the holocaust: who was behind it all?

The Holocaust – A Written and Visual History / 2

The word “Holocaust” originates from the Greek language words “holos”, which means

whole, and “kaustos”, which means burned, it was originally used to describe a sacrificial

offering burned on an altar. In the last seventy years it has taken on a completely different

meaning in reference to the genocide and mass murder of six million Jews at the hands of Adolf

Hitler and the German Nazi regime during World War II.

Hitler was an Austrian-born anti-Semitic leader who began to rise to power when he became

the leader of the Nazi party.

Previous to this, he served in the German army and became embittered by Germany’s

surrender of World War I, in answer to this, Hitler and a group of supporters stormed a public

meeting of three thousand people at a large beer hall in Munich, announcing that the national

revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government, but after twenty deaths,

the overthrow, known as “Beer Hall Putsch”, failed. Three days later, he was arrested and tried

for high treason, serving a year in prison, during which, he dictated most of the first volume of

“Mein Kampf” to Rudolf Hess, his deputy. This book was

the outlook of Hitler’s plans for turning German society into

one based on race, it outlined the fact that he blamed the

Jews for losing the war. He saw them as a threat to a pure

German community, his vision for Germany’s future, the

Aryan race. The Aryan race was Hitler’s theory for a

“Germanic master race”, these people were pure-blood

German and ideally blonde-haired, blue-eyed and physically

fit. This idea was the fuel of the creation of what the word

“Holocaust” is defined as in modern times; the mass murder

and genocide of millions of Jews, and other persecuted

groups, under the German Nazi regime during the period

from 1941-1945.

Aryan


The Nazis were racists and believed that the German race was superior to all others. Hitler

was excellent at speaking in front of crowds and by early 1921, the crowds he spoke in front of

were ever-growing, coming to a crowd of over six thousand in Munich after he had sent out

supporters to publicize the meeting. His

popularity was growing, mainly because of

his wild outbursts against the Treaty of

Versailles, rival politicians and political

groups, which generally included Marxists

and most specifically, the Jews. Although

his popularity was inevitable, the executive

committee that ran the Nazi Party had

begun to consider Hitler as highly

controlling and overbearing. While he was away, travelling around Germany to promote the Nazi

Party, the executive committee formed an alliance with a group of socialists from Augsburg to

weaken Hitler’s position. When he returned, facing a revolt within his party, he resigned to

counter the attack. He took advantage of the realization that without him there would be no Nazi

Party, announcing that he would return on the condition that he was made chairman and given

dictatorial powers. The enraged committee did all in their power to make Hitler take back his

conditions, but eventually backed down and the conditions were put to vote. He won, five

hundred and forty-three votes to one.

A few years after, he was elected Chancellor of Germany, in 1933. After the political

elections of the 5th of March that year, the Nazis began an organized takeover of all the state

governments throughout Germany, ending the tradition of local independence. Armed followers

were sent into local government offices to throw out legitimate office holders and replace them

with Nazi Reich commissioners. With this action, the Nazi Party took over Germany, with Hitler

becoming head of state.

A short time after coming into this role he introduced new laws discriminating against Jewish

people who lived in the areas that he was in control of, these laws included the ban of Jewish

Adolf Hitler


children from going to school, and the inability to keep pets or a bicycle. It was his belief that the

Jewish race was a problem that needed to be exterminated, a “Final Solution”, his solution for

this is what we know today as the Holocaust.

One of Hitler’s colleagues was Heinrich

Himmler, the Reich Leader of the SS of the

Nazi party from 1929-1945. He controlled

an enormous political and organizational

empire that defined him as the second most

powerful man in Germany during WWII.

He had responsibility for the security of the

Nazi empire and single handedly oversaw

the implementation of the “Final Solution”, the plan of massacre. Within just five years of Nazi

control, Himmler had built an unquestionable position for the SS by taking control of the

German police forces, by late 1934, he had control of each of the state political police

departments in Germany and created a “headquarters” in a single agency in Berlin, the Secret

State Police.

“The Final Solution” was the effort exerted by the German Nazi regime to exterminate certain

groups because of their racial inferiority. The groups that were mainly targeted include:

European Jews, gypsies, the disabled, Slavic people, Communists, Socialists, Jehovah’s

Witnesses and homosexuals. People part of these groups had slight chance of survival during

WWII, most of these people were tossed into concentration camps or ghettos established by the

National Socialist government and the German collaborators. Following the invasion of the

Soviet Union in June 1941, Nazi authorities had German SS and police units deport millions of

Jews from Germany and its allies to extermination camps with new, specially developed gassing

chambers.

