

osteoblasts move here and produce spongy bone tissueosteoblasts move here and produce spongy bone tissue at same time layer of compact bone is layed along at same time layer of compact bone is layed along

surfacesurface

– Secondary Ossification Center Secondary Ossification Center (epiphysis)(epiphysis) cartilage replaced by spongy bone tissuecartilage replaced by spongy bone tissue cartilage destruction leaves medullary cartilage destruction leaves medullary

cavitycavity walls of diaphysis thicken into compact walls of diaphysis thicken into compact

bonebone Episyseal PlateEpisyseal Plate

– cartilage layer between epiphysis and cartilage layer between epiphysis and diaphysisdiaphysis

Two Types of Bone Development Two Types of Bone Development cont.cont.

Bone GrowthBone Growth

Interstitial GrowthInterstitial Growth– increase in length at epiphyseal plateincrease in length at epiphyseal plate– cartilage cells regenerate and die, cartilage cells regenerate and die,

then are replaced by bonethen are replaced by bone Appositional GrowthAppositional Growth

– expansion in widthexpansion in width– done through production of compact done through production of compact

bone in periosteumbone in periosteum– medullary cavity expands through medullary cavity expands through

destruction of inner wall by destruction of inner wall by osteoclastsosteoclasts

Bone RemodelingBone Remodeling

At certain age bones stop growing At certain age bones stop growing and the epiphyseal plate disappearsand the epiphyseal plate disappears– bones don’t become inactivebones don’t become inactive

osteoblasts keep producing new boneosteoblasts keep producing new bone osteoclasts keep destroying old boneosteoclasts keep destroying old bone

Remodeling varies bone to boneRemodeling varies bone to bone– distal part of femur replaced every 5-6 distal part of femur replaced every 5-6

monthsmonths due to high amount of stressdue to high amount of stress

Bone Remodeling Bone Remodeling cont.cont.

This process helps maintain This process helps maintain homeostasishomeostasis

– if calcium and phosphate if calcium and phosphate are in excess they can be storedare in excess they can be stored

in new bone cellsin new bone cells– if they are needed elsewhere in if they are needed elsewhere in

the body the osteoclasts can the body the osteoclasts can destroy the bone cells and destroy the bone cells and release these mineralsrelease these minerals

– also needed for healing of also needed for healing of tissue damaged by disease ortissue damaged by disease or fracturefracture

Organization of Organization of SkeletonSkeleton

AxialAxial– skullskull– hyoidhyoid– vertebral columnvertebral column– thoracic cagethoracic cage

AppendicularAppendicular– pectoral girdlepectoral girdle– upper limbsupper limbs– pelvic girdlepelvic girdle– lower limbslower limbs

Surface FeaturesSurface Features

Condyle – large rounded prominenceCondyle – large rounded prominence Facet – smooth articular surfaceFacet – smooth articular surface Fissure – narrow opening or cleftFissure – narrow opening or cleft Foramen – opening/hole through boneForamen – opening/hole through bone Fossa – depression or grooveFossa – depression or groove Process – projection from surface Process – projection from surface Spine – narrow or pointed projectionSpine – narrow or pointed projection Trochanter – large, blunt processTrochanter – large, blunt process Tubercle – small rounded processTubercle – small rounded process Tuberosity – rounded, elevated area of Tuberosity – rounded, elevated area of

bonebone

Skull FeaturesSkull Features 22 bones = 8 cranial + 14 facial 22 bones = 8 cranial + 14 facial very close together very close together

– narrow joints in between known as suturesnarrow joints in between known as sutures SinusesSinuses

– chambers in skull lined with mucous chambers in skull lined with mucous membranesmembranes

– drain fluids through nasal cavitydrain fluids through nasal cavity– reduce weight of skullreduce weight of skull– resonate sound from resonate sound from

voicevoice– inflammation known inflammation known

as sinusitisas sinusitis– only found in 5 bonesonly found in 5 bones

frontal, ethmoid, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillarysphenoid and maxillary

