the crusades. before 1100 ad. europe’s economic conditions was based on agriculture warfare ...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Crusades
![Page 2: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism
![Page 3: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
From 1051-1270 AD we have a change Now a central Government Larger crops (New technology-feed the
armies) Growth of Population A change in the Church’s power over the
people
And this is the topic for the day
![Page 4: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Jerusalem- is a holy city for 3 religions
Jews—site of the ancient temple built by Solomon
Christians– Jesus was crucified and resurrected
Muslims– Muhammad ascended to heaven from here
![Page 5: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
In the 600 AD. Jerusalem and Palestine fell to Arab Invaders
These invaders mostly Muslims tolerated other religions
In late 1000’s AD. The SELJUK TURKS took control of the city and closed it to Jews and Christians—The also threatened to attack the Byzantine Empire especially the City of Constantinople
![Page 6: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
In 1095 AD. The Pope Urban II asked for an army to expel the Seljuk Muslims from Jerusalem
![Page 7: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
When now that time was at hand which the Lord Jesus daily points out to His faithful, especially in the Gospel, saying, "If any man would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me," a mighty agitation was carried on throughout all the region of Gaul. (Its tenor was) that if anyone desired to follow the Lord zealously, with a pure heart and mind, and wished faithfully to bear the cross after Him, he would no longer hesitate to take up the way to the Holy Sepulchre.
And so Urban, Pope of the Roman see, with his archbishops, bishops, abbots, and priests, set out as quickly as possible beyond the mountains and began to deliver sermons and to preach eloquently, saying: "Whoever wishes to save his soul should not hesitate humbly to take up the way of the Lord, and if he lacks sufficient money, divine mercy will give him enough." Then the apostolic lord continued, "Brethren, we ought to endure much suffering for the name of Christ - misery, poverty, nakedness, persecution, want, illness, hunger, thirst, and other (ills) of this kind, just as the Lord saith to His disciples: 'Ye must suffer much in My name,' and 'Be not ashamed to confess Me before the faces of men; verily I will give you mouth and wisdom,' and finally, 'Great is your reward in Heaven."' And when this speech had already begun to be noised abroad, little by little, through all the regions and countries of Gaul, the Franks, upon hearing such reports, forthwith caused crosses to be sewed on their right shoulders, saying that they followed with one accord the footsteps of Christ, by which they had been redeemed from the hand of hell.
![Page 8: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
If I was a peasant why would I join the army? Freedom from Feudalism
Knights—chance to fight, wealth and adventure
All were promised immediate salvation in heaven if they were killed
![Page 9: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Red crosses of cloth were stitched onto clothing as a symbol of service to God
Atmosphere at this time A hatred of Muslims A hatred of Jews as well Anyone who wasn’t a Christian was hated,
therefore on their way down to Jerusalem the Crusades killed many Jews along the way
![Page 10: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1096 AD begins the 1st Crusades
French, English, Spain, Germany (FEGS) All quarreled along the
way 1099 reach Jerusalem
In 2 months the city fell by siege Surround and don’t let
anything in or out. Mostly Muslims and Jews
were killed.
Many Crusader stayed and set-up feudalistic type societies in Syria and Palestine
![Page 11: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
This is one major factor that ended the cultural isolation of western Europe
![Page 13: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
In 1144 Muslims scored a victory at Edessa
Papacy proclaims a 2nd Crusade in 1145
King of France Louis VII and Conrad III (HRE) set out in 1147
Germans left first, French a Month later
Germans ambushed—most killed--Anatolia
![Page 14: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
French also suffered serious casualties along the way
Reached Jerusalem by 1148
Failed in attack upon Damascus and returned to Europe
![Page 15: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
RIGHTEOUSNESS OF FAITH
Failure of 2nd Crusade allowed Muslim powers to regroup under Saladin
Muslim state extended from Libyan desert to the Tigris Valley
Crusaders states are surrounded on 3 fronts
![Page 16: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Kings Crusade 1189 Pope Gregory
VIII proclaims a 3rd Crusade
Widespread support
Frederick I (German HRE)
Philip II (France) Richard I (England)
![Page 17: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Saladin-Muslim unification after 2nd CrusadeCaptured Jerusalem in 1187—Sparked 3rd CrusadeA Christian Blockade forced the surrender of Acre in 1191
An armistice was signed with Richard I in 1192Terms: Reestablishes a Christian State in Middle East without ceding JerusalemDoes allow Christian access to JerusalemAcre is found in Present-Day Israel—seaport near Haifa ( Christian Nation)
![Page 18: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Warring against his father Henry II—was to become brother –in-law to Phillip II of FranceRichard and Phillip quarreled from the beginning of the 3rd CrusadesUpon capturing Acre, Richard executed 2700 POW’s (chopped the bodies up)Captured upon his return to England by Henry IV (HRE) (German) paid a heavy ransomCaptured by Duke Leopold of Austria
![Page 19: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Duke Leopold went on crusadeLeft because Richard made fun of himCalled him “The Sponge” because of his drinkingRevenge Capture
English Nobles pay ransom because they do not like King John (bro of Richard). King John has been taxing, taking land , and imprisoning the nobles.