Heinrich Himmler and Hitler


There were many groups that experienced the Holocaust first-hand, two of these were the

Jews and the gypsies.

German Jews During the Holocaust

In January 1933, at least five hundred and twenty-two thousand Jews lived in Germany. Over

half of these people emigrated during the first six years of the rule of the Nazi Regime, this is

approximately three hundred and four thousand, which left only about two hundred and fourteen

thousand Jews in the country on the night before WWII.

From 1933-1939, during the Nazi dictatorship, radical changes had been brought to social,

economic and communal aspects of the German Jewish community. The previous six years of

Nazi rule had completely belittled the Jewish religion, revoking citizenships, expelling from

professions and denying basic human rights. By early 1939, only around sixteen percent of

Jewish people had any kind of steady employment, most had been taken to concentration camps,

taken during the arrests of the repercussion of Kristallnacht in November the year before.

The outbreak of the war saw new restrictions for the German Jewish community which

included strict curfews, and banning from certain areas in German cities. Because of the war

food was rationed, Jews receiving even further reduced rations and further rulings limited the

time periods they could buy food and other supplies in, with restricted access to stores, Jewish

households often faced shortages of basic items such as food and toiletries. It was also demanded

by the German authorities that Jews surrender property useful to the war, such as radios,

bicycles, cameras, electrical appliances and other valuables to resident bureaucrats. In 1941, a

new law was implemented that Jews could no longer use public transport, and soon after another

law was passed that all Jews from the age of six were to wear the yellow Star of David on their

outermost layer of clothing. Ghettos were not officially established in Germany, but strict

regulations and compulsory forced labour led to vast similarities.


By early 1943, the last major deportations of German Jews to concentration camps had been

underway and an ordinance had taken place, removing the German Jewish population from the

protection of German law, placing them under the direct authority of the Reich Security Main

Office. By this time, the majority of the remaining Jews had already been sent directly to death

camps, and initially, German Jewish war veterans, elderly Jews over the age of sixty-five, Jews

living in mixed marriages with Aryans and the offspring of those marriages were exempt from

deportations to ghettos, concentration camps and death camps. This no longer applied nearing

the end of the Holocaust, all these people were deported to ghettos and then to killing centres.

In total, the Germans and their allies killed approximately between one hundred and sixty

and one hundred and eighty thousand German Jews in the Holocaust, including most who

deported out of Germany.

Inge Auerbacher

Inge was the only child of Berthold and Regina Auerbacher, born on

the 31st of December, 1934, in Kippenheim, Germany. He parents were

very religious Jews, living in a village in south-western Germany. They

were a fairly wealthy family, they lived in a large house with seventeen

rooms, and also had servants to help with housework.

On the night of Kristallnacht, rocks were thrown at their house and all

of the windows were broken and Inge’s father and grandfather were

arrested, while she, her mother and her grandmother hid in a shed until all was quiet. When they

came out, it was found that all the Jewish men in the town had been taken to a concentration

camp, Dachau, but were allowed to return in a few weeks, unfortunately Inge’s grandfather died

of a heart attack.

A couple of years later Inge and her family were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto in

Czechoslovakia and had everything taken from them, apart from the clothes they were wearing,

when they arrived. Everyone was very poor in the ghetto, potatoes were as valuable as diamonds,

hunger and sickness took their toll on Inge. For the three years she live here, the three birthday


presents she received from her parents were: a tiny potato cake with a tiny amount of sugar, an

outfit for her doll, which was sewn out of rags, and a poem which her mother wrote.

At the end of the war, Inge and her parents were liberated from the ghetto, which they had

spent three years, and emigrated to America shortly after.

Gypsies

From the period from 1939-1945, European gypsies (Roma) were also singled out as one of

the inferior races and targeted by the Nazis. Although they received support from non-Nazi

Germans, their fate was deemed to be quite like the Jews’. The German authorities subjected the

gypsies to imprisonment, forced labour and genocide, tens of thousands of gypsies were

murdered in German-occupied countries and even more in death camps.

The German authorities deported some of the gypsies to camps in Poland, in which they had

to live and work in extremely harsh conditions that in most cases proved fatal. Gypsies who lived

in ghettos were often gassed along with the Jews in gas vans. There were exemptions for some

gypsy categories, these included people of “pure Gypsy blood” who did not behave like gypsies,

and people (and their families) who were involved in the German military. These exemptions

protected between five and fifteen thousand gypsies from prosecution, although local authorities

often ignored these exemptions and some even seized deported gypsie soldiers who had been

serving in the German army, while they were home on leave.

