The Holocaust

The HolocaustEQ: How is genocide and other acts of mass violence humanly possible?4/18Warning:Todays lesson contains disgusting, brutal and offensive material.But there is nothing pretty about genocide.1. What is Genocide?deliberate actions taken to destroy or exterminate a group of people based on race/religion/ethnicity

2. Holocaust Victims6 million Jews1.5 million children under 12

5 million others undesirables

11 Million Killed

4SLIDE 5 HOLOCAUST VICTIMS

HOW DOES THIS HAPPEN?It starts with small biases..Have you ever been participated in stereotyping?Made fun of someone different from you?Laughed at a racial joke?

Acts of Subtle BiasActs of PrejudiceActs of DiscriminationActs of ViolenceActs of Extreme ViolenceGenocideSpectrum of HatredLeast Harmful

Most Harmful3. ANTI-SEMITISMThis is a dislike of Jewish people

For hundreds of years Christian Europe had regarded the Jews as the Christ -killers. At one time or another Jews had been driven out of almost every European country. In 1275 they were made to wear a yellow badgeIn 1287 269 Jews were hanged in the Tower of London.

Increase in Anti-Semitism Feelings After the First World War hundreds of Jews were blamed for the defeat in the War. Prejudice against the Jews grew during the economic depression which followed. Many Germans were poor and unemployed and wanted someone to blame. They turned on the Jews, many of whom were rich and successful in business.

Germany at the end of WWIGermany was a defeated nationPeace Treaty requirementsStock Market Crash

These conditions allow Hitler to come to power

9SLIDE 9 CONDITIONS IN GERMANY AT END OF WW1 AND MAP OF GERMANY/EUROPE Germany was a defeated nation the peace treaty (Treaty of Versailles) required Germany to pay large sums of money to each country they fought. The result was a large debt. The government/economy of Germany had to be rebuilt. It was a difficult period in German history because the people had no jobs and poverty was very common. When people are desperate, they look for 2 things: (1) strong leadership that promises improvement of their situation, and (2) a scapegoat on which to blame their situation. A scapegoat is someone who bears the blame for others even though it is not their fault. Then, the Stock Market crashed in 1929. The world as a whole was hit by the serious depression. In Germany in 1929, 1 million people were out of work; 1930, two million people were out of work, and by 1933, six million people were out of work.

Photo credit: USHMM Photo Archives Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives Adolf Hitler10SLIDE 10 PICTURES OF HITLER AND SOUND(must click for sound)

Adolf Hitler, who had wanted to be a painter but was turned down by the Vienna Academy of the Arts, liked to talk to people, and, in 1919, he organized the National Socialistic German Workers Party, Nazi for short. The words Nazis and German do not mean the same thing A German is someone who is a native of the country of Germany like a U.S. citizen. A Nazi is a member of a political party like a Democrat or Republican. Hitler used fear to control the German people. Hitler created a secret police force (S.S.) known for its brutal tactics and having absolute power over people. The S.S. would give rewards to informers for aiding the regime or those who betrayed their fellow Germans. Hitler was a dynamic speaker he could speak for 2-3 hours before thousands of people. Propaganda spreading ideas and information to deliberately further ones cause can include lies.

1936 OlympicsGerman citizens salute Adolf Hitler at the 1936 Olympics in Berlincourtesy of USHMM Photo Archives 11SLIDE 16 PICTURES OF 1936 OLYMPICS 3 short years after Hitler became Germanys dictator he has strong allegiance of the German People. Olympics were held in Berlin and Hitler made sure that his champion athletes were examples of his Aryan nation. An African-American named Jesse Owens defeated Hitlers prized athletes in the Track and Field events, winning 4 gold medals including the 400 meter relay. Interestingly enough, the only reason why Jesse Owens ran in the relay was because American officials pulled all of our Jewish-American athletes as to not offend the Nazi party.

Rise of the Nazi Partycourtesy of USHMM Photo Archives Hitlers PromisesBetter lifeGermany will again be A great nationRacial purityAryan race is the bestHitler Youth Parade.

