The Eisenhower & The Eisenhower & Kennedy Kennedy

Administrations:Administrations:Policies & StrategiesPolicies & Strategies

Eisenhower’s 1Eisenhower’s 1stst Inaugural Inaugural Address:Address:

January 20, 1953January 20, 1953 Religion distinguishes the Religion distinguishes the

United States from the USSRUnited States from the USSR The Cold War is a war The Cold War is a war

between freedom & slaverybetween freedom & slavery The world’s economies are The world’s economies are

interdependentinterdependent Guiding Principles of the U.S.Guiding Principles of the U.S.

Love of PeaceLove of Peace Rejection of AppeasementRejection of Appeasement Maintenance of American powerMaintenance of American power Respect for each nation in the Respect for each nation in the

worldworld Economic prosperity necessary Economic prosperity necessary

for military strengthfor military strength Support of the United NationsSupport of the United Nations

Eisenhower's Plan for Eisenhower's Plan for Global Disarmament Global Disarmament

Eisenhower has 5 policies for the Eisenhower has 5 policies for the Developing WorldDeveloping World

Non-Interference in AfricaNon-Interference in Africa Help securing African security w/o Help securing African security w/o

wasteful armamentswasteful armaments Emergency Aid to the CongoEmergency Aid to the Congo International Aid to promote long-term International Aid to promote long-term

African developmentAfrican development U.N. aid for educationU.N. aid for education

Arms ControlArms Control U.S. will submit to international U.S. will submit to international

inspection if other nations reciprocateinspection if other nations reciprocate Purpose = to save future generations Purpose = to save future generations

from the “scourge of war”from the “scourge of war” Need to forge bonds of a world Need to forge bonds of a world

communitycommunity U.N. should help build this world U.N. should help build this world

communitycommunity U.N. should not be abused as an U.N. should not be abused as an

instrument of propaganda of instrument of propaganda of individual nationsindividual nations

Eisenhower's "Atoms for Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" Speech to the U.N. Peace" Speech to the U.N.

(Dec. 8, 1953)(Dec. 8, 1953) United States' Atomic Stockpile United States' Atomic Stockpile

exceeds the explosive equivalent exceeds the explosive equivalent of the total of all bombs used by of the total of all bombs used by every nation in all of the years of every nation in all of the years of World War IIWorld War II

The USSR is quickly catching upThe USSR is quickly catching up The U.S. & USSR must negotiate The U.S. & USSR must negotiate

for peacefor peace Atomic power should be used for Atomic power should be used for

peaceful purposespeaceful purposes Ike’s proposalsIke’s proposals

Each nation should contribute Each nation should contribute atomic materials to the atomic materials to the International Atomic Energy International Atomic Energy CommissionCommission

Cooperation must be done in good Cooperation must be done in good faithfaith

The I.A.E.C should be responsible The I.A.E.C should be responsible for handling atomic materialsfor handling atomic materials

Experts should find peaceful uses Experts should find peaceful uses of atomic energyof atomic energy

Geneva Conference Geneva Conference The conference met in 1955 in the city The conference met in 1955 in the city

of Geneva, the countries attending of Geneva, the countries attending included: United Kingdom, United included: United Kingdom, United States, France, and U.S.S.R.States, France, and U.S.S.R.

The Representatives that attended at The Representatives that attended at the conference are as followsthe conference are as follows

-U.S.S.R.~Bulganin -France~ Mendes--U.S.S.R.~Bulganin -France~ Mendes-France -U.K.~Eden -U.S.A.~EisenhowerFrance -U.K.~Eden -U.S.A.~Eisenhower

The world leaders discussed issues on The world leaders discussed issues on security, armaments, German security, armaments, German unification, German unification, and unification, German unification, and stronger east west relationshipsstronger east west relationships

This treaty eventually lead to the This treaty eventually lead to the Austrian peace treaty of 1955 resulting Austrian peace treaty of 1955 resulting in the end of joint occupation of Austria.in the end of joint occupation of Austria.