Cranial BonesCranial Bones FrontalFrontal

– forehead and roof of eye sockets forehead and roof of eye sockets (orbits)(orbits)

– supraorbital foramen – space for blood supraorbital foramen – space for blood vessels and nerves to passvessels and nerves to pass

– sinuses above each orbit near middlesinuses above each orbit near middle ParietalParietal

– lateral sides lateral sides of craniumof cranium

– meet each other meet each other at sagittal sutureat sagittal suture– meets frontal meets frontal at coronal sutureat coronal suture

Cranial BonesCranial Bones OccipitalOccipital

– posterior wall and floor of craniumposterior wall and floor of cranium– meets parietals at lamboidal suturemeets parietals at lamboidal suture– contains foramen magnumcontains foramen magnum

where spinal cord enters craniumwhere spinal cord enters cranium

Occipital condylesOccipital condyles– form joints w/ form joints w/

vertebraevertebrae– allows you to allows you to

move your headmove your head

Cranial BonesCranial Bones TemporalTemporal

– meets parietals at squamosal suturemeets parietals at squamosal suture– External Auditory MeatusExternal Auditory Meatus

leads to inner earleads to inner ear– Mandibular FossaMandibular Fossa

joint for mandiblejoint for mandible– Zygomatic ProcessZygomatic Process

sticks out to form sticks out to form cheekbone with cheekbone with zygomatic bonezygomatic bone

– Styloid ProcessStyloid Process anchor for tongue anchor for tongue and pharynxand pharynx

– Mastoid ProcessMastoid Process rounded projectionrounded projection attachment site for attachment site for neck musclesneck muscles

Cranial BonesCranial Bones SphenoidSphenoid

– Butterfly shapedButterfly shaped– forms lower lateral forms lower lateral

walls, floor of walls, floor of cranium, and cranium, and posterior wall of orbitsposterior wall of orbits

– Optic foramenOptic foramen optic nerve passes optic nerve passes

to send signals to brainto send signals to brain– Superior and Inferior Orbital Superior and Inferior Orbital

FissuresFissures transmit blood vessels transmit blood vessels

and nervesand nerves– Sella turcicaSella turcica

houses pituitary glandhouses pituitary gland– Sphenoidal sinusesSphenoidal sinuses

Cranial BonesCranial Bones Ethmoid BoneEthmoid Bone

– mostly internalmostly internal– anterior to sphenoidanterior to sphenoid– forms cranial floor, orbital forms cranial floor, orbital

walls, nasal cavity wallswalls, nasal cavity walls– Cribiform plateCribiform plate

divides cranial cavity from nasal cavitydivides cranial cavity from nasal cavity– Crista galliCrista galli

process projecting upward from cribiform plateprocess projecting upward from cribiform plate attachment place for membranes enclosing brainattachment place for membranes enclosing brain

– Perpendicular platePerpendicular plate process projecting downward from cribiform plateprocess projecting downward from cribiform plate forms nasal septumforms nasal septum divides nasal cavity into left and rightdivides nasal cavity into left and right

– Superior and Middle Nasal ConchaeSuperior and Middle Nasal Conchae scroll-like projections extending from nasal cavityscroll-like projections extending from nasal cavity

– Ethmoid sinusesEthmoid sinuses

Facial BonesFacial Bones

Made of 13 Immovable bones and Made of 13 Immovable bones and 1 Movable lower jaw1 Movable lower jaw

FunctionsFunctions– support facesupport face– attachment for muscles that move attachment for muscles that move

jawjaw– control facial expressionscontrol facial expressions

Facial BonesFacial Bones MaxillaryMaxillary

– two bones on each side two bones on each side of faceof face

– forms upper jaw, floor forms upper jaw, floor of orbits, roof of mouth, of orbits, roof of mouth, walls and floor of nasal walls and floor of nasal cavitycavity

