the reactionaries the isms from napoleon (1815) to the end of 19 th century
TRANSCRIPT
The Reactionaries
The Isms
From Napoleon (1815)To
The End of 19th Century
19th Century ‘Revolutions’
• Economic – Industrial and Capitalism
• Political – The Advent of Socialism and Communism
• Nationalism• Arts – Romanticism• Society - Victorianism
Impact of Industrialism
• Goal is to grow industrial capacity• Pollution increases and the quality
of life is negatively affected• Increase in the standard of living• Created the ‘working class’ – men
are treated as commodities (time is money)
Why England?• The Industrial Revolution is evolutionary• Linked to an agricultural revolution –
more science, increased yields, increased income
• Centralized bank and well-developed credit system
• Willing to reinvest profits• Few government restrictions• Surplus labor
The Enclosure Crisis
End of the Commons
The Commons Defined
Pieces of land available to everyone - have been a key element in the mental concept and physical layout of English towns and cities since the Middle Ages. They are often believed to have served exclusively as grazing land where the townsfolk could let their livestock wander freely But they were in fact intensively used for all manner of activities, from agriculture to industry, from military training to amusement
Impact of the ‘Commons’• Open lands for village use were
ingrained in British Common Law
• Landlords wanted full use of agricultural lands to maximize profits
• Parliament passed ‘Enclosure Acts’
• Loss of Commons destroyed economic viability of many villagers
• Forced move to city to find work
• Created industrial workforce
The Enclosure Laws• First Enclosure Act (1603) designed to
keep people on farms
• 1760-1820 Taxes and landowners pushed for Enclosure Acts destroyed small landowning farmers
• By 1876 very little commons existed
• Pushed farm workers to city employment
Emigration
• From farms to cities
• From Ireland to America (U.S. and Canada)
• From all of Britain to Canada, New Zealand and Australia
City Growth• Loss of the commons• Improved farm technology reduced the
need for labor• New industry required centralized
work force• Colonial immigration (from colonies)
swelled urban populations• Crisis resulted in sanitation and health
care, crime and adequate housing
European Largest Cities1800
London 861,000
Constantinople 570,000
Paris 547,000
Naples 430,000
Moscow 248,000
European Largest Cities 1825
London 1,335,000
Paris 855,000
Constantinople 675,000
S. Petersburg 438,000
Naples 350,000
European Largest Cities 1850
London 2,320,000
Paris 1,314,000
Constantinople 785,000
World Largest Cities 1875
London 4,241,000
Paris 2,250,000
New York 1,900,000
Berlin 1,045,000
Vienna 1,020,000
The New Economists
Classic EconomicsClassic economists were interested in standards of living and the process of economic growth. Natural resources were seen as determinants of national wealth and growth; moreover, differences in resource availability was key to a nations wealth. between economies. Since land was fixed in supply, and was a necessary input in production, classical economists ranged from being actually pessimistic about the future of mankind (the Malthusian viewpoint) to taking the less severe view that economic progress was necessarily limited in the long run.
ThomasMalthus • Friend of Hume,Rousseau
• Trained as a mathematician• Ordained as a minister• Authored An Essay on the
Principle of Population (1798), Malthus predicted population would outrun food supply
• Massive population growth in the 20th century has not resulted in a Malthusian catastrophe, due to technological advances
• Believed that poverty and want would always exist
1766-1834
Manchester School
• Group of 19th Century Economists who met regularly in the British City of Manchester
• Believed that the state should interfere as little as possible in business
• Advocated Free Trade
John Stuart Mill
• Follower of Bentham and a utilitarian
• Believed in rights for women and greater Parliamentary power
• Pushed for general increase in voting rights
• Considered a radical, especially with his publication of the Westminster Review
1806-1873
David Ricardo
• Family native to Netherlands• Joined stock exchange at 14• Born Jewish, became
Quaker, ultimately Utilitarian• Friend of Mills, Mathus,
Bentham• Political Economist –
influential classical economist • Credited with systemizing
economics• Politician who advocated free
trade and repeal of Corn Laws
1772-1823
The Iron Law of Wages Ricardo: Principles of Political Economy (1817)
In the Iron Law of wages: Ricardo argued that wages will always be low as a result of the law of supply and demand. More money would enable the working class to maintain more children, who would then compete for work and lower wages again. This much discussed "law" confirmed employers decision to keep wages low. Provided arguments in opposition trade unions.
The Industrial Revolution
Review Needs of an
Industrial Revolution
• Capital• Centralized and Educated
Workforce• Access to Raw Materials• Markets• Genius• Accident
England’s Strengths• Centralized bank and excellent
credit system• Early agriculture revolution that
increased yield and money – food prices dropped
• English supported Weber (Protestant Ethic) of profits being okay
English Tradition of Industry
• ‘Workshop of the World’
• Produced 2/3 of the worlds fabric
• Remained dominant until the end of the 19th Century – replaced by Germany, Japan, and the United States
• Developed machines to produce machines
Laissez-Faire• "Laissez Faire" is French for "leave
alone" which means that the government leaves the people alone regarding all economic activities. It is the separation of economy and state.