This conference marked an era of This conference marked an era of renewed optimism in cold war renewed optimism in cold war relationships, however this was relationships, however this was disrupted later by the Suez Crisisdisrupted later by the Suez Crisis

Retrieved from Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Co"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conference_%281955%29"nference_%281955%29"

Hungarian Revolt Hungarian Revolt Oct. 23-Nov 4, 1956Oct. 23-Nov 4, 1956 Anti-Soviet RevoltAnti-Soviet Revolt CausesCauses

Khrushchev “de-Stalinization”Khrushchev “de-Stalinization” Liberalization in the Eastern BlocLiberalization in the Eastern Bloc

Hungarians seized opportunity Hungarians seized opportunity to throw off the Soviet yolkto throw off the Soviet yolk

Freedom Fighters hoped for Freedom Fighters hoped for American SupportAmerican Support

American non-intervention American non-intervention was a de facto confirmation of was a de facto confirmation of Cold War boundariesCold War boundaries

Revolt was brutally Revolt was brutally suppressed & Hungary suppressed & Hungary remained in the Communist remained in the Communist orbit orbit

Nixon in Moscow Nixon in Moscow July 1959 Vice-President Nixon July 1959 Vice-President Nixon

visits Moscow for the opening of visits Moscow for the opening of the American National Exhibition the American National Exhibition

During the visit, Khrushchev & During the visit, Khrushchev & Nixon had a heated debate Nixon had a heated debate

Know as the “Kitchen Debate”Know as the “Kitchen Debate” For the exhibit, an entire house For the exhibit, an entire house

was built that the Americans was built that the Americans claimed anyone in America could claimed anyone in America could afford afford Filled with luxury goodsFilled with luxury goods

The Debate took place in the The Debate took place in the house's kitchen house's kitchen Khrushchev & Nixon debated the Khrushchev & Nixon debated the

merits of Communism vs. merits of Communism vs. CapitalismCapitalism

Nixon tactfully tried to focus on Nixon tactfully tried to focus on household appliances such as the household appliances such as the washing machine, rather than washing machine, rather than bombs or weapons bombs or weapons

In the U.S., most believed that In the U.S., most believed that Nixon won the debateNixon won the debate

U-2 Spy Plane Crisis U-2 Spy Plane Crisis U-2 = high-altitude U.S. spy U-2 = high-altitude U.S. spy

planeplane May 1, 1960, U-2 shot down May 1, 1960, U-2 shot down

over the USSRover the USSR U.S. denied the plane was a spy U.S. denied the plane was a spy

planeplane Called it a weather planeCalled it a weather plane

Khrushchev forced the U.S. to Khrushchev forced the U.S. to admit it he produced the living admit it he produced the living pilot and the plane to pilot and the plane to corroborate their claim of being corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially spied on aerially

The incident worsened East-The incident worsened East-West relations and was a great West relations and was a great embarrassment for the United embarrassment for the United StatesStates The Paris Summit between The Paris Summit between

Eisenhower and Khrushchev Eisenhower and Khrushchev collapsed collapsed

Eisenhower's Farewell Eisenhower's Farewell Address (January 17, 1961) Address (January 17, 1961)

The military establishment has changed dramatically since The military establishment has changed dramatically since WW2WW2

““permanent armaments industry of vast proportions” has permanent armaments industry of vast proportions” has been erectedbeen erected

More money is spent annually on the military than the More money is spent annually on the military than the incomes of every American corporation combinedincomes of every American corporation combined

U.S. must guard against “military-industrial complex”U.S. must guard against “military-industrial complex” International disarmament is the solution to the potential International disarmament is the solution to the potential

loss of liberties to the military industrial complex at home loss of liberties to the military industrial complex at home

Space RaceSpace Race The '''Space Race ''' was an The '''Space Race ''' was an

informal competition informal competition between the US & USSR between the US & USSR

lasted from 1957 to 1975. lasted from 1957 to 1975. It involved the parallel It involved the parallel

efforts by each of those efforts by each of those countries to explore space countries to explore space with artificial satellites, to with artificial satellites, to send humans into space, and send humans into space, and to land people on the Moonto land people on the Moon

The Space Race effectively The Space Race effectively began after the Soviet began after the Soviet launch of Sputnik 1 on launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957. October 4, 1957.

the Sputnik satellite = 1the Sputnik satellite = 1stst ever satellite in orbit ever satellite in orbit

Soviet Space ProgramSoviet Space Program Soviets had early success in Soviets had early success in

spacespace Serge Korolyov = the head of Serge Korolyov = the head of

the Soviet space program the Soviet space program First animal to enter Earth First animal to enter Earth

orbit, Laika on Sputnik 2 (1957) orbit, Laika on Sputnik 2 (1957) April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin, a April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin, a

Soviet Cosmonaut, became the Soviet Cosmonaut, became the 11stst man in space man in space

August 1962, the Soviets put August 1962, the Soviets put two men into space two men into space simultaneouslysimultaneously

First woman in space, Valentina First woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, Vostok 6 (1963) Tereshkova, Vostok 6 (1963)

