the integumentary system ages/anatomy/skin.jpg
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The Integumentary System
http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/elephants/images/anatomy/skin.jpg
The Integumentary SystemWhat purpose(s) does this system serve?
*Preventing septicemia…
*Preventing tetanic paralysis…
*Preventing cancer…http://thebeautybrains.com/wp-content/
uploads/2007/06/wrinkles-beach.jpg
15% of adult human body weight
The Integumentary SystemWhat purpose(s) does this system serve?
*Preventing dehydration…
*Preventing heat stroke and hypothermia…
*Preventing failure to thrive…
The Integumentary SystemWhat purpose(s) does this system serve?
*Preventing lonely Friday nights…
*Preventing gustatory delights…
*Preventing ataxis…
http://www.ryanphotographic.com/imagesFROG%20005A%20Blue%20dart%20frog.jpg
Where does the skin come from?
*** *
The DermisComprised of Connective tissue…
Fibroblasts and Fibers
What are the most abundant fibers?
How are they arranged?
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/dermis.html
What are plies, warps and weaves?
The DermisConnective tissue layer… Bony and otherwise:
Dermis of vertebrates has a predisposition to form ______.
_______ salts deposited on/around ______________ of the dermis (dermal in origin)
Generally consists of …
Examples of tetrapods with dermal bone?!? http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/anatomical_images/
family_pages/xenarthra/armadillo_shell.jpg
The DermisDermal pigments:
Most organisms have pigmented integument
Responsible cells found in epidermis and dermis
Pigment bearing cells/structures categorized based on color…_____________ (melanin), _____________ (xanthin), _____________ (erythrin), _____________ (guanine)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRSbC6HAgNE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBc-6aj0RJk&NR=1
The DermisDermal pigments:
Chromatophores can regulate ____________ of pigments altering color
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=19-3&File_type=GIF
The DermisDermal pigments:
So how do you explain this?
http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/94/77/22247794.jpg
The EpidermisGeneral features of the epidermis:
* Comprised of …
* ____________ layer between environment and other tissues.
* 2 types non-living coatings…
1)
2)
* Glandular…
____________ in aquatics
____________ in terrestrials
The EpidermisEpidermis of aquatic organisms:
Fishes… Most glands single celled (____________and _____________).
Some multicellular glands (hagfish and lungfish)
Can be protective (______________)
The EpidermisEpidermis of aquatic organisms:
Aquatic amphibians…Mostly ________________ (mucous and granular)
Land going amphibians have …
Can make ______________ for adhesion
Mucous glands can _____________ to form ______ ___________
The EpidermisEpidermis of aquatic organisms:
Some deep sea teleosts have _______________
Epidermal origin “housed” in the dermis
-________________(lens cells)
-________________ (light cells)
-_______________ (pigment cells)
-__________ acting on ________
© Theodore W. Pietsch
The EpidermisEpidermis of aquatic organisms:
Most lack substantial amounts of…
Cornified structures include:
-“______” of lamprey and hagfish
-__________________ of land-going amphibians
-“________” of tadpoles
-_______________ of digits
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms:
Stratified layers gave rise to 2 categories of unique features…
1) Glands
2) Stratum corneum
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms:
Glands fall in 2 main categories based on shape…
1)
2)
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms:
Glands produce their secretions via 3 main modes…
1) Cell membrane (___________)
2) Whole cells and their contents (__________)
3) Cell fragments (___________)
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms:
Mucous glands not abundant… occur in areas with need for lubrication
Why not abundant on terrestrial animals?
What other skin structures would interfere?
What areas need lubrication?
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms:
_________________ found mainly in terrestrial amphibians and reptiles
Can produce __________ and some _____________
Concentrations of “noxious” granular glands found on “warts” and _______________of toads
Lizards have…
Musk or _____________ in turtles and snakes
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms (birds):
Few integumentary glands in birds… however, avian oil glands
___________ gland at rump, large in aquatic birds and some domestic birds
Oil glands also line…
Sometimes found around the…
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals):
2 major types of glands in mammals…
1) ___________ (oil glands)
2) ___________ (sweat glands)
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals):
___________ glands (saccular) usually associated with hair.
Exceptions...
Sebum secreted into hair follicle
Modified (________ glands) in ear canal to secrete cerumen
_______ glands keep conjuctiva moist (plugged = chalazion)
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals):
Sudoriferous glands (coiled tubular glands)
Evaporative cooling primary function of ________ sweat glands
Found in least hairy regions
Some mammals lack sweat glands
Humans have greatest # per cm2
___________ sweat glands involved with secondary sex characteristics
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals):
Scent glands can be sebaceous or sudoriferous
Found in varying locations…
- - - - - -
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals):
_________ glands present in both sexes and derived from a line of ectoderm called the…
This tissue invades the dermis and spreads
Distinct tissue above these glands develops (nipple)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals):
Nipples can be multiple…
-
-
-
-
Different species… different placement
http://www.healthcentral.com/images/ency/fullsize/8659.jpg
The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals):
During lactation, products accumulate in ________ (usually)
Suckling releases milk and ________ facilitates by causing smooth muscle contractions
“Let down” reflex
The EpidermisStratum corneum:
Epidermal scales found only in amniotes.
