the role of catholic school administrators in student psychological referrals ncea convention...
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators
in StudentPsychological
Referrals
NCEA Convention
Thursday, April 27th
3:00 - 4:15 p.m.
Room 348
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Presentation Overview
• School Mission: Psychological well-being of students
• Nature of Student Referrals
• Recommended / Required
• Referral Process– Information gathering– Decision making– Outside Expertise– School Conference
• Role of Administrators in the Referral Process
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Catholic School Leadership & School Mission
Development of WHOLE StudentINCLUDES
Psychological Psychological
Growth & DevelopmentGrowth & Development
of Studentsof Students• Promoting that Development• Assistance in Overcoming Blocks
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Basis in Catholic Theology
• Vatican II Declaration on Christian Education
The Catholic school enables young people to develop their own personality, giving “due weight” to the advances of psychology.
• Congregation for Catholic Education (1988)
The school “and all its activities have only one purpose -- to help them in their growth toward maturity.”
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
All data reported based on national survey of Catholic secondary school principals (1997).
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: “Psychological Well-Being” as
part of school mission
Well-being of Students
as part of the school’s mission
• MOST IMPORTANT34.3%
• MAJOR IMPORTANCE
56.4%
• AVERAGE IMPORTANCE 9.3%
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Role / ContributionResearch: Role / Contribution: Promoting Psychological
Development< Rank & Means >
RoleRole ContributionContribution
• counselors 1 (3.74)** 1 (3.70)
• chaplains 2 (3.61) 2 (3.46)
• parents 3 (3.40) 6 (3.19)
• teachers 4 (3.39) 3 (3.30)
• administrators 5 (3.38) 3 (3.30)
** Mean Scores Reported -- Rating Scale Values
“Most Important Role / Primary Contribution” = 4.00
“Major Importance / Significant Contribution” = 3.00
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Definition: School-initiated Referrals
• Instances where a school contacts the parent(s) or guardian of a student
• Recommends / requires• Student undergo a
psychological evaluation• Administered by a licensed
counselor or therapist• For the purposes of
determining the possible benefits of a course of counseling / psychotherapy for the student
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Categories of Student Referrals for Psychological Services
• RECOMMENDED Referral
School recommends that a student undergo a psychological evaluation.
• REQUIRED Referral
School requires that a student undergo a psychological evaluation / testing, as a condition for continued enrollment.
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Referral Practices / Policies of Catholic High Schools
• CURRENT PRACTICE
RecommendRecommend students for evaluations 100%
Require students undergo evaluations 94.2%
• SCHOOL POLICIES EXIST
for RECOMMENDED Referrals 74.4%
for REQUIRED Referrals 66.0%
• POLICIES in WRITING
for RECOMMENDED Referrals 40.7%
for REQUIRED Referrals 45.1%
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
PROCESS for Recommended Referrals
Steps
• Information Gathering
• Evaluation / Decision - making
• Parent - Student Conference & Referral to Outside Services
• Follow-up
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Pre-Requisites for Process
• EXPLICIT Information SystemInformation flows freely down and
UP the organization
Climate of trust - confidentiality
Shared concern for student welfare
• EXPLICIT CoordinatorDesignated Target Person– Counselor– Class Coordinator / Moderator– Administrator
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Who Initiates Recommended Referral Process
STAFF Recommended Required
Counselors 1 (2.20) 1 (1.86)
Principal 2 (1.91) 1 (1.86)
Other Admin. 3 (1.75) 3 (1.69)
Teachers 4 (1.67) 5 (1.28)
Chaplains 5 (1.63) 4 (1.38)
Range:
|------------------|--------------------|-------------------|
0 1 2 3never seldom sometimes
frequently
Initiate
recommended / required referral
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Recommended Referrals: Information Gathering
– BEGINS WITH:• Concern about student well-being
– FROM:• Academic Report• Disciplinary Report• Teacher• Support Staff• Administrator• Parent• Other Students• Student her/himself
– INFORMATION PROVIDED• Reason(s) for concern• Directly Observable Data
– TO:• Designated Coordinator
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Egs: Student behaviors• Poor academic functioning
– displays lack on prerequisite skills or abilities
– displays lack in motivation– unclear causal factors for poor
performance
• Social / emotional difficulties– social deficits (shy, overanxious, inhibited)
– social excesses (aggressive, defiant, disruptive)
• Family situations– Violence in the home– Child abuse– Separation / divorce– Death of a relative
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
BEHAVIORS / SITUATIONS
• Health problems– affecting attendance, performance
• Alcohol Drug Use
• Suicidal Ideation– verbalized or attempted
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Patterns of School Referrals
• ALWAYS / FREQUENTLY Refer:– Suicidal Ideation– Child Abuse– Alcohol or Drug Use– Violence in the Home– Bizarre Behavior
• LEAST LIKELY to Refer:– Problems of poor academic
functioning
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
In 1997:• SUICIDAL IDEATIONWould not ALWAYS recommend evaluation
21%Would not ALWAYS require evaluation
30%• REPEATED IDEATIONWould not ALWAYS require evaluation
13%• Occasionally, seldom, never
recommend referral
Child abuse (repeated) 10%Violence in home (repeated) 35%
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Recommended Referrals: Decision Making
Evaluation / Decision - making
• Coordinator - Student Interview
• Coordinator Assessment– “Concern” judged minor– More information needed
• In-school
• Outside expertise
• Coordinator Decision– No further action at present– Continue to monitor student– Referred to other school services– Outside referral warranted
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Relations with Mental Health Professionals
“Outside Expertise”<Relationships w/ Mental Health Professionals (1997) >
School maintains referral list 95%
Dio.Ed. Office has referral list 45%Uncertain about diocesan list 41%
School relationship exists with:– Social Workers 69.8%
– Family Therapists 62.2%
– Psychologists 57.6%
H.S. Principals: Highest Confidence in– Psychologists, Counselors, Family
Therapists
H.S. Principals: Lowest Confidence in– Pastoral Counseling / Diocesan
Referral Agencies
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Recommended Referrals: Parent-Student Conference / Participants
PARTICIPANTS
Option 1:
• Parent(s) / Guardian(s)
• Student
• CoordinatorOption 2:
• Parent(s) / Guardian(s)
• Coordintor
– then, Student
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Parent school conference: AGENDA
AGENDA:
• School concerns
• Observable data
• Parent / Student response
• “Assessment” vs. “Therapy”
• School’s Recommendation
• Referral List Mental Health Agencies / Professionals
• Time-table for follow-up
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Recommended Referrals: FOLLOWUP
Follow-upAs Recommended Referral:Coordinator contacts parent / guardian
• Was contact ever made?• Assessment, testing done?• Results?; Therapy indicated?• Release information to school?