Richard makes peace with his brother John I, who has been conspiring in his absence with Phillip II of France
![Page 20: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
He was killed by an arrow in an insignificant skirmish (Charles of Aquitaine)A peasant found a small treasure—vassal claimed it---Richard claimed it over him—fighting breaks out—sieges the village—Richard shot from a bowman in the shoulder—infection---dies
![Page 21: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
One of the most powerful monarchs of the middle ages
Returned to France from the 3rd Crusade in 1191
Allied w/ Henry IV and John I vs. Richard I
Went to war Vs. John I—doubled land holdings
Established French superiority in Europe
![Page 22: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
German Leader
Holy Roman Emperor
Lead 3rd Crusade—Drowns in Asia Minor—German knights begin retreat---Many die of plague or are killed in attempt to return
Faced difficulty w/ the Pope (Alexander III) and the Lombard League in Italy—Lost at Legnano—preventing solidification of Empire in Italy
![Page 23: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Other crusades followed, none successfully winning permanent Christian control of Palestine
4th Crusade was plagued by financial difficulties leading to the shameless plundering of Constantinople
1212– One of the most unusual Crusades was the Children’s Crusade
lacked official sanction—led by young French Sheppard Steven of Cloges—insidred by a vision
Marched to Paris to convince Phillip II to sponsor—sent them home
![Page 24: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Led an unconventional Crusade—being pressured and excommunicated by Gregory IX (Pope) ventured into the Holy land in 1228
His Crusade was conducted almost entirely by diplomatic means
Negotiated w/Egyptian sultan Al-Kamil
Peace Treaty resulted in restoring Jerusalem to the Crusaders and guaranteeing 10 years of peaceful coexistence
Nevertheless Frederick was the object of revulsion and the Pope proclaimed a Crusade against his Italian possessions
![Page 25: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
1208—Pope Innocent’s Crusade vs. the Albigensians (France)
Never did bring them under control
Another large group of Crusaders depart from Cologne under the leadership of Nicholas---
Most Crusades disappeared without a trace
![Page 26: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
By 1291 Acre—Last Christian stronghold was lost to a Muslim invasion—all are slaughtered –Religious motivation forgotten
1.Bolstered commerce of Italian cities (Venice, Genoa)2.Generates interest in exploration of the orient3.Establishes trade markets of enduring importance4.Laid foundation for process of colonization5.Systems of direct taxation developed as financing measures6.Feudalism breaks down7.King power increases8.Classical texts brought to West from Byzantium9.Technology advances--diffusion
![Page 27: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Increased agricultural production was significant sparked by new plow and horse harness as well as the 3 field system
This phenomenon resulted n tremendous population growth
Economic diversityTowns developed and trade expanded
![Page 28: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Italian cities monopolized trade with the Mediterranean
Flanders (Northern France) became the trade center on Europe’s northern coast (region not a city)
Traded in textiles with European markets It shortly became a cultural center as well Elevated to a leading position in
European Civilization The commodities available became more
and more diverse—this was even more pronounced during a TRADE FAIR
![Page 29: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Fairs—occasional meetings of buyers and sellers for the purpose of trade—Originally held in conjunction with a religious festival
The fairs at Champagne (France) were the most famous
Fairs sometimes were established for particular kinds of goods (cattle) others dealt in general merchandise
Some fairs involved LABOR EXCHANGES—domestic or agricultural servants hired themselves out for a year
![Page 30: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
At times pleasure fairs were held in conjunction with commercial fairs
Location was determined by access Feudal lords profited through—taxing sales
and licensing merchants
Champagne was centrally located in Europe
Its fairs lasted for more than a month European merchants found the BARTER
SYSTEM impractical, and soon required a common medium of exchange
The emergence of a MONEY Economy led to the need for a banking system
![Page 31: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Were to provide money exchanges The Jews and Italians frequently worked as
money changers Banks soon came to develop methods for
transferring funds from one place to another Banks provided: receiving deposits,
providing loans The word bank comes from BANCA or BENCH
that money changers set up at Trade Fairs
![Page 32: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Depended on location---near roads and waterways
They were protected from attack by fortification
Structures were wooden and subject to fire
Lack of sanitation was a problem--Disease
![Page 33: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Also known as the “Black Death” 1348-1350
Buboes—swelling of the lymph glands Spread by rats infested with fleas Increased trade makes the epidemic
possible