– maxillary sinusesmaxillary sinuses largest of sinuseslargest of sinuses drain directly into nasal cavitydrain directly into nasal cavity

– Upper set of teeth form joint at Alveolar Upper set of teeth form joint at Alveolar ProcessesProcesses

– Palatine ProcessPalatine Process forms anterior roof of mouthforms anterior roof of mouth normally fuses before birth and becomes hard normally fuses before birth and becomes hard

palatepalate if it doesn’t you have cleft lip/cleft palateif it doesn’t you have cleft lip/cleft palate

Facial BonesFacial Bones Palatine (2)Palatine (2)

– L-shapedL-shaped– posterior to maxillaposterior to maxilla– forms posterior roof offorms posterior roof of

mouth, floor of nasal mouth, floor of nasal cavity, lateral walls of cavity, lateral walls of nasal cavitynasal cavity

Zygomatic (2)Zygomatic (2)– one on each side of faceone on each side of face– forms cheekbones and orbitsforms cheekbones and orbits– Temporal ProcessTemporal Process

unites with zygomatic process to form unites with zygomatic process to form zygomatic archzygomatic arch

Facial BonesFacial Bones

Nasal (2)Nasal (2)– small, rectangular small, rectangular – forms bridge of forms bridge of

nose between nose between

orbitsorbits– rest of the nose is cartilagerest of the nose is cartilage

Lacrimal (2)Lacrimal (2)– small thin bonessmall thin bones– size of fingernailsize of fingernail– forms medial wall of orbitforms medial wall of orbit

Facial BonesFacial Bones VomerVomer

– found within found within

nasal cavitynasal cavity– joins ethmoid to joins ethmoid to

form nasal septumform nasal septum

Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)– thin, scroll-like bonesthin, scroll-like bones– attached to lateral walls of nasal cavityattached to lateral walls of nasal cavity– located below conchae of ethmoidlocated below conchae of ethmoid

with conchae of ethmoid three shelves of nasal with conchae of ethmoid three shelves of nasal cavity are formedcavity are formed

Facial BonesFacial Bones

MandibleMandible– Lower jawLower jaw– Articulates with Articulates with

temporal bonetemporal bone mandibular condyle articulates with mandibular condyle articulates with

mandibular fossamandibular fossa

– Only movable bone of skullOnly movable bone of skull– Alveolar ProcessAlveolar Process

lower set of teeth articulate herelower set of teeth articulate here

Facial BonesFacial Bones

HyoidHyoid– Doesn’t articulate with any other Doesn’t articulate with any other

bonebone– Found in neck below mandibleFound in neck below mandible– Suspended from styloid process by Suspended from styloid process by

ligaments and muscleligaments and muscle– Horseshoe shapedHorseshoe shaped– Functions to support tongueFunctions to support tongue

Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column

Strong, flexible rodStrong, flexible rod Supports trunk, yet allows for Supports trunk, yet allows for

movementmovement Protects spinal cordProtects spinal cord Extends from base of skull to pelvisExtends from base of skull to pelvis Composed of:Composed of:

– VertebraeVertebrae– Intervertebral DiscsIntervertebral Discs

Four Curves of Vertebral Four Curves of Vertebral ColumnColumn Cervical Cervical

– bends to frontbends to front– concaveconcave– develops as child holds head updevelops as child holds head up

ThoracicThoracic– bends toward backbends toward back– convexconvex

LumberLumber– bends to frontbends to front– concaveconcave– develops as child learns to walk/standdevelops as child learns to walk/stand

SacralSacral– bends to backbends to back

FunctionsFunctions– add strength to columnadd strength to column– help maintain balancehelp maintain balance– absorb shockabsorb shock