• A negative reaction to Mercantilism• Advanced by Jeremy Bentham and
John Stuart Mill assumed that competition regulates market
The Condition of Labor
• Real wages were low – increased, but not enough to keep pace with inflation
• Inequitable wages – women to men and children to adults
• Long hours
• Poor working conditions, sanitations, air pollution, dangerous equipment
• No medical or retirement benefits
The Factory Acts• 1802 – Applied to apprentices in textile
mills. Restricted hours to 12 (6 days), and required clothing and education
• 1833 – Restricted the hours of child labor (up to 13) to nine hours
• 1844 – Reduced hours of children to 6 ½ and required that accidents causing death be reported
• 1847 – Established the 58 hour work week
The Inventors
1. “The Father of the Industrial Revolution”2. “The Father of Mass Production”3. “The Father of Microbiology”4. “The Wizard of Menlo Park”5. The world’s first engineer.6. The world's first industrial research
laboratory.7. Perfected the steam engine8. Invented the blast furnace.9. Invented the electric light bulb10.Created interchangeable parts
Things You Already Know …..
11. Factories were powered by steam12 .Factories were powered by electricity13. Replaced water power, horse power, and human power.14. Opened the first power station in New York City.15. Goods were manufactured on a massive scale16. Mass production of steel17. Division of labor: Each worker performed only a single operation.18. Machines, railroads, ships were all made of steel.19. Machines, railroads, ships all ran on steam.20. Improvements in medicine21. The germ theory22. Vaccines
James Hargreaves
Spinning Jenny1764
Used many spindles to improve textile production
James Watt1769
Watt Steam Engine
Water Frame1769
Improved Textile Industry
Richard Arkwright
Edmund Cartwright
Power Loom1785
GeorgeStephenson
Steam Locomotive1830
Rail service between Liverpool and London
And – of course
Water Closet1852
London Exposition - 1851
- First World’s Fair- Developed by Prince Albert – Victoria’s Husband- Opportunity to showcase British industrial strength
Crystal Palace
Politics and Isms
England in the 19th Century
• French Revolution had caused panic amongst aristocracy, but liberal policies were still strongly opposed
• Encouraged repression by law or force
• However, changes in patterns of wealth (prompt - industrial revolution) accompanied by cries for political reform (liberalization)
Battle of Peterloo, 1819
• Crowd (60,000) had gathered near Manchester to call for repeal of Corn Laws
• Led by Henry Hunt
• Cavalry was sent to disperse crowd
• 11 killed and 400 injured
• Provided moral force to reform movement
English 19th Century Politics
• Advocated personal freedom, and King ruled with peoples consent
• Out of power from 1800 to 1830
• Took power with reform movements
• Today’s Labour Party
• Supporters of strong monarchy
• Lost power through Glorious Revolution – regained it through reaction to French Rev.
• Lost power to reforms of 1830s
• Conservative Party
Whigs Tories
Chartists• Drafted in 1838• Wanted increased
franchise, elimination of property requirements, payment for politicians, secret ballot
• Demonstrations for Charter led to 24 deaths
• Led to rejection of Corn Laws and Reform Acts
Rejected by Parliament 3 times
The Two Key Players …..
Benjamin Disreali
• London born lawyer• Author (history and fiction)• Politically began as Whig
became a Tory• Sympathetic to Chartists
and Reformers• Served in cabinet, became
Prime Minister in 1868• Served off and on until
1880• Pushed a progressive
agenda• Favorite of Queen Victoria
1804-1881
William Gladstone
• Born in Liverpool of a merchant family
• Politically began as a Tory and eventually became head of the Liberal Party
• Served 4 terms as Prime Minister from 1868-1894
• Increased voting rights, focused on peace in foreign policy, restructured army, and attempted to find peace with Ireland
• At odds with Queen Victoria1809-1898
The Legislative Changes
Reform Acts• 1832, 1867, 1884
• Extended voting rights
• Reapportioned Parliamentary representation
• Increased power of lower classes
• By 1885 virtually all men could vote
• Women could not vote until 1918 (if they were over 30 – changed in 1928)
Corn Laws• In force between 1689 and 1846• Designed to protect landholders by
encouraging export and limiting the importation of corn (based on a fixed price)
• Agitation by Anti-Corn-Law-League formed in 1839 ultimately forced repeal
• Indicated increased power of middle class (law supported aristocratic landowners)
Poor Laws • Initially Public Assistance to end pauperism
• Began in 1601 – state needed to help poor
• By 19th century poverty was assumed result of laziness
• 1834 – England home relief and created workhouses. Conditions were to be harsh
• Hoped to discourage people from seeking welfare
Combination Acts• Repealed 1799 laws that forbid unions –
the government was concerned that workers would strike during a war and force agreement
• 1825 Act allowed workers to join together to ‘bargain over wages and conditions
• Trade unionists were not allowed to "molest", "obstruct", or “intimidate" others – very vague
The Utopians• Describes both intentional communities that
attempted to create an ideal society, and fictional societies portrayed in literature.
