the indigenous background history of mexico »“indians” »corn (maize) »maya »tikal »caciques...
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The Indigenous BackgroundHistory of Mexico
» “Indians”
» Corn (Maize)
» Maya
» Tikal
» Caciques
» Zapotecs
» Oaxaca
» Monte Alban
» Mixtecs
» Teotihuacán
» Toltecs
» Quetzalcoatl
» Itza
Chichen Itza
Tula
League of Mayapan
Aztecs
Chichimecas
Nahuatl
Tenochtitlan
Montezuma II
Huitzilopochtli
Yaqui
The Iberian Background
• Reconquest (Reconquista) 711-1492
• Santiago• Inquisition• “Black Legend”• Christopher Columbus• Treaty of Tordesillas • Hispaniola (Santo Domingo)
1493• Diego Velazquez• Hernán (Hernando) Cortes
(Cortez)• Aguilar
• Malinche (Dona Marina)• Quetzalcoatl Legend• Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz• Tenochtitlan• Tlaxcalans• Montezuma II• Panfilo de Narvaez• Pedro de Alvarado• Smallpox• “Noche Triste”• Cuauhtémoc• Encomienda
• Audiencia• Viceroy• Antonio de Mendoza• Cortes (Parliament)• “Devine Right of Kings”• “Obedezco pero no cumplo”• Casa de Contratacion 1503• Council of the Indies 1524• Adelantados• Cabildo• Regidores (councilors)• Alcaldes Ordinarios
(magistrates)• Creoles• Oidores (Judges)
• Peninsulares (“Gachupines”)• Residencia• Presidencias• Captaincies-General• Corregidores• Reparto de Mercancias• Mestizo• Encomienda• Repartimiento• Laws of Burgos 1512• New Laws 1542• Bartolome de las Casas• Aristotle and the American
Indians
Indian Contribution to Modern
Agriculture • Potato*, sweet potato• Tomato• Pumpkin, squash• Peanut, Lima Bean• Kidney bean, chili pepper• Cacao• Agave • Sunflower seed• Pineapple
• Strawberry• Avocado, Papaya• Guava• Cashew • Vanilla bean• Corn*Dyes: Cochineal, IndigoRubber, ChicleDrugs: Coca, quinine,
Curare, TobaccoAnimals: Turkey, Llama, etc.
Bartolomé de las Casas
• Breve Relación (Brief Relation): Tells of Spanish actrocities against the Indians
• 1550-1551 debates whether Indians are
“gente de razón” with Dr. Juan Gines de Sepulveda at the Spanish court.
1544-1555: Bishop of Chiapas Mexico
Colonial Mexico
• Religous orders: Dominicans, Franciscans, Mercedarians, Augustinians, etc.
• Jesuits come later• Syncretism • Real Patrionato• Ecclesiastical Fuero• Freemasonry
• Bourbon Kings (18th Century)
• Charles III (r. 1759-1788)• Intendents• “The Enlightenment”• Rousseau• Locke• Montesquieu• Newton• Adam Smith, Wealth of
Nations• Voltaire
Background to Revolution
• Comparative Revolutions1. United States 1775-1783
• 2. French Revolution 1789
• 3. Haitian Revolution
(St. Dominique)1789-1804
• 4. Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1823
• Social or Political Revolutions?
Iberian Background to Mexican Independence
• Francisco Miranda• Napoleon• Charles IV• Manuel Godoy• Ferdinand VII• Joseph Bonaparte (“Pepe
Botellas”)• Guerilla War (from
“guerilla”-little war in Spanish
• Juntas Para La Defensa de Fernando VII
• Constitution of Cadiz 1812
• Duke of Wellington• Riego Revolt 1820• U.S. proclaims the
“Monroe Doctrine” in 1823 (written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams) starts out as a defensive doctrine by 1880s an offensive one- 1898 Spanish American War- 20th Century US interventions
Comparison of Colonial Brazil with Colonial Mexico
including difference in background to Independence:
• Brazil a backwater of Portuguese Empire
• Lightly Populated• Portugal exerts light
control over Brazil• Black slavery important• Portugese royal family
leads independence• Slavery not ended until
almost the 20th Century
• Mexico crown jewel of Spanish Empire (along with Peru)
• Heavily populated• Spanish control tight• Indian labor important• Mexican Creoles lead
independence• Slavery quickly outlawed
after indpendence