The Typical VertebraeThe Typical Vertebrae BodyBody

– drum shapeddrum shaped– weight-bearingweight-bearing– attaches to attaches to

intervertebral discsintervertebral discs Vertebral ArchVertebral Arch

– extends from bodyextends from body– completes circle forming vertebral foramencompletes circle forming vertebral foramen

Vertebral ForamenVertebral Foramen– passage for spinal cordpassage for spinal cord

PediclesPedicles– two narrow bridgestwo narrow bridges– attach to bodyattach to body

The Typical Vertebrae The Typical Vertebrae cont.cont. LaminaeLaminae

– plates extending plates extending backward from backward from pediclepedicle

Spinous ProcessSpinous Process– posterior projectionposterior projection– muscle attachmentmuscle attachment

Transverse ProcessTransverse Process– lateral projection/muscle attachmentlateral projection/muscle attachment

Superior and Inferior ProcessSuperior and Inferior Process– upward and downward projectionsupward and downward projections– unite vertebrae above and belowunite vertebrae above and below

Cervical VertebraeCervical Vertebrae Seven of theseSeven of these Support headSupport head Differ from others in two waysDiffer from others in two ways

– smaller and lightersmaller and lighter– transverse processes have small transverse processes have small

holehole Transverse Foramen – opening for Transverse Foramen – opening for

arteries to reach brainarteries to reach brain

Two Special Cervical Two Special Cervical VertebraeVertebrae AtlasAtlas

– articulates with occipital condyles of skullarticulates with occipital condyles of skull– has no bodyhas no body– permits up and permits up and

down movement down movement

of headof head

nod “yes”nod “yes” AxisAxis

– Odontoid Process Odontoid Process tooth-like projectiontooth-like projection projects up throughprojects up through

ring of atlasring of atlas allows head to turn side to side – “no”allows head to turn side to side – “no”

Thoracic VertebraeThoracic Vertebrae

TwelveTwelve Larger than cervicalLarger than cervical Long, pointed spinous processes Long, pointed spinous processes

pointing downpointing down Only members Only members

to articulate to articulate

with ribswith ribs

Lumbar VertebraeLumbar Vertebrae

FiveFive Larger and thicker than cervical Larger and thicker than cervical

and thoracicand thoracic– because of added stress due to because of added stress due to

increasing body weightincreasing body weight

SacrumSacrum Large triangular bone Large triangular bone

at base of pelvisat base of pelvis really 5 vertebrae really 5 vertebrae

fused togetherfused together Spinous processSpinous process

– median sacral crestmedian sacral crest Superior Articular ProcessSuperior Articular Process

– top two processes of the median sacral top two processes of the median sacral crest articulate with 5crest articulate with 5thth lumbar vertebrae lumbar vertebrae

Vertebral canal becomes Sacral canalVertebral canal becomes Sacral canal Sacral HiatusSacral Hiatus

– openings at opposite ends of sacrumopenings at opposite ends of sacrum Dorsal Sacral Foramina and Pelvic Dorsal Sacral Foramina and Pelvic

ForaminaForamina– openings for nerves and blood vesselsopenings for nerves and blood vessels

CoccyxCoccyx

3-5 Small fused/partially fused 3-5 Small fused/partially fused bonesbones

Attached to sacrum by ligamentsAttached to sacrum by ligaments This is your tailboneThis is your tailbone

Thoracic CageThoracic Cage

Made of:Made of:– Thoracic vertebrae, sternum and ribsThoracic vertebrae, sternum and ribs

FunctionsFunctions– Encloses organs Encloses organs

of chestof chest– Supports shoulder Supports shoulder

girdle and upper girdle and upper limbslimbs

Thoracic CageThoracic Cage

SternumSternum– BreastboneBreastbone– Three partsThree parts

Manubrium Manubrium

superiorsuperior Body Body

middlemiddle Xiphoid Process – small triangular Xiphoid Process – small triangular

projectionprojection

– Articulates with clavicles at superior Articulates with clavicles at superior end and ribs along lateral bordersend and ribs along lateral borders

