The Romantic Age, (1815 - 1848):The “Isms” -

Europe Ideologically after the Congress of Vienna

“Romanticism is the expression of man's urge to rise above reason and common sense, just as rationalism is the expression of his urge to rise above theology and emotion.”

- Charles Yost

Overview•Ideas will become more systematic during this period

•Not just philosophical musings•Very organized and competing with other ideas

•Emergence of the social sciences•Ideologies

•Nationalism•Romanticism•Classical Liberalism•Radicalism, Republicanism, and Socialism•Feminism•Conservativism•Humanitarianism

Nationalism

Nationalism• Definition• The “nation” is all

important, not the ruler

• Inherently a revolutionary idea, feared by all

• Artists search for what their “nation” means

Nationalism in Germany•Humiliation of French defeats•Herder - Volkgeist•Reforms in Prussia

•Baron Stein

•Hegel•Illuminati

German Confederation in 1820

Nationalism in Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini Italy in 1859

Romanticism

Romanticism•Love of the unclassifiable•Spiritual depth•Opposed to the Enlightenment•Human emotions are the most important•Civilization is corrupting•Nature is all powerful•Science is dangerous!•Industrialization is bad•Rural life is good!•Nationalism•Romantic Novels & Poets•Neo-Gothic Architecture Wander Above the Sea of Fog by

Caspar David Friedrich

The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835

Tree of CrowsCaspar David Friedrich, 1822

The Wreck of the Hope (aka The Sea of Ice)Caspar David Friedrich, 1821

Winter Landscape with ChurchGaspar David Friedrich, 1811

Eldena RuinGaspar David Friedrich, 1825

Flatford Mill – John Constable, 1817

The Hay Wain - John Constable, 1821

Stonehenge - John Constable, 1836

Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s GroundJohn Constable, 1825

Salisbury Cathedral from the MeadowsJohn Constable, 1831

Hadleigh Castle - John Constable, 1829

The Bullfight - Francisco Goya

Rain, Steam, and SpeedJoseph Mallord William Turner, 1844

Rain, Steam,

& Speed

(details)

The Slave ShipJoseph Mallord William Turner,

1842

The Slave Ship

(details)

Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix, 1830

Napoleonat the

St. BernardPass

David,1803

The Shooting of May 3, 1808Francisco Goya, 1815

The Great Red

Dragon and the Woman

Clothed with the Sun

William Blake,

1808-1810

God as the Architect - William Blake, 1794

Witches Sabbath

Francisco Goya,1798

Saturn DevoursHis Son

Francisco Goya,

1819-1823

The Great Age of the Novel Gothic Novel: Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847)

Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)

Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897

George Gordon’s

(Lord Byron)PoemThe

Prisonerof Chillon

SamuelTaylor

Coleridge’sPoem,

The Rimeof the

AncientMariner

British Houses of Parliament1840-1865

The Royal Pavillion at BrightonJohn Nash, 1815-1823

Classical Liberalism•Ideas of the business class•Beliefs

•Free press & assembly•Tolerant of religion•Constitutional monarchy•Laissez-faire

John Stuart Mill

English Radicalism

Jeremy Bentham

•Return to the roots of society•Totally reconstruct society and government•Universal male suffrage

Republicanism•English Radicalism on the Continent•Anti-clerical•Fans of the First French Republic – Reign of Terror folks•Wanted republics, not monarchs

Socialism

Robert Owen

Count de Saint-Simon

Louis Blanc

Charles Fourier

• Republicanism with an economic edge

• Economic system too chaotic

• Must be regulated• Anti-laissez faire• State sponsored

“workshops” - i.e. factories & companies

Feminism

Florence Nightengale

Conservatism

Edmund Burke

Prince Klemens von Metternich

• Gradual Adaptation of society• Maintain the status quo

– No nationalism– No republics – monarchies– Adhered to by nobility and

monarchs• Fear of the French Revolution

Humanitarianism•Sense of cruelty inflicted upon others•Torture is gone•Prisons, asylums, and government agencies improved•Enlightenment ideas still strong

Summary•Nationalism began to appear•Romanticism

•Rejected Neo-Classicism and the Enlightenment•Connected to Nationalism

•Radicals, Socialists, and Republicans mixed ideas•Feminism began•Conservatives rejected all of this