March 1965, the Soviets March 1965, the Soviets demonstrated the 1demonstrated the 1stst successful successful “space walk”“space walk”

JFK & the Space ProgramJFK & the Space Program Early Soviet Early Soviet

successes in space successes in space made many made many Americans believe Americans believe that the U.S. was that the U.S. was lagging too far lagging too far behindbehind

JFK established the JFK established the goal of beating the goal of beating the Soviets to the moonSoviets to the moon

Research began for Research began for the Apollo Programthe Apollo Program

Goal = to land a man Goal = to land a man on the moon by the on the moon by the end of the decadeend of the decade

JFK Acceptance of the JFK Acceptance of the Democratic Nomination Democratic Nomination

(July 15, 1960)(July 15, 1960) JFK is the first Catholic nominated by JFK is the first Catholic nominated by

the Democrats since 1928the Democrats since 1928 Faith should not determine for whom Faith should not determine for whom

one votesone votes His religious beliefs will not His religious beliefs will not

determine what he thinks is best for determine what he thinks is best for the countrythe country

JFK is appealing to the disenchanted JFK is appealing to the disenchanted The balance of power across the The balance of power across the

world is changing world is changing Communist influence is spreadingCommunist influence is spreading

There are changes in the urban & There are changes in the urban & rural areasrural areas

A vibrant new generation not bound A vibrant new generation not bound to the past is coming into powerto the past is coming into power

America stands on the edge of a America stands on the edge of a “New Frontier”“New Frontier”

JFK's Inaugural Speech JFK's Inaugural Speech (Jan. 20, 1961)(Jan. 20, 1961)

Democratic Principles are at Democratic Principles are at stake around the worldstake around the world

America is committed to America is committed to Human Rights & LibertyHuman Rights & Liberty

We must cooperate with our We must cooperate with our alliesallies

We must negotiate with our We must negotiate with our foesfoes

The poor in the developing The poor in the developing nations must be helpednations must be helped

““ask not what your country ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for you, but what you can do for your country.”can do for your country.”

Kennedy & the Peace Kennedy & the Peace Corps. Corps. Corps =a pool of trained Corps =a pool of trained

American men and women sent American men and women sent overseas by the U.S. Government overseas by the U.S. Government to help developing countriesto help developing countries

JFK’s proposal was JFK’s proposal was enthusiastically received by enthusiastically received by America’s youthAmerica’s youth

Claims that the Peace Corps is Claims that the Peace Corps is not designed as an instrument of not designed as an instrument of diplomacy or propagandadiplomacy or propaganda

Life in the Peace CorpsLife in the Peace Corps DifficultDifficult Low salaryLow salary Expected to live with native Expected to live with native

populationpopulation The organization is designed to The organization is designed to

further the cause of peace further the cause of peace throughout the worldthroughout the world

Kennedy’s Berlin SpeechKennedy’s Berlin Speech The Berlin Wall was erected on The Berlin Wall was erected on

August 13, 1961August 13, 1961 To prevent people in the East from To prevent people in the East from

fleeing to the Westfleeing to the West Berlin represents the differences Berlin represents the differences

between the East & Westbetween the East & West The West has never built a wall to The West has never built a wall to

keep its citizens inkeep its citizens in Berlin shows the failure of Berlin shows the failure of

CommunismCommunism Berlin is on the front line in the Berlin is on the front line in the

battle for freedombattle for freedom ““All free men, wherever they All free men, wherever they

may live, are citizens of Berlin, may live, are citizens of Berlin, and, therefore, as a free man, I and, therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words "take pride in the words "Ich bin Ich bin ein Berlinerein Berliner."."

BibliographyBibliography Slide #1Slide #1

Ike Photo: Ike Photo: http://www.homeofheroes.com/presidents/inaugural/pres_eisenhower.jpghttp://www.homeofheroes.com/presidents/inaugural/pres_eisenhower.jpg JFK Photo: JFK Photo: http://www.fiftiesweb.com/kennedy/john-f-kennedy-2.jpghttp://www.fiftiesweb.com/kennedy/john-f-kennedy-2.jpg

Slide #2Slide #2 Ike swearing in: Ike swearing in: http://www.homeofheroes.com/presidents/inaugural/inaug_ike_1.jpghttp://www.homeofheroes.com/presidents/inaugural/inaug_ike_1.jpg

Slide #3Slide #3 Life Magazine: Life Magazine: http://www.2neatmagazines.com/covers/1960cover/1960-Oct-3.jpghttp://www.2neatmagazines.com/covers/1960cover/1960-Oct-3.jpg