Thoracic CageThoracic Cage RibsRibs

– 12 pair12 pair– Attaches to thoracic vertebraAttaches to thoracic vertebra

curves around stopping short of sternumcurves around stopping short of sternum attaches to sternum via costal cartilageattaches to sternum via costal cartilage

– True ribsTrue ribs first 7 pairfirst 7 pair connect directly to connect directly to

sternumsternum

– False ribsFalse ribs last five pairlast five pair indirect connectionindirect connection last two are floatinglast two are floating

– no connection at allno connection at all

The Appendicular The Appendicular SkeletonSkeleton Pectoral GirdlesPectoral Girdles

– Connect upper limbs to axial skeletonConnect upper limbs to axial skeleton– Support arms & attach muscles that move Support arms & attach muscles that move

armsarms Upper LimbsUpper Limbs

– Support arms, wrists, hands & fingersSupport arms, wrists, hands & fingers Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle

– Support of upper bodySupport of upper body– Protection for organsProtection for organs– Attachment for lower limbsAttachment for lower limbs– Skeletal part of birth canalSkeletal part of birth canal

Lower LimbsLower Limbs– Support thigh, leg, ankle and footSupport thigh, leg, ankle and foot

Pectoral Pectoral GirdleGirdle

ClavicleClavicle– Collar bonesCollar bones

Extends from Extends from sternum to sternum to scapulascapula– Holds shoulder in place while arm is Holds shoulder in place while arm is

movingmoving– Acromioclavicular JointAcromioclavicular Joint

where clavicle joins with scapulawhere clavicle joins with scapula

Pectoral Girdle cont.Pectoral Girdle cont. ScapulaScapula

– shoulder bladesshoulder blades Triangle shapedTriangle shaped thin, broad surfaces & two processesthin, broad surfaces & two processes Attachment site for musclesAttachment site for muscles

– Subscapular FossaSubscapular Fossa Interior surfaceInterior surface concave, very smoothconcave, very smooth

– SpineSpine Prominent ridge on posterior surfaceProminent ridge on posterior surface

– Acromion ProcessAcromion Process lateral end of spinelateral end of spine unites with clavicle at Acromioclavicular Jointunites with clavicle at Acromioclavicular Joint

– Coracoid ProcessCoracoid Process attachment site for arms and musclesattachment site for arms and muscles

– Glenoid CavityGlenoid Cavity oval depression on lateral edgeoval depression on lateral edge receives head of humerusreceives head of humerus

Upper Limbs-HumerusUpper Limbs-Humerus Long bone of armLong bone of arm

– extends shoulder to elbowextends shoulder to elbow HeadHead

– smooth round surfacesmooth round surface– articulates w/ glenoid cavityarticulates w/ glenoid cavity

Anatomical NeckAnatomical Neck– circular groovecircular groove– separates head from:separates head from:

Greater and Lesser Greater and Lesser TubercleTubercle– muscle attachmentmuscle attachment

Intertubercular GrooveIntertubercular Groove– narrow channel between greater and lessernarrow channel between greater and lesser

Surgical NeckSurgical Neck– most common place for fracturesmost common place for fractures

Deltoid TuberosityDeltoid Tuberosity– roughened elevation near middle of shaftroughened elevation near middle of shaft– provides attachment for deltoid muscleprovides attachment for deltoid muscle

Upper Limbs-HumerusUpper Limbs-Humerus Distal end has four processes Distal end has four processes

and two projections forming and two projections forming elbow jointelbow joint– Capitulum and TrochleaCapitulum and Trochlea

Two rounded processes in centerTwo rounded processes in center Capitulum articulates with radiusCapitulum articulates with radius Trochlea articulates with ulnaTrochlea articulates with ulna

– Lateral and Medial EpicondyleLateral and Medial Epicondyle attachment for muscle and elbow attachment for muscle and elbow

ligamentsligaments

– Coronoid FossaCoronoid Fossa depression for ulna processdepression for ulna process