12SLIDE 11 RISE OF NAZI PARTY Hitler talked about 3 things. Economy promised people they would all have jobs, they would then have money, and life would be much better. Germany would once again become a prosperous nation and take its place among the nations of the world. Racial purity he believed that the Aryan people were superior people. An Aryan, according to Hitler, was a native-born German; who was white, blond, blue-eyed, handsome and very intelligent. Interestingly enough, Hitler was physically the opposite dark hair and dark eyes. Hitler thought the Aryan people were the people who were going to rule Germany and eventually the world. Hitler would then talk about those people he considered to be inferior people, and the Jews were at the top of the list. Jews made up less than 1% of the total population of Germany, yet Hitler blamed the Jews for everything bad that happened to Germany (World War I, and the bad economy.) The Jews became Hitlers scapegoats. Anti-Semiticism hatred of anything or anyone Jewish.

As Nazis slowly became more powerful, they began passing laws limiting the freedom of Jews.

4. The Nuremberg Laws legalized discrimination id cards and Js on passports curfews Forced to wear yellow stars You have no right to live among us as Jews.

Photo credits: Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

KristallnachtNight Of Broken Glass

15SLIDE 17 KRISTALLNACHT - Sound of breaking glass automatically plays.Night of Crystal or Night of Broken Glass a government organized riot. A form of terrorism. Kristallnacht was the name given to the first major attack on the Jewish population of Germany and Austria on November 9-10, 1938. The proclaimed objective of the Nazi regime was to rid Europe of its Jewish population. In November 1938, following the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris by a young Jewish student trying desperately to help his parents obtain visas to return to their homeland, all synagogues in Germany were set on fire, windows of Jewish shops were smashed, and thousands of Jews were arrested. The Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht) was a signal to Jews in Germany and Austria to leave as soon as possible. Several hundred thousand people were able to find refuge in other countries, but a similar number, including many who were old or poor, stayed to face an uncertain fate. November 8, 1938, at an annual celebration at a beer hall, Hitler was overheard telling Goebbels, Hitlers Chief of Propaganda, that the SA should have a fling The event was described as a spontaneous outrage of German anger against the Jewish population because of the murder of the German diplomat. It also served as proof that the Jews were depicted honestly in the Nazi propaganda campaign. Nazi offices all over Germany were given specific details as to what to do during this progrom: burn synagogues, smash windows of Jewish businesses, ransack Jewish businesses and homes, and arrest all Jewish males, taking them to concentration camps. Over one hundred Jews were killed that night; others were subjected to torture. An estimated 20,000 children were left homeless and fatherless by the destruction of Kristallnacht and imprisonment of Jewish men. 5. Kristallnacht

Govt sponsored riotNazi party members and government officials Destroyed synagogues, Jewish homes and businessesRioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Many synagogues burned throughout the night, in full view of the public and of local firefighters, who had received orders to intervene only to prevent flames from spreading to nearby buildings. SA and Hitler Youth members across the country shattered the shop windows of an estimated 7,500 Jewish-owned commercial establishments, and looted their wares. Jewish cemeteries became a particular object of desecration in many regions 6. Forced RelocationsJews were rounded up and forced to leave their homesFirst they were sent to ghettosThen to concentration campsAnd to killing centersYou have no right to live among us.

Family being forced into Ghettos18SLIDE 21 FAMILY BEING FORCED INTO GHETTOS The Nazi policy quickly changed and instead of forcing Jews to emigrate, the policy became one of annihilation. Def. To reduce to nothing, to destroy. The Nazis began to roundup Jews throughout Europe. The victims were first put in ghettos and told that when labor camps were built, they would be resettled in special work areas. Ghettos were located in Eastern Europe, and they were located in the poorest section of the city. Ghettos were enclosed either with a brick wall or barbed wire fence. Entire neighborhoods set up to be similar to prisons/jails with armed guards at all gates.

Prisoners arriving at the camps

19SLIDE 26 - PRISONERS ARRIVING AT CAMPTrain whistle sound automatically plays.

Trains were greeted by a Nazi commander, who held the power of life or death. Commanders would instruct the soldiers how to separate people as they were taken off the train. Suitcases taken away and valuables confiscated.