Squamates (snakes & lizards) thickened corneum except at “_______” areas
Varying forms…
Birds have epidermal scales on areas lacking feathers
What about mammals?
http://www.richard-seaman.com/USA/States/Nevada/ValleyOfFire/Sampler/HornedLizard.jpg
Thick skin
Stratum corneum:
The Epidermis
The EpidermisClaws, hoofs and nails:
Claws appeared in basal amniotes
Tigers have claws… are they homologous to those of Idaho Giant Salamanders?
The EpidermisClaws, hoofs and nails:
Claws, nails and hooves homologous
Similar structure…
*
*
*
Birds can have claws on wings too
Are claws shed or worn down?
http://www.science-art.com/gallery/170/170_8212006165155.jpg
http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/integument.f04/nail.jpg
The EpidermisFeathers:
3 basic types…
*
*
*
Feathers comprised of a quill (calamus), shaft and vanes. Parallel extensions from the shaft barbs are crosslinked with barbules (hooklets and flanges) http://www.explorebiodiversity.com/BIRDS/Adaptations/pics/featherstypes.jpg
The EpidermisFeather development:
_______________ induces overlying ___________ to divide mitotically… resulting bump is called…
Why is presence of papillary vasculature important?
Tall columns form a ____________and push toward tip, becoming barbs
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=1712&rendTypeId=4
The EpidermisFeather development:
When the barbs are still in protective feather sheath it is called a …
At feather maturity… bulk of _________ dies back
________ tissue retracts and then starts over again
Developing feathers push old feathers out
____________
http://climate.uvic.ca/people/ewiebe/eggs/09_may_1.jpg
http://www.catsandcritters.com/newsletter.php
The EpidermisFeather origins:
One hypothesis is that they are derived from _____________… Sinosauropteryx
Early development of ____________ is similar but remaining scenario is not
Some propose they are novel structures
http://www.prehistoria.piwko.pl/Obrazki/sinosauropteryx2.jpg
http://www.gavinrymill.com/dinosaurs/feathers/sinosauropteryx2.jpg
Copy of Science News article on pigments… ?!?!
The EpidermisHair:
Functions of hair…
______________ (underfur and guard hairs)
Sensory (_________)
___________ (spines and quills)
http://www.brownlog.dreamhost.com/scrapbook/1998_09_tacoma/zoo_walrus.jpg
The EpidermisHair morphology:
Similar to feathers in that there is a …
___________has _________________ with much …
__________ is portion under the dermis where cells are dying
__________ is portion of hair that is separate from follicle wall
http://www.haircolorpros.com/images/science_hair1.gif
The EpidermisHair morphology:
Thin outer covering is the ____________
Underlying zone called ____________
Inner pith is the ________
Smooth muscle associated with the follicle and originating in the dermis is the _______________
http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery/FeaturedScience/Hair!.jpg
The EpidermisHorns:
*
*
*
http://www.skullsunlimited.com/graphics/pronghorn_skull.jpg
http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/dbms-witmer/images/Rhino_horn_UV_large.jpg
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/phil_myers/horns_antlers/giraffe.jpg/thumbnail.jpg
The EpidermisBaleen and miscellaneous:
*Toothless whales (___________) rely on baleen to filter fish and/or crustaceans (krill)
*Rattlesnake rattles
*Beaks and combs
*Ischial callosities
*Knee pads
*Tori & apical pads
http://www.coreresearch.org/images/baleen2.jpg
http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/images/gelada_baboon_showing_ischial_callosities.jpghttp://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/452/
photos/diapsids/rattlesnake_rattle.jpg
http://www.peteducation.com/images/articles/tfh_crusty_footpads.jpg
Integuments by TaxaAgnathans:
Epidermis… stratified, unicellular glands, mitotically active throughout
Dermis… thinner than epidermis but dense/tough
http://wupcenter.mtu.edu/education/Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_03/13lamprey_hickey.jpg
Integuments by TaxaCartilaginous fishes:
Epidermis… stratified, _____________ show up
Dermis… ___________ and melanophores
http://www.gla.ac.uk/centres/marinestation/research/bask-shark/shark_gape_450.jpg
Integuments by TaxaBony fishes:
Epidermis… many mucous glands
Dermis… dermal
Integuments by TaxaAmphibians:
Epidermis… stratified, _____________ glands (mucous and granular)
Dermis… attached to ____________ in some, loose in others, presence of ________________
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/149/415329423_cd21aeb1cb_o.jpg
Integuments by TaxaNon-avian reptiles:
Epidermis… stratified, thick stratum corneum (______)
Dermis… tough, some with _______________
Integuments by TaxaBirds:
Epidermis… thin, lacks glands (except uropygial), modified epidermal layers to form feathers (scales)
Dermis… thin, ______________ muscles
Integuments by TaxaMammals:
Epidermis… Distinct strata, variety of ________, _______
Dermis…