• Early nineteenth century - several utopian ideas arose, often in response to the social disruption created by the development of commercialism and capitalism. These are often grouped in a greater “utopian socialist" movement.
• Also – religious (based on specific religious ideals)/political (world peace)/scientific (utopian living standards, i.e. – absence of death.
Utopian Socialism• Credited to Karl Marx to describe early
Socialists – such as Thomas More• Assumes that there is no want, poverty,
crime, disease, or ignorance. Everyone works for the advancement of all humanity. (Borrowed by United Federation of Planets in Star Trek, The Next Generation)
• Marx argued for ‘Scientific Socialism’ – (Society based on reasoning and study of social sciences)
Karl Marx• German born , studied law, earned a PhD in philosophy
• Considered too radical to teach, he turned to journalism
• Connected to Engels in Paris• Fascinated by the study of
history• Concludes that capitalism is
inherently flawed • Communism is the logical
progression of society
1818-1883Died a ‘stateless person’ and was buried in London
Frederick Engels
• German industrialist, sent to England to manage cotton mill in Manchester
• Shocked by poverty, joined Chartists
• Met and collaborated with Marx – better writer
• Co-authored Communist Manifesto, and helped form international Communism
• Supported Marx financially• Died while editing third
volume of Das Kapital
1820-1895“The history of all … society is the history of class struggles”
Communist Manifesto1848
Das Kapital1867
Political Economy• Originally used for the study of production, the
act of buying and selling, and the relationship to laws and government
• Opposed the Physiocrats (used land as source or wealth) arguing that labor is the real source of value – fundamental to Marxism
• Studies economics through the lens of government action
• Uses ‘game theory’ – looks at cooperative and non-cooperative models to consider possible outcomes
Marx’s View of History• Primitive Communism: as seen in cooperative
tribal societies. • Slave Society: which develops when the tribe
becomes a city-state. Aristocracy is born. • Feudalism: aristocracy is the ruling class.
Merchants develop into capitalists. • Capitalism: capitalists are the ruling class, who
create and employ the true working class. • Socialism (Dictatorship of the Proletariat):
workers gain class consciousness, overthrow the capitalists and take control over the state.
• Communism: a classless and stateless society.
France• 1815 – Restoration of the monarchy
• Limited restoration of royal privilege
• Divine Right was not restored
• Some constitutional restrictions on crown
• Revolution spirit remained – seeking opportunity
Louis XVIII• Fourth son of Louis XV• Gains throne by Congress of
the Vienna• Allowed a bicameral
legislature and greater right of expression
• Chose moderate views to avoid repeating revolution
• Replaced by youngest brother
1755-1824
The White Terror
• A period of violence against radicals and followers of Napoleon
• Led by women whose relatives had died
• Bloody – no accurate count of deaths
• Tolerated by Louis XVIII
Charles X• King of France 1824-1830• In England during
Revolution and Napoleon• Attempted to restore pre-
Revolutionary Order• Attempted to return land
seized to aristocracy• Appointed reactionary
advisors• Dissolved Parliament in
1830• Overthrown in July 1830
Revolution
1757-1836
Revolution of 1830• Constitutional Charter was revoked and middle
class lost voting rights• Charles X left Paris to hunt• From July 27-29 barricades were erected in the
streets manned by workers and students• The army joined the protesters, and were joined
by Marquis de Lafayette who urged a change of monarchs
• Charles abdicated and Louis-Phillippe was named king – Victor Hugo write Les Miserable
Eugène Delacroix Liberty Leading the People
Louis Phillipe
• King from 1830-1848• Lived in exile during
Revolution, but not considered a traitor
• Military background appealed to Lafayette
• Was a favorite of the wealthy middle class
• Sought peace with England and acquired Algeria
• Opposed election reform and was ousted from power
• Fled to England1773-1850
Revolution of 1848• French population angry over
increased control of government by wealthy
• Economic situation was weakening
• February 22, 1848 revolution in Paris
• Barricades return
• Louis Philippe abdicates
• Revolt spreads to other nations
Louis Blanc • Socialist, educated in Paris
• Historian• Pushed government to
establish ‘national workshops’ to offer work at a fair wage – underestimated enrollment by 12X
• Workshops collapsed under weight of numbers.
• Blanc tried to overthrow government - failed
1811-1882
1848 – Revolution Elsewhere
• Sparked by events in Paris• In Hungary people demanded national
autonomy, but revolt was ended by Austrian and Russian troops
• In Austria revolts demanded reforms, but the revolt failed, and the emperor abdicated
• In Prussia people demanded a liberal constitutional monarchy, but failed to implement a constitution before the monarchy could reestablish control
Napoleon III• Nephew of Napoleon, born
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte in Holland
• Raised to respect Napoleon legend, and to seek power
• Twice tried to overthrow Louis Philippe and was imprisoned
• Elected president in 1848 and limited to one four-year term
• Elected dictator for ten years in 1851
• 1852 – replaced Second Republic with Second Empire 1808-1873