20SLIDE 28 - MAP OF CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND KILLING CENTERSThe slide will automatically place swastikas on the concentration camps and skull/crossbones on the killing centers (also referred to as death camps and extermination camps). There were two kinds of concentration camps: "extermination" and "labor" camps. There were ultimately seven extermination and 10,000 labor camps. This map only shows the major camps The extermination camps were designed for the sole purpose of killing people, mainly Jews. The extermination camps (i.e., Auschwitz, Treblinka, etc.) were all located in Poland. None were located in Germany. The Nazis needed a fast method for the mass killings of the Jews. These were the only camps with the gassing chambers. However, many of the camps such as the labor camps had crematoriums. Prisoners in a labor or work camp (Dachau, Buchenwald, etc.) were worked to death or used in medical experiments.

Entrance to AuschwitzWork will set you freeAuschwitz was the largest concentration camp complex. Located in Poland21SLIDE 27 - CAMP ENTRANCE: "ARBEIT MACHT FREI Work Will Set You Free

Above the gated-entry into the camp was a slogan - "Arbeit Macht Frei" which means "Work will set you free." While the Nazis did use some prisoners as slave laborers, killing was the major goal of this camp. Another mind game example. Once they were separated by sex, the victims waited in long lines to be checked by a doctor. He decided who would go to the gas chambers. Old people, sick people, women with children under 14, and all pregnant women were told to remove their clothing and then they were led to the shower rooms which were actually the gassing chambers. Guards threw canisters into the "showers" which exploded. At the end of 15 minutes, if the guard saw no one standing, doors were opened, bodies removed and an exhaust fan cleaned the bad air before the next group of people were brought in. Before the bodies were taken to the crematorium, a person's head was shaved and all dental work was removed. Then the bodies were placed in the ovens to burn.7. Concentration CampsWhere Jews were sentWork campsFaced disease, starvation, and harsh conditionsCrowded Conditions

23SLIDE 29 - LIVING CONDITIONS WITHIN THE CAMP The young, the healthy, and those with skills needed by camp officials were sent to a camp. In the camp, their heads were shaved and they were herded into overcrowded barracks. They were assigned a number and a uniform that looked like a black and white striped pajama. In Auschwitz, a number was tattooed on the prisoner's forearm. Men and women were assigned to different barracks. Everyone had a job. Many prisoners were assigned jobs in factories built near the camps. The factories produced items essential for the war effort. Hair that was shaved from victims was used to stuff mattresses or pillows; gold removed from both living and dead prisoners was melted into bricks; any other metal was sent to the factory to be made into bullets. Camp rules were strict - a prisoner has to obey or he was punished or killed. Many times the guards were sadistic - they could punish a prisoner any way they chose and nobody cared. When prisoners were fed, they were given bread made from sawdust and one bowl of vegetable broth made from rotten vegetables. All punishments were cruel and inhumane. Some prisoners were whipped, others were hung by their arms and left for long periods of time.

24SLIDE 30 - OLDER MAN WITH TATTOO

This is a photo of a survivor, showing the tattoo with which he received while at Auschwitz.

Even the very young25SLIDE 32 - YOUNG BABY WITH TATTOO

Notice that this baby has a tattoo.

Because most children were immediately killed, it is likely this baby was part of a study that used twins for experiments preformed by Nazi doctors.

Shoes

26SLIDE 34 - PILE OF SHOES, PEOPLE SORTING

Note the mass amount.

After liberation, an Allied soldier displays a stash of gold wedding rings taken from victims at Buchenwald.Bales of hair shaven from women at Auschwitz, used to make felt-yarn.27THESE PICTURES SHOW WHAT THEY WANTED.WERE THE NAZI'S NOT WORRIED ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS?

DID THEY NOT THINK ABOUT WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IF ALLIED COUNTRIES DISCOVERED WHAT WAS HAPPENING? You have no right to live !

Photo credit: Leopold Page Photographic Collection 28SLIDE 15 YOU HAVE NO RIGHT TO LIVE.Sent to concentration camps and/or death camps.

Jewish women, some holding infants, are forced to wait in a line before their execution by Germans and Ukrainian collaborators. 29MASS EXECUTION USING A FIRING SQUAD WAS COMMON.THESE WOMEN HAVE BEEN ORDERED TO REMOVE EVERYTHING, CLOTHES, JEWELLERY, EVEN WEDDING RINGS AND ARE BEING FORCED TO LINE UP AND WAIT FOR THEIR TURN TO BE KILLED.SOME TIME LATER...