Slide #4Slide #4 Atomic Bomb: Atomic Bomb: http://www.sbac.edu/~palmergw/A-Bomb.jpghttp://www.sbac.edu/~palmergw/A-Bomb.jpg

Slide #5Slide #5 Ike & Khruschev: Ike & Khruschev: http://www.historycentral.com/postwar/geneva.jpghttp://www.historycentral.com/postwar/geneva.jpg

Slide #6Slide #6 Time Magazine Cover: Time Magazine Cover: http://www.pinetreeline.org/metz/photos/metz487.jpghttp://www.pinetreeline.org/metz/photos/metz487.jpg Photo of Toppled Stalin Statue: Photo of Toppled Stalin Statue: http://www.internationalist.org/hungarystalinwww.JPGhttp://www.internationalist.org/hungarystalinwww.JPG Photo of Hungarians on Soviet Tank: Photo of Hungarians on Soviet Tank: http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38809000/jpg/_38809447_tank_ap_238.jpghttp://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38809000/jpg/_38809447_tank_ap_238.jpg

Slide #7Slide #7 Nixon & Khruschev: Nixon & Khruschev: http://www.oldenziel.com/images/Khrushev-Nixon%20kitchen%20Moscow.gifhttp://www.oldenziel.com/images/Khrushev-Nixon%20kitchen%20Moscow.gif

Slide #8Slide #8 U-2 Plane: U-2 Plane: http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/imgs/u2.jpghttp://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/imgs/u2.jpg Khruschev inspecting the U-2: Khruschev inspecting the U-2: http://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter98_99/page12.gifhttp://www.cia.gov/csi/studies/winter98_99/page12.gif Francis Gary Powers on Trial: Francis Gary Powers on Trial: http://history.acusd.edu/gen/filmnotes/images/trial18.jpghttp://history.acusd.edu/gen/filmnotes/images/trial18.jpg

Slide #9Slide #9 Eisenhower: Eisenhower: http://www.ioncinema.com/beta/posters/2006_whywefight2.jpghttp://www.ioncinema.com/beta/posters/2006_whywefight2.jpg

Slide #10Slide #10 Sputnik: Sputnik: http://mek.kosmo.cz/druzice/rusko/sputnik/sp1_01.jpghttp://mek.kosmo.cz/druzice/rusko/sputnik/sp1_01.jpg Russian Stamp: Russian Stamp: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpghttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg

Slide #11Slide #11 Russian Stamp: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/lgifs/Laikastamp.GIFRussian Stamp: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/lgifs/Laikastamp.GIF Russian Rocket: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Soyuz_rocket.jpgRussian Rocket: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Soyuz_rocket.jpg Yuri Gagarin: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Yuri_Gagarin_official_portrait.jpgYuri Gagarin: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Yuri_Gagarin_official_portrait.jpg

Slide #12Slide #12 JFK inspecting Mercury Capsule: JFK inspecting Mercury Capsule: http://www.romfart.no/Sitater/Bilder/KennedyJohnGlennJohnMercury.jpghttp://www.romfart.no/Sitater/Bilder/KennedyJohnGlennJohnMercury.jpg

Slide #13Slide #13 Chart of Space Launches: Chart of Space Launches: http://www.fas.org/irp/dia/product/88_space_launch.jpghttp://www.fas.org/irp/dia/product/88_space_launch.jpg

Slide #14Slide #14 JFK Campaign Poster: JFK Campaign Poster: http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/americavotes/jfk-sticker.jpeghttp://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/americavotes/jfk-sticker.jpeg

Slide #15Slide #15 JFK Photo: JFK Photo: http://www.photographicimage.com/prodimg/TLF-268862.jpghttp://www.photographicimage.com/prodimg/TLF-268862.jpg

Slide #16Slide #16 Peace Corps. Logo: Peace Corps. Logo: http://www.gvsu.edu/images/hauenstein/peace_corps.jpghttp://www.gvsu.edu/images/hauenstein/peace_corps.jpg JFK with Volunteers: http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/peace-corps/images/volunteers-1961.gifJFK with Volunteers: http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/peace-corps/images/volunteers-1961.gif

Slide #17Slide #17 Berlin Crowd: http://www.aref.de/kalenderblatt/2003/pics/kennedy-rede-berlin63.jpgBerlin Crowd: http://www.aref.de/kalenderblatt/2003/pics/kennedy-rede-berlin63.jpg JFK Brandenburg Gate: http://www.medaloffreedom.com/JohnFKennedy_Germany.jpgJFK Brandenburg Gate: http://www.medaloffreedom.com/JohnFKennedy_Germany.jpg