(specific offices; degree of detail)
• How can school further assist family & student?
• Schedule of further “check-ins”
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Recommended Referrals: Administrator’s Role
Roles/Responsibilities of Administrators
• Promote Mission / Climate
• Clear, Explicit Process in Place
• Regular Review of Process
• Appoint Coordinator– Initial Selection
• “Mentally Healthy”• Sensitive to students• Community trust / confidence• Knowledge / Training• Know limitations
– On-going supervision / training
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals
REQUIRED REFERRALS• The school requires that
a student undergo a psychological evaluation / testing, as a condition for continued enrollment.
• Initiation of this process assumes:– Serious student situation /
behavior and / or
– Recurrent pattern of behavior
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Required Referrals for Students
• 94% Catholic High Schools use required referrals
As condition - continued enrollment 88%
With other disciplinary action (s) 75%
In lieu of disciplinary action 41%
Before deciding school’s response 35%
(n =162)
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: Process Overview
Predetermined: Process, Responsibilities, Roles and AuthorityProcess:
• Information Gathering
• Evaluation / Decision - making
• Parental Notification
• Parent - Student Conference & Referral to Outside Services
Post-scripts:
• Authority of Administrators
• Dealing with Evaluators
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Participant(s) D C
school counselors 92% 93%administrators: discipline 84% 78%parents 77% 93%student in question 75% 84%administrators: academic 68% 63%teaching faculty 60% 45%mental health professionals 58% 50%chaplains / campus ministers 52% 41%school president / head 42% 43%family physician 39% 23%school coaches 37% 26%extracurricular moderators 32% 21%outside clergy / pastors 28% 19%other school staff 24% 19%
Participants in Decision-making + Conference w/ Parents
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: Principal’s Participation
• Decision-Making Process• School Conference w/ Parents
Decision-Making Conference w/Parents
Role Actual Role Actual
Always 68% 69% 52% 52%
Frequently 24% 21% 31% 30%
Occasionally 6% 7% 14% 12%
Seldom 0 2% 2% 4%
Never 2 % 2% 1% 1%
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: Information Gathering and Decision making
• Information Gathering– Input + Consultation
• Decision-Making– Participants in Discussion– Decision-makersCONSIDERATIONS– Evaluation of student– Recommend or Require ?– Terms of Requirement– Other conditions
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: School DO’s & DON’T’s
A School CAN:• Require psychological
evaluation/testing• Specify who does the evaluation• Require the results & prognosis be
shared with authorized school officials• If results warrant it, require the
student undergo a course of therapy or treatment
• Co-determine the duration of therapy or treatment.
A School CANNOT:• Require therapy / treatment WITHOUT
professional evaluation• Dictate a specific agency or
professional to conduct the therapy• Require specific therapy progress
reports
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: Parent Notification & School Conference
• Parental Notification
• School Conference– Pre-conference: School
personnel
• Participants• Agenda• Role assignments
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: School- Family ConferenceAGENDA
– Observable data
– School’s concerns
– Parent / Student response– “Assessment” vs. “Therapy”
– School’s Requirement• Specific Conditions
– Referral List Mental Health Agencies /
Professionals
– Timetable for action
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Roles & Responsibilities of Administrators in Required
Referrals
• Provide Staff & Budget• Clear referral process in place
• Regular review of process• Establish / maintain
relationships with mental health professionals
• Willingness to speak on behalf of the best interests of the student and the school.
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Differentiating the Administrator’sAUTHORITY & EXPERTISEAUTHORITY & EXPERTISE
• as Therapeutic Helper Therapeutic HelperIn the best interest of the student - Something
is wrong:
– Can the school help you find out
• as Professional EvaluatorProfessional EvaluatorIn the best interest of the student - Something
is wrong:
– Is this the best place for your child ?
• as Professional EvaluatorProfessional EvaluatorProtecting the Common Good - Something is
wrong:
– It is affecting the school community.
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Suggestions: Mental Health EVALUATOR
• MUST be familiar with the school:– Academic & disciplinary
expectations for students– Willingness to adapt rules
• Evaluation must include:Given the diagnosis– Therapy / treatment is (not)
warrantedGiven the nature of the school– Student can[not] function within
the expectations of the school {during the course of therapy}
– Therapy must continue until such time as the professional & the school deem sufficient.