The precise number of gypsies who were murdered during the Holocaust is not known, the

estimate is that the Germans killed around a quarter of the European gypsies, which is about two

hundred and twenty.


Joseph Muscha Mueller

Joseph was born in 1932, in Bitterfeld, Germany, to gypsy parents and

for a reason which is unknown, he was raised in an orphanage for the

first one-and-a-half years of his life. Around the time of his birth,

approximately twenty-six thousand gypsies lived in Germany, and

although they were mostly German citizens, they were often subject to

discrimination and harassment.

At the age of one-and-a-half, Joseph was taken into foster care by a

family who lived in Halle, which was twenty miles from Bitterfeld. This was the year the Nazis

came to power. When he was in school, Joseph was often blamed for pranks and other

misbehaviour, which he was beaten for. He was also teased by the other students who were

members of the Hitler Youth movement.

At the age of twelve, Joseph was taken from his classroom by the German authorities, who

told him he had appendicitis and needed surgery immediately, and when he protested he was

beaten and taken into a surgery room where he was sterilised (legalised sterilisation of “asocials”

by Nazi law). After recovering, the intention was for him to be deported to a concentration camp,

but his foster father had managed to have him smuggled from the hospital and hidden.

Joseph hid in a garden shed for five months, surviving the remainder of the war.


“Kristallnacht” is German for “night of broken glass”, it was a massive, synchronized attack

on Jews belonging to the German Reich on the night of the 9th of November, 1938, that followed

into the next day.

The fuel for this attack was a disruption in Paris, when seventeen year old Herschel

Grynszpan shot dead a member of the German Embassy staff, in retaliation to the ill-treatment of

his suffering family in Germany. In response to this, Grynszpan’s family and fifteen thousand

other Polish Jews were sent out of Germany, without warning and dumped at the Polish border.

Hitler used the shooting as an opportunity to attack the Jewish population in Germany and allied

countries.

On the night of November 9th , Nazi storm troopers invaded cities and towns in all German-

controlled areas with the SS and Hitler Youth. The start of it was just smashing windows of

Jewish properties. By the end, many Jews had been murdered, beaten, buildings had been

wrecked, and Jewish women and children brutalized.

All over Germany and

other controlled areas,

Jewish shopfronts had all be

smashed in and everything

inside destroyed.

Synagogues were also a

large target, hundreds were

methodically burned and the

sacred Torah scrolls were

defaced.


The following day, thousands of Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps,

where they were often abused and randomly chosen to be beaten to death by the SS guards.

The countries not necessarily allied with Germany were now reacting in shock and outrage,

negative publicity involving Hitler and the Nazis filled newspapers and was a main topic in

radio. All this served to isolate Nazi Germany from the civilised nations and to attempt to

weaken the ideas of Nazi supporters, the United States of America also permanently recalled its

ambassador.

Kristallnacht was incidentally how the mass murder of the Holocaust began.


Hitler did not come up with the idea of confining Jews to ghettos, for centuries, Jews had

faced discrimination, being forced to live in designated areas. Having to live in ghettos was not a

big problem for them, religiously, Judaism encouraged them to live in close vicinity to each

other, starvation and disease was more of an issue. The living conditions consisted of: rundown

housing, appalling sanitary conditions, no sewage system, limited access to running water,

insufficient, undernourishing food quality, and the lack of medicinal supplies and facilities. Most

deaths were caused by starvation, disease, and exhaustion.

The first ghettos were never supposed to be permanent, it was just a step to contain Jews

while the “Final Solution” was underway. The ghettos in small towns were the most temporary

measure used, and generally, were not sealed off, unlike lager city ghettos, which were closed in

with brick or stone walls, with barbed wire defining the boundaries. Guards were placed at each

gate or opening, if a Jew attempted to leave, the penalty was death. In total, there were three

hundred and fifty-six ghettos established is Nazi-occupied Europe between 1939 and 1945,

ranging in

population size from

just a few families to

approximately four

hundred and forty-

five thousand in the

Warsaw ghetto.

Ghettos had become

transition areas, used

as collection points

for deportation to

killing centres and

concentration camps.


The German authorities controlled the food supply, and anyone found trying to increase their

ration by smuggling would surely face death. Nevertheless, to stay alive, the people who lived in

the ghettos would pay any price to obtain extra food to support their families.