– Olecranon FossaOlecranon Fossa receives process of ulna receives process of ulna

if arm is straightif arm is straight

Upper Limbs-RadiusUpper Limbs-Radius Lateral bone of forearmLateral bone of forearm Always in line with thumbAlways in line with thumb HeadHead

– articulates with capitulum articulates with capitulum

and radial notch of ulnaand radial notch of ulna Radial TuberosityRadial Tuberosity

– rough surfacerough surface– bicep attachmentbicep attachment

Styloid ProcessStyloid Process– pointed projectionpointed projection– attachment for wrist ligamentsattachment for wrist ligaments

Upper Limbs-UlnaUpper Limbs-Ulna

Olecranon ProcessOlecranon Process– Funny boneFunny bone

Coronoid ProcessCoronoid Process– Projection articulating with Projection articulating with

humerushumerus Trochlear NotchTrochlear Notch

– Receives trochlear of Receives trochlear of humerushumerus

Head Head – On distal endOn distal end– Separated from wrist Separated from wrist

by fibrocartilageby fibrocartilage Styloid ProcessStyloid Process

– attachment for wrist ligamentsattachment for wrist ligaments

Upper Limbs-HandUpper Limbs-Hand CarpalsCarpals

– Eight small bones closely bound by Eight small bones closely bound by ligaments (2 rows of four)ligaments (2 rows of four)

– Articulate with radius, ulnar fibrocartilage Articulate with radius, ulnar fibrocartilage and metacarpalsand metacarpals

MetacarpalsMetacarpals– Five that form palmFive that form palm– Flattened base, elongated shaft, Flattened base, elongated shaft,

rounded head (knuckles)rounded head (knuckles) PhalangesPhalanges

– 14 per hand14 per hand– Two in thumb (proximal & distal)Two in thumb (proximal & distal)– Three in fingers (proximal, middle & distal)Three in fingers (proximal, middle & distal)

Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle Coxal BonesCoxal Bones

– In infants there are three separate In infants there are three separate bonesbones Ilium, Ischium & PubisIlium, Ischium & Pubis

– Merge when child stops growingMerge when child stops growing– AcetabulumAcetabulum

merger sitemerger site cavity is socket for femurcavity is socket for femur

Pelvic Girdle-IliumPelvic Girdle-Ilium Largest areaLargest area Large, flat portion forms bony ridge of Large, flat portion forms bony ridge of

hiphip Iliac crestIliac crest

– superior margin of ridgesuperior margin of ridge Auricular surfaceAuricular surface

– rough surface that unites rough surface that unites

with sacrumwith sacrum– forms Sacroiliac Jointforms Sacroiliac Joint

SpinesSpines– attachment sites for hip attachment sites for hip

and thigh musclesand thigh muscles

Pelvic Girdle-IschiumPelvic Girdle-Ischium Inferior, posterior portionInferior, posterior portion

– looks like letter Llooks like letter L Ischial SpineIschial Spine

– projection near superior projection near superior border w/ iliumborder w/ ilium

Ischial TuberosityIschial Tuberosity– rough, elevated surface rough, elevated surface

near angle of Lnear angle of L– supports body weight supports body weight

when sittingwhen sitting RamusRamus

– flat region that fuses flat region that fuses with pubiswith pubis

– leg of the Lleg of the L

Pelvic Girdle-PubisPelvic Girdle-Pubis

Inferior, anterior regionInferior, anterior region Symphysis PubisSymphysis Pubis

