The Organizational Changes 9/11 has had The Organizational Changes 9/11 has had on on

Aviation SecurityAviation Security

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical UniversityEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical University

BA 317BA 317

By:By:

Kelly BlafieldKelly Blafield

Dave ChristofanoDave Christofano

Marcel HuardMarcel Huard

Arsenia MooreArsenia Moore

February 25th, 2002February 25th, 2002

How it was before How it was before September 11thSeptember 11th

Between 1949 and 1989, more than 95 Between 1949 and 1989, more than 95 bomb or sabotage related explosions bomb or sabotage related explosions have occurred on commercial jet aircrafthave occurred on commercial jet aircraft

Between 1968 and 1969, 233 aircraft Between 1968 and 1969, 233 aircraft worldwide were hijackedworldwide were hijacked

In 1961, 3 US aircraft were hijacked and In 1961, 3 US aircraft were hijacked and attempted to be taken to Cuba. The attempted to be taken to Cuba. The attempt failedattempt failed

In 1970, 4 US aircraft were hijackedIn 1970, 4 US aircraft were hijacked from from European airports on their way to the US. European airports on their way to the US. 2 were US based, 2 were European based 2 were US based, 2 were European based airlines. 1 was blown up at Cairo airport, airlines. 1 was blown up at Cairo airport, the other 3 in the Jordanian desert. No the other 3 in the Jordanian desert. No passengers died.passengers died.

Laws Passed to Curb Air Laws Passed to Curb Air PiracyPiracy

1961: 1961: All firearms carried by non-law enforcement persons are banned from being carried on their person aboard commercial aircraft.

1968: 1968: Voluntary use of “hijacker profiling” by airlines

1970: 1970: Sky Marshals program is approved and put into service

1972: 1972: X-Ray screening of passengers and their luggage becomes standard

The Pre- September 11th Security The Pre- September 11th Security OrganizationOrganization

In 1993 and 1999, several federal agencies conduct In 1993 and 1999, several federal agencies conduct security testing at the 100 largest airports. 1/4 failed security testing at the 100 largest airports. 1/4 failed basic security checks. The #1 fault: security workers basic security checks. The #1 fault: security workers

failed to do their job. Why? Their basic job requirements failed to do their job. Why? Their basic job requirements and training.and training.

The basic security worker has little education. The job did not require a High The basic security worker has little education. The job did not require a High school diploma or GED.school diploma or GED.

No prior experience in the security field was necessary.No prior experience in the security field was necessary. Most were paid minimum wage and forced to work overtime.Most were paid minimum wage and forced to work overtime. Leading job competition was Mc Donald's and Burger King. Leading job competition was Mc Donald's and Burger King. No full timers or benefits.No full timers or benefits. Short training class with little or no re-current or follow-up training given.Short training class with little or no re-current or follow-up training given. No laws or guidelines with regards to training or work.No laws or guidelines with regards to training or work.

September 11thSeptember 11th

The Morning of September 11thThe Morning of September 11th

2 hijacked aircraft took down the World Trade Center Towers.

3rd hijacked aircraft took out one side of the Pentagon.

4th hijacked aircraft crashed into a Pennsylvania field bound for some unknown D.C. target.

Hijackers used simple items such as pocketknives and box cutters to hijack the four planes.

2 of the aircraft used 2 of the aircraft used were Boeing 767, the were Boeing 767, the other 2 were Boeing 757. other 2 were Boeing 757.

Security Before and After the Security Before and After the HijackingHijacking

Passengers were able to get pass security items like knives, guns, fireworks, and hazardous chemicals.

Security personnel did their jobs with little scrutiny and even less security.

Once terrorist attacks started happening the FAA shut the skies and airports in the U.S. down.

After attacks After attacks passengers still were passengers still were able to get through able to get through security with security with prohibited items like prohibited items like knives, and in one case, knives, and in one case, plastique explosives plastique explosives hidden within shoes. hidden within shoes. Baggage was still not Baggage was still not thoroughly checked.thoroughly checked.

September 11th SecuritySeptember 11th Security

Hijackers used box Hijackers used box cutters to hijack planes. cutters to hijack planes. It is believed cutters It is believed cutters were hidden in shaving were hidden in shaving kit.kit.

Hijackers got on aircraft Hijackers got on aircraft with no baggage and one with no baggage and one way ticket.way ticket.

Used stolen credit cards Used stolen credit cards to pay for tickets and to pay for tickets and used fake ID’s.used fake ID’s.

In months following 9/11, In months following 9/11, there have been over 100 there have been over 100 documented security breaches documented security breaches or near breaches in US or near breaches in US airports. airports.