![Page 34: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Guilds designed to create monopoly of local markets for members
Monopoly? Why they are illegal Any legal monopolies? Why? Guilds restrict trading of foreigners in
their markets and fixed prices uniformly Craft guilds also oversee the work of
artisans Strict rules concerning prices, wages,
employment
![Page 36: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Craft guilds controlled by masters—own shops and tools of the trade
Apprentices worked for masters without pay for a specified time
After a time became a paid journeyman Journeyman would submit a masterpiece to
the guild for evaluation—then became a master
Guilds did provide benefits—unemployment assistance, social activities, medical relief
![Page 37: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Name for the evolving middle Class—Bourgeosie
Was derived from name for medieval town—burg
Initially a reference to all town dwellers It came to mean anyone who made
money through the money economy that was emerging
Merchants, bankers, artisans—not dependent on land to make money
![Page 38: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
As money economy became established, monarchs relied upon this tax base for support—thus their political influence grew as well
Feudal Lords vs. Middle Class The middle class wants autonomy (self-
rule) Monarchs support this why? Tax
![Page 39: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Monarchs grant Independence—autonomy thru Charters—city can have autonomy but must understand that they are still part of a larger kingdom
![Page 40: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Not emphasized in medieval society Illiteracy was the norm Education was controlled by the clergy—
provided monasteries and cathedral schools
As the demand for education increased with development of towns—Universities were formed
Universities—educators organized along the lines of a guild
![Page 41: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Classes held in existing structures—churches—text are scarce
Many of the emerging universities were modeled after the law school in Bologna, Italy
Most providing legal or medical education Bologna—oldest in the world—Dante studied
here Curriculum at most universities included
Latin classics, Roman law, philosophy (Aristotle), Islamic sciences
![Page 42: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Application of Aristotle's philosophy controversial
When incorporated with theological study— Scholasticism-- Emphasis upon reason as well as faith in
interpretation of Christian Doctrine Most important scholastic teacher—Taught
in Paris—Thomas Aquinas Greatest work: Summa Theologica—Reason
is a gift from God that should be applied
![Page 43: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The emphasis upon education spurred publication of songs and epics in the Middle Ages
One of the earliest was Beowulf—handed down by oral tradition the Anglo-Saxon Epic—author unknown—Poet—written in 700AD
Mead hall—Danish king seeks help of an Anglo-Saxon Warrior vs. Grendel—Monster
French Epic: Songs of Roland—story of defense of Christianity by Charlemagne's knights
Troubadours—traveling poet musicians-create stories of love and heroic knights
![Page 44: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Medieval literature was beginning to be written in vernacular instead of Latin
The use of vernacular makes literature more accessible to the public
Some of the most outstanding literature written in vernacular includes Dante Alighieri The Divine Comedy
Epic poem written in Italian—Afterlife journey from Heaven to Hell (trilogy)
![Page 45: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Geoffrey Chaucer—The Canterbury Tales—English
Allegories--literary technique in which characters or events are representations of abstract concepts—emotions, vices, etc…
![Page 46: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The development of Romanesque architecture
Combination of Roman and Byzantine features
Primarily found in Churches Chars: Thick walls, close
set columns, heavy curved arches, small windows
![Page 47: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Begins in France Flying buttresses, stone, weight bearing
beams extending from the walls—allows walls to be thinner—large stain glass windows
Ceilings supported by pointed arches allowing for higher ceilings
![Page 49: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
1337 to 1453 England vs. France Causes: 1066—Hastings—William of
Normandy (NW France) invades and conquers England
His successors to the English throne see themselves as rulers of part of France as well
English control over French lands increase—Henry II marries Eleanor of Aquitaine (SW France)
![Page 53: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
English King has more influence in France than the French Kings
Tide turns with the reign of Philip II—many defeats over John I of England lead to French conquest of English territory in France
Rivalry between French and English monarchies reaches a head when French King (last Capetian ruler) dies without leaving a heir to the throne in 1328
![Page 54: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Edward III of England (1312-1377) is grandson to Charles IV, The Fair of France
Edward claims right to the throneThe French successor-A greatNephew—quietly mobilizes hisForces in preparation for war(Philip VI)