– unites with pubis unites with pubis

of opposite bone of opposite bone

to form jointto form joint Obturator ForamenObturator Foramen

– Ischium and pubis Ischium and pubis

curve to form thiscurve to form this– largest foramen largest foramen

in skeletonin skeleton

Pelvic Girdle-Male vs Pelvic Girdle-Male vs FemaleFemale

MaleMale FemaleFemale

OrientationOrientation Backward TiltBackward Tilt Forward TiltForward Tilt

Pelvic InletPelvic InletNarrowNarrow

Heart ShapedHeart ShapedWideWide

Oval ShapedOval Shaped

Pubic ArchPubic Arch <90<9000 Angle AngleBroadBroad

>90>9000 Angle Angle

SacrumSacrumNarrowNarrow

LongLongWide, ShortWide, Short

Greater CurvatureGreater Curvature

CoccyxCoccyx ImmovableImmovable MovableMovable

Bone Bone DensityDensity

Thick, HeavyThick, Heavy Thin, LightThin, Light

Lower Limbs-FemurLower Limbs-Femur Longest, heaviest bone in bodyLongest, heaviest bone in body HeadHead

– fits in acetabulum of coxal bonefits in acetabulum of coxal bone NeckNeck

– extends to main shaftextends to main shaft Greater and Lesser TrochanterGreater and Lesser Trochanter

– border base of neckborder base of neck– muscle attachment for hip muscle attachment for hip

and thighand thigh Linea AsperaLinea Aspera

– narrow ridge on posterior sidenarrow ridge on posterior side– muscle attachment sitemuscle attachment site

Lower Limbs-FemurLower Limbs-Femur Lateral and Medial CondylesLateral and Medial Condyles

– rounded processes at base rounded processes at base of femurof femur

– articulate with tibiaarticulate with tibia Intercondylar FossaIntercondylar Fossa

– depression on posterior side depression on posterior side between condylesbetween condyles

Patellar SurfacePatellar Surface– On anterior sideOn anterior side– Smooth, slight depressionSmooth, slight depression– Articulates with patella (kneecap)Articulates with patella (kneecap)– Located within quadriceps tendonLocated within quadriceps tendon

Lower Limbs-TibiaLower Limbs-Tibia Larger bone of lower legLarger bone of lower leg Lateral and Medial CondylesLateral and Medial Condyles

– articulate with femurarticulate with femur Tibial TuberosityTibial Tuberosity

– rough surfacerough surface– attachment site for attachment site for

patellar ligamentpatellar ligament Medial MalleolusMedial Malleolus

– distal end of tibiadistal end of tibia– inside ankle bone (medial side)inside ankle bone (medial side)– articulates with fibula (lateral side)articulates with fibula (lateral side)

Lower Limbs-FibulaLower Limbs-Fibula

Thin, twisted boneThin, twisted bone– lateral to the tibialateral to the tibia– head articulates w/ lateral head articulates w/ lateral

condyle of tibiacondyle of tibia Lateral MalleolusLateral Malleolus

– outside of ankleoutside of ankle– articulates w/ large bone articulates w/ large bone

of foot (talus)of foot (talus)

Lower Limbs-AnkleLower Limbs-Ankle 7 Tarsal bones7 Tarsal bones

– TalusTalus articulates with tibia and fibulaarticulates with tibia and fibula bears weight of bodybears weight of body

– CalcaneusCalcaneus heelheel largest, strongest largest, strongest

bone of footbone of foot supports body supports body

weightweight muscles attachmuscles attach

– Navicular, Cuboid, Lateral, Navicular, Cuboid, Lateral, Intermediate and Medial CuneiformIntermediate and Medial Cuneiform

Lower Limbs-FootLower Limbs-Foot InstepInstep

– 5 Metatarsal Bones5 Metatarsal Bones Each has base, shaft & distal headEach has base, shaft & distal head Heads form ball of footHeads form ball of foot

– ArchesArches between calcaneus and between calcaneus and

ball of football of foot maintained by ligaments maintained by ligaments

between tarsals and between tarsals and metatarsalsmetatarsals

provide lift while walkingprovide lift while walking

– ToesToes 14 Phalanges14 Phalanges