Many undercover persons Many undercover persons have by-passed security with have by-passed security with knives, guns, tazers, plastic knives, guns, tazers, plastic explosives, and other explosives, and other prohibited itemsprohibited items

National Guard is placed on National Guard is placed on duty at all major US airports, duty at all major US airports, yet problems still occurring.yet problems still occurring.

Sky marshals were ordered to Sky marshals were ordered to fly more only after 9/11fly more only after 9/11

Was 9/11 Preventable?Was 9/11 Preventable?

Yes..and..no.. There are no Yes..and..no.. There are no official laws regarding carrying official laws regarding carrying of box cutters on a person, of box cutters on a person, however security should have however security should have seen these items. This may seen these items. This may have lead to confiscation.have lead to confiscation.

Security was not what it Security was not what it should have been. The should have been. The machines were inadequate machines were inadequate and overused. Personnel was and overused. Personnel was underpaid and trained. New underpaid and trained. New machines and personnel machines and personnel training have since been training have since been established. established.

The Uncertain Future?The Uncertain Future?

The Transportation Security The Transportation Security AdministrationAdministration

November 2001 saw the creation of the November 2001 saw the creation of the Transportation Security Administration, a part Transportation Security Administration, a part of the Department of Transportation. This of the Department of Transportation. This agency is charged with running a federalized agency is charged with running a federalized security program for aviation, rail, maritime, security program for aviation, rail, maritime, and pipeline transportation.and pipeline transportation.

By 2002, the TSA will have taken over By 2002, the TSA will have taken over complete control of Aviation security. This complete control of Aviation security. This would make all security workers federal would make all security workers federal employees. employees.

The New Federal Security The New Federal Security WorkerWorker

The new federalized security workers will be The new federalized security workers will be able to have same benefits that all federal able to have same benefits that all federal workers have. workers have.

TrainingTraining Set working hours and conditionsSet working hours and conditions High school, or GED required. Some jobs will require previous High school, or GED required. Some jobs will require previous

work experiencework experience Re-current and upgrade training on equipment and how to do Re-current and upgrade training on equipment and how to do

jobjob No overtimeNo overtime Benefits may be available to certain workersBenefits may be available to certain workers Pay based on federal government pay scale for Civil ServantsPay based on federal government pay scale for Civil Servants Better background checks and better persons hired to do jobBetter background checks and better persons hired to do job

TSA: New LawsTSA: New Laws By November 2002, 2200 By November 2002, 2200

bomb detecting machines are bomb detecting machines are to be in use at all Major US to be in use at all Major US airports.airports.

All airlines are to upgrade and All airlines are to upgrade and in some cases redesign their in some cases redesign their ticketing and baggage systems.ticketing and baggage systems.

All airlines will provide a All airlines will provide a completed passenger manifest completed passenger manifest to TSA before each flight to TSA before each flight through electronic means. through electronic means.

By March 2002, all airlines are By March 2002, all airlines are to implement and begin using to implement and begin using new training for airline staff, new training for airline staff, especially pilots and flight especially pilots and flight attendants.attendants.

Baggage is prohibited on Baggage is prohibited on aircraft unless owner is aircraft unless owner is onboard same aircraft, or onboard same aircraft, or onboard aircraft within onboard aircraft within company. (some exceptions company. (some exceptions will be made)will be made)

Background checks for both Background checks for both new and current employees new and current employees of all airlines will be more of all airlines will be more thorough. thorough.

TSA: New TechnologyTSA: New Technology The TSA is looking into use The TSA is looking into use

of “Smart ID” system.of “Smart ID” system. Use of facial profiling Use of facial profiling

system, such as one used system, such as one used at 2001 NFL Super Bowl.at 2001 NFL Super Bowl.

Both are highly Both are highly controversial technologies controversial technologies which can be used for which can be used for wrong reasons, and can wrong reasons, and can violate personal privacy.violate personal privacy.

Use of Cockpit door locks.Use of Cockpit door locks.

SuggestionsSuggestions

Many airports are seeing a shutdown a month Many airports are seeing a shutdown a month because of security breaches. A better system for because of security breaches. A better system for getting passengers through security needs to be getting passengers through security needs to be establishedestablished

Many countries use the “Look for the terrorist” Many countries use the “Look for the terrorist” way, while the US uses the “Look for the terrorists way, while the US uses the “Look for the terrorists weapon” way. Both need to be used in US.weapon” way. Both need to be used in US.

Congress and FAA need to cease procrastination Congress and FAA need to cease procrastination of Aviation upgrades. Only 10% of suggestions of Aviation upgrades. Only 10% of suggestions have even been attempted since 1993. have even been attempted since 1993.

“…“…we will not forget…”we will not forget…”

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