A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive in the ravine after the mass execution.

30THEY HAVE BEEN ORDERED TO LIE, FACE DOWN ON THE GROUND AND HAVE BEEN SHOT.THE GERMAN POLICEMAN IS SHOOTING INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE ESCAPED DEATH FROM THE INITIAL ROUND OF BULLETS.THIS IS HORRIFIC BUT WE CANNOT SEE THE INDIVIDUAL FACES OF THOSE KILLED, WE DON'T REALLY KNOW WHO THEY ARE OR WHAT THEY REALLY LOOKED LIKE.SO TAKE A LOOK AT THIS NEXT PICTURE...

Nazis sift through a huge pile of clothes left by victims of the massacre.Two year old Mani Halefs clothes are somewhere amongst these.

31GIVES SOME IDEA OF THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE.BUT WHY DID THE NAZI WANT THEM TO REMOVE THEIR CLOTHES?WHAT DID THEY WANT WITH THEIR JEWELLERY, CLOTHES, EVEN HAIR?Photo credit: German National Archives

32SLIDE 31 - PILE OF BODIES AND VICTIM OF EXPERIMENT Scores of Nazi doctors and medical researchers were given permission to carry out medical experiments on people in the camp where specially equipped laboratories were built. Dr. Josef Mengele, "Angel of Death," was in charge of the staff, which performed the medical experiments in the name of scientific research. The experiments were a form of torture because none were done using anesthesia. Children as well as adults were used in experiments. People were injected with terrible diseases; organs were removed, and some experiments were done for specific reasons. For example, men were placed in cold water to see how long they could live before they succumbed to hypothermia. This experiment provided the Nazis with a time limit on how long their pilots could survive in water if they were shot down over the Baltic or North Sea. Every experiment was documented.

Smoke rises as the bodies are burned34NO.MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE MURDERED GREW ESPECIALLY HIGH, NAZIS BURNED THE BODIES. SO WHAT OTHER METHODS WERE USED TO SYSTEMATICALLY MURDER THESE PEOPLE?8. DehumanizationCrushes the spirit of the victimsProtects the perpetrators from feeling guilty

6 Million Jews KilledThats 1/3 of the entire Jewish populationWorst recorded case of genocideYet many Germans claimed to know nothing about itAll that is necessary for evil to triumph is when good men do nothing.Weve learned our lesson, right?These acts of evil that allowed the Holocaust to happen havent been repeated?Wrong!

8. Genocide in Recent TimesRwanda 1994Kosovo 1998The Darfur region of SudanRight now

Where is this?

Genocide in Darfur SudanArab militias called the Janjaweed are killing the black Sudanese in DarfurJanjaweed is supported by the Govt

Over 400,000 killedMore than 2 million are living in Refugee camps Refugeeone who flees their home for safety reasons

What problems do you think they face?

Rwanda

Conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis exploded in violence in April 1994 when Hutu Presidents was killed in airplane crash100 Days of Horror

800,000 massacred11% of the population250,000 women and young girls raped50% infected with HIV

To break that down5 people dead2 women violatedEvery minute Of Every hourOf Every dayFor 100 days straightWhile the international community did NOTHINGWheres the Love?Homework: Reflection/SummaryPlease write on SEPARATE Page (it will be torn out of notebook.)Write Summary/Reflection of todays lesson

Include how you felt about what you learned today and the images you saw.Holocaust Reading Cluster ProjectDialectical Journal of Personal HistoryPoem and Picture AnalysisI Am Poem or Sensory Figure (from the perspective of either a Jew in a concentration camp or a Nazi Camp Worker.)You will find everything you need in your groups folder. Your folder has:Dialectical Journal Examplesyou must use 5 passages from the text and give a THOROUGH reflection. (paragraph)Questions for Analyzing the Poem and PictureTemplate for I AM poem

DO NOT write on any materials in the folder. You should turn in all 3 parts of the project TOGETHER and on Friday.

Valentinas StoryUse Sticky Notes to write down shocking details, important people, or major ideasWith your group, discuss and complete the questions for review.