Many of the ghetto inhabitants were from the local area, or neighbouring villages. These

people resisted dehumanisation. This meant that parents would still continue to educate their

children, although it was considered an illegal activity, they also held secret religious services

and attempted to celebrate Jewish holidays.

The Nazis undertook to discharge the ghettos as they began to fully implement the “Final

Solution” in 1942. There were massive deportations of Jews to concentration and death camps,

this continued until 1944, almost all of the ghettos had been emptied.


Auschwitz is one of the most well-

known concentration camps that was built during the Holocaust. It has become a symbol of

Genocide and mass murder at the hands of Nazi Germany. It was established by the Germans in

1940, in the suburbs of Oswiecim, a Polish city that was occupied by the Nazis, who changed its

name to Auschwitz.

The main reason for the construction of Auschwitz was the fact that mass arrests were

increasing beyond the capacity of the existing prisons. To begin with, it was to be just another

concentration camp, functioning through this role throughout its existence, also becoming the

largest death camp in 1942.

Auschwitz did not just house Jews. There were many other categories of people who were

deported to the camp, these include Poles, gypsies, Soviet prisoners of war, Jehovah’s Witnesses,

other ethnic groups and homosexuals. Upon arrival to Auschwitz, the prisoners who were not

Jewish were marked with a system of triangles, with a different colour triangle for which group

they belong to. For example gypsies were marked with a black triangle, Jehovah’s Witnesses

were marked with a purple triangle and homosexuals were marked with a pink triangle. Jewish

prisoners were tattooed with a number, this was their identification.

Auschwitz was opened in former Polish army barracks, which were twenty brick buildings,

six two-story and fourteen single-story. These buildings had to be adapted to house thousands of

prisoners, who of which built the rest of the complex, which ended to be forty square kilometre

of twenty-eight two-story blocks. The area in which these blocks resided was divided into three

sections: Auschwitz I (the base camp and central office), Auschwitz II (Birkenau), and

Auschwitz III (Monoscwitz with the sub-camp and buna). The two-story blocks were designed to

hold seven hundred people, but in actual fact housed up to one thousand, two hundred.


Auschwitz camp layout


During the first several months, these blocks contained no furniture whatsoever, prisoners

slept on straw-stuffed mattresses on the floor, piling them in the corner of the room each

morning. The rooms were so crowded that the prisoners had to sleep on their sides, in three rows.

By 1941, three-tiered bunks were the new sleeping arrangements, which were only supposed to

sleep three prisoners, but in reality they slept more. Insects and vermin also shared the beds. Bed

bugs, lice and rats were all common in the poor living arrangements and many prisoners would

wake up to find the person they were sleeping next to dead.

In the first few months, before adequate facilities had been put in, the prisoners drew their

own water from a well and relieved themselves in temporary outdoor facilities. The newer

facilities included twenty-two toilets, urinals and basins in each building, with restricted access.

Before sunrise, the prisoners were awoken from their sleeping quarters for roll call, after

making their beds, which consisted of a small, thin blanket and a mattress made of wooden

boards. An unsatisfactory job would lead to punishment from the guard. Roll consisted of the

entire camp standing, for up to four hours, in their striped uniforms and with no protection from

Sleeping quarters in the women’s barracks


the weather. Some of the extremely weak and sick prisoners died during roll call. Roll call was

also used as a punishment for the wrongdoing of one prisoner, it lasts all night long and includes

beatings and shootings.

The majority of breakfasts consisted of ten ounces of bread with a small piece of salami or

one ounce of margarine and tasteless coffee, with no sugar. Directly after breakfast, the prisoners

would get to work. Everyone on specific groups, escorted by armed guards to ensure that no

prisoner escaped. The inmates were treated more like animals than humans by the Nazi soldiers,

this was revealed when the camp was liberated, discovering their attempts to destroy all

evidence.


During the Holocaust several German medical professionals participated in criminal medical

experiments on the prisoners of the concentration camp. The originators and implementers of

these experiments were Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Grawitz (the chief physician of the SS), and

Wolfram Sievers (Military-scientific research institute director). These experiments were painful

and often deadly.

There were three categories of experiments conducted on prisoners.

The first category consist of experiments aimed at extending the survival of military soldiers.

Physicians from the German air force and from the German Experimental Institution for

Aviation conducted high-altitude experiments, using a low-pressure chamber, to determine the

maximum altitude from which crews can parachute to safety from damaged aircraft. Freezing

experiments were also carried out to find and effective treatment for hypothermia.

The second category targeted developing and testing treatments and treatment methods for

injuries and illnesses which German military and occupation personnel faced in the field.