![Page 55: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The first major confrontation was at Crecy 1346, Aug. 26—English had 3,900 Knights,
11,000 archers, and 5,000 infantry French had: 12,000 Knights, 6,000 crossbow,
and 20,000 infantry French advantages: greater population,
wealth English advantages: popular & governmental
support and military leadership
![Page 56: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Crecy-small village located in NE France (Flanders) French superiority in numbers was about 2:1
16 French charges More important was the advantage in
mounted knights but the English long bow made the French advantage negligible
Armor piercing capability made mounted knights far less significant
![Page 57: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
2 other weapons of importance to emerge at this time: pike (Braveheart) and a crude form of the canon
Gun powder?
The defeat at Crecy in conjunction with other disruptive factors in France Plague Peasant Revolt
Lead to a brief period of English domination
![Page 58: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
In 1415 at Agincourt the English once again triumphed over superior French numbers 4:1 (25,000 Fr. vs. 6,000 Eng.)
Henry V of England vs. Charles d’ Albret of France
Agincourt as very near Crecy—The victory was directed by English King Henry V
Once again longbow men are a key factor Heavily armored French caught in mud
after the rains
![Page 59: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
In 1420 Northern France to Henry VI of England
Southern France to Charles VII of France
![Page 60: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The fortunes of the French will be reversed by the unlikely leadership of a young peasant girl.
![Page 61: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
In 1429, a mere teenager, she went to the French King (Charles, who had not yet been crowned) persuading him that she be allowed to command the troops
Her claim was that she had been ordained for this task by God—she experienced visions of Saints
Charles administered tests of her credibility and then conceded to her wishes
![Page 62: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
A decisive French victory at Orleans (Battle of Patay)
This was followed by other French victories
Joan was with Charles VII (1429) when he was crowned at Reims Cathedral
![Page 63: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Physical destruction in France (where most of the War was fought)
Contributes to a spirit of unity in both countries
The collapse of feudalism was accelerated Firearms and long bow made importance
of mounted knights obsolete Monarchs replaced feudal knights with
hired national armies—funded by taxes from lower nobility and townspeople
![Page 65: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Charles VII emerges from 100 Years War with a strong monarchy
Louis XI looks to further the power of the monarchy
Takes control of lands held by French nobility (Burgundy)
![Page 66: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Charles wanted to restart the 100 Yrs. War and split France’s kingdom with English Edward IV…Edward takes a bribe from Louis XI of France and stops fighting
Charles the Bold (allied with Edward IV of England) ruler of Burgundy killed in battle with the Swiss (The Swiss were allied to France)
Northern half (Flanders) goes to Charles’ daughter, Mary
![Page 68: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
She marries a Hapsburg – Maximilian of Austria HRE—Her kingdom goes to France
Other half is absorbed by the French monarchy
Louis XI left France strong and unified—strengthening the bureaucracy and promoting trade and agriculture
Define bureaucracy---non-elected government officials
![Page 69: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
1455-1487 Richard of York was put in charge of King
Henry VI because of his mental illness (Protector of the Realm)
Henry VI promises the throne to the Yorks Richard’s son Edward IV named king Henry VI denies giving the throne to the
Yorks and asks help from his relatives—Lancasters
Henry VI is imprisoned and killed by Richard of York
![Page 70: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
1483 Edward IV dies (Bro. Richard murdered him along with his other brother Clarence)
Also kills Edward IV’s two sons (Edward V and Richard)(Sent to Tower of London for “protection”)
Becomes Richard III Richard III battles Henry Tudor (Lancaster) White Rose represents the Yorks and Red
Rose represents the Lancasters
![Page 71: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Richard III battles Henry Tudor and loses at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1487
Richard is killed in battle—last English king to be killed in battle
Henry Tudor becomes Henry VII (Tudor Dynasty) which will last for more than 100 years
Henry VII eliminates rivals, strengthen trade, avoids foreign wars, asserts monarchy’s authority over nobles
![Page 72: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Emerges as a European power in the late 1400’s
Had asserted authority on the Iberian peninsula
Retaking land conquered by the Muslims even before the Crusades
![Page 73: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Portugal (West) Castile (Central) Aragon (Mediterranean Coast) Only Granada in the South remained in
the hands of the Moors 1469 Ferdinand & Isabella marry—he of
Aragon—she of Castile The Kingdoms maintained separate
governments however…..