Immunisations were tested for the prevention of contagious diseases including malaria, typhus,

tuberculosis, typhoid fever, yellow fever, and infectious hepatitis. Bone-grafting experiments and

experiments to test the effects of newly developed drugs as antidotes also took place.

The third pursued to prove the racial and ethical beliefs of the Nazi view of the world.

Experiments were conducted on twins to see if an Aryan woman could give birth to twins who

would definitely be both blonde-haired and blue-eyed. Experiments were conducted on gypsies

to determine how different races withstood diseases. The most well-known for experiments with

twins was Josef Mengele, and educated, experienced medical researcher.


The illegal experimentation tainted the

names of the German physiologists and trampled

medical ethics, many people disgusted at what

had occurred when it was discovered at the end

of the war.

Mengele tried to create Siamese twins by sewing twins together


The trial of the “major” German war criminals held in Nuremberg, Germany are the most

well-known war crime trials held after WWII. The leading officials of the Nazi regime were put

on trial before the International Military Tribunal, before judges from Great Britain, France, the

Soviet Union and the United States. Twenty-two Germans were tried as major war criminals on

charges of conspiracy (to commit crimes alleged in the next three counts), crimes against peace

(including planning, preparing, starting or waging aggressive war), war crimes (including

violations of laws or customs of war), and crimes against humanity (including murder,

extermination, enslavement, persecution on political or racial grounds, involuntary deportment,

and inhumane acts against civilian populations). Its permanent legacy included the deliberate

congress of a public record of the horrific crimes, in particular those of the Holocaust, committed

by the Germans and their co-workers during WWII.

The

prosecutors from the United States decided that the record

Nazi Germany left was the best evidence against the German

war criminals, their intension was to let their own words

The accused and their defence attorneys at the International Military Tribunal courtroom.


prosecute them. The majority of the defendants claimed that they were unknowing pawns who

just followed Hitler’s orders, however, there was significant evidence in the form of medias such

as propaganda films and photographs, and extensive paperwork which documented the mass

murders and other crimes. There was also films shown, which were taken by the Allies after

liberation along with hardware items such as a shrunken head of an inmate and a lampshade

made from tattooed human skin (just one example of what human skin was made from).

Although the Germans had destroyed some of the evidence and some more was destroyed in the

allied bombings, more than three thousand tons of records were submitted at the Nuremberg

trials, and in many following years, a total of ninety-two volumes of finding aids were published

from this.

Where many files had been destroyed, the Allies were still able to reconstruct events and

operations from the records which were salvaged. A lot of the files which had been destroyed by

the Germans were copied and kept elsewhere, and these copies were found usually at secret

police offices across Germany. Nazi Germany’s persistent filming and photographing itself

turned into significant evidence, it almost seemed that they were so proud of what they were

doing, it had to be documented, this included military invasions, operations against Jews and

other civilians, public humiliation, deportation, mass murder and confinement in concentration

camps. These films turned into hard evidence against them during the trials, the Allies had

worked determinedly to locate, collect and organise the media record. On the 29th of November,

1945, the Holocaust was brought into the courtroom when an hour-long film of the Nazi

concentration camps was introduced. This visual evidence caused a huge impact on the trial and

was the turning point when all assembled just sat in silence.

Much of what we know about the Holocaust today is from the testimonies from offenders

and survivors, this includes the details of Auschwitz death machinery, slaughters committed by

the Nazis, the destruction of the Warsaw ghetto, and the statistical estimation of the murder of

six million Jews. Most of the perpetrator who were still alive after the war were interrogated, and

none denied the Holocaust, but did try to put the responsibility on others. Three individuals were

completely open about the Holocaust and didn’t deny anything, Hermann Goring testified openly


and bluntly about the persecution of German Jews from the Nazi party’s rise to power in 1933

until the outbreak of the war in 1939; Otto Ohlendorf gave evidence directly about his unit,

which killed ninety thousand Jews in the southern Ukraine in 1941; and Rudolf Hoess, the

commandant of Auschwitz, spoke truthfully about the gassing of more than one million Jews at

Auschwitz killing centre. These three were all high up in Nazi Germany and all of them claimed

that they carried out the legitimate orders of the state.

The testimonies of the survivors was the best antidote to the denial of the Holocaust from the

perpetrators. These survivors directly experienced genocidal treatment by the Nazis, and their

testimonies were so personal and compelling, there was no doubt whose testimony was most

truthful.

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the holocaust: who was behind it all?

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