![Page 74: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
The power of the monarchs were limited Sizeable religious minorities in each
Kingdom (Jews and Muslims) made their own laws
and elected their own officials Royal charters allowed towns to maintain
their own courts and customs Noble assemblies (Cortes) were
permitted to review royal policies
![Page 75: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
The monarchs began to solidify power in Castille
Royal officials governed towns and royal courts enforced law
In 1492 the conquest of Granada began a crackdown on religious minorities forcing conversion to Catholicism or exile from Spain
The Spanish Inquisition enforced Catholic law further strengthening the authority of the monarchs
![Page 76: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Contributing factors included the strengthening of the monarchy and growing educated middle class began questioning the teaching of the Church
Babylonian Captivity—weakens papal authority
![Page 77: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
1305—Under the influence of the French Monarchy—French Archbishops elected Pope Clement V (French)
He moves the papacy from Rome to Avignon, France
His reason was to escape the Italian Civil War
The Pope only appointed French Bishops as Cardinals, Clement and his French successors remain in Avignon until 1377
![Page 78: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Those outside of France become suspicious of the Pope and the influence of the French Monarchy
Papacy is criticized too for becoming overly concerned with Church taxes---seen as corrupted by worldly power and neglecting spiritual duties
![Page 79: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
1377 Gregory XI leaves Avignon for Rome Following his death Roman mobs insist
upon the election of an Italian Pope (Urban IV)
Afterwards the election was declared invalid—having voted under duress
When the Cardinals elected a second pope, (Innocent VI-French) both now claim legitimacy—causing division and undermining papal authority until it was resolved in 1414
![Page 80: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Political leaders and church scholars began to demand reform—The Church reforms through a Church Council
Problems with this method included Since Pope calls council, little chance of
Pope’s authority being reduced Different political leaders support
different Popes making it impossible to agree upon a council site
![Page 81: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
In 1409 a Council at Pisa called to determine a single Pope—RESULT a third Pope (Gregory XII)
1414 a council meets at Constance, Germany—forcing the resignation of all 3 and electing Martin V—this ends the Great Schism
Had seriously weakened the Papal authority in favor of monarchs
![Page 82: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
People criticize abuses by the Church Simony—the buying and selling of church
positions Indulgences—selling of reduction of a
person’s time in purgatory or reduction of punishment for a sin
The call for reform was led by a scholar from Oxford
![Page 83: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Criticized the Church on Church wealth Corrupt clergy Absolute authority of the Pope Called for a secular control of immoral
clergy Believed bible sole source of religious
truth—translated the Bible into English Wycliffe’s followers are called Lollards
(French for Hypocrite)
![Page 84: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Another reformer from Bohemia (Czech) Church officials there were German Church condemned him—persuaded to
come to Council at Constance Was burned at the stake Church launches Crusades vs. Hussites Was unsuccessful Compromise reached Hus’ influence inspires later challenges to
Church authority
![Page 85: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
King of England—Writes a pamphlet attacking Martin Luther—”Defender of the Church”
Henry married his brother’s widow—Catherine of Aragon—6 children—only one survives
Love match with Anne Boleyn—a court beauty Asks pope to dissolve marriage—NO Henry appoints new Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop dissolves marriage He marries Anne
![Page 86: The Crusades. Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649dd85503460f94acd7b7/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Has Parliament sign the ACT OF SUPREMACY
Henry VIII is the supreme leader of the English Church
He beheaded Anne and then Married Jane Seymour
Anne had a daughter Elizabeth Catherine had a daughter “Bloody Mary” Jane had a son Edward