The The CrusadeCrusade

ssEurope’s Europe’s

Unsuccessful Unsuccessful Takeover of Takeover of

the Holy Landthe Holy Land

The Holy LandThe Holy Land► Jerusalem – The Sacred CityJerusalem – The Sacred City

For Jews, it is the spiritual capital which For Jews, it is the spiritual capital which Solomon’s Temple once stood.Solomon’s Temple once stood.

For Muslims, it is believed to be the place For Muslims, it is believed to be the place where Muhammad rose to heavenwhere Muhammad rose to heaven

For Christians it is the place where Jesus For Christians it is the place where Jesus Christ was crucified and rose from the Christ was crucified and rose from the dead. dead.

► Jerusalem was under Muslim rule since Jerusalem was under Muslim rule since the 7the 7thth Century. Century.

Precursor to Precursor to CrusadesCrusades

► By 1095, Turks By 1095, Turks advance borders to advance borders to within 100 miles of within 100 miles of ConstantinopleConstantinople

► Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Emperor seeks help from Pope.seeks help from Pope.

► Pope Urban II calls on Pope Urban II calls on European Kings to European Kings to send nobles to drive send nobles to drive back Muslims and back Muslims and reclaim Jerusalemreclaim Jerusalem

Motivations for Motivations for CrusadersCrusaders

►Nobles wanted to gain Nobles wanted to gain new landsnew lands

► Power and InfluencePower and Influence► Faith – many wore a red Faith – many wore a red

Cross on their chest to Cross on their chest to symbolize devotionsymbolize devotion Crusades – Latin word Crusades – Latin word cruxcrux

meaning “cross”meaning “cross”

►Merchants – earn money Merchants – earn money through tradethrough trade

11stst Crusade 1099 C.E. Crusade 1099 C.E.

►Muslims were surprisedMuslims were surprised Christians were not as advanced, but Christians were not as advanced, but

Muslims were divided and weakened by Muslims were divided and weakened by war war

►French and Norman Knights took French and Norman Knights took JerusalemJerusalem Crusaders massacred Jews, Muslims and Crusaders massacred Jews, Muslims and

even Christians living in the cityeven Christians living in the city►Survivors sold into slaverySurvivors sold into slavery

Jerusalem remained Christian for 80 yearsJerusalem remained Christian for 80 years

22ndnd Crusade 1148 C.E. Crusade 1148 C.E.►German and French invaders were beaten German and French invaders were beaten

badly by a more organized Muslim defense.badly by a more organized Muslim defense.

33rdrd Crusade 1187-1192 C.E. Crusade 1187-1192 C.E.► Salah al-Din, Salah al-Din,

Sultan of Egypt Sultan of Egypt recaptured recaptured Jerusalem for the Jerusalem for the MuslimsMuslims

►Does not Does not slaughter slaughter Christians, he Christians, he lets them pay for lets them pay for their freedomtheir freedom

► For this, he was For this, he was well respected in well respected in EuropeEurope

33rdrd Crusade Crusade (Continued)(Continued)

► King Richard I of England King Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart) (Richard the Lionheart) fought Salah al-Din for fought Salah al-Din for JerusalemJerusalem Both armies weakened by Both armies weakened by

fightingfighting► Stalemate outside city Stalemate outside city

walls – peace treatywalls – peace treaty

Short Term Effect of the Short Term Effect of the CrusadesCrusades

► After 10 Crusades After 10 Crusades and over 100 years, and over 100 years, Europeans only Europeans only controlled Jerusalem controlled Jerusalem briefly after the first briefly after the first Crusade.Crusade.

Long term Effects of the Long term Effects of the CrusadesCrusades

► They weakened the remaining Byzantine Empire and They weakened the remaining Byzantine Empire and left it open to Turkish attack.left it open to Turkish attack.

► European kings gained authority while lords were on European kings gained authority while lords were on the Crusades.the Crusades.

► Wealth, power and land became as important to Wealth, power and land became as important to religion.religion.

► Contact with the Byzantines, the Muslims and Jewish Contact with the Byzantines, the Muslims and Jewish communities in the East led to a greater interest in communities in the East led to a greater interest in learning.learning.

► Created demand for good from the East: silk,spices, Created demand for good from the East: silk,spices, lemons and cloth. (This demand for goods also led to lemons and cloth. (This demand for goods also led to a demand for NEW TRADE ROUTES.)a demand for NEW TRADE ROUTES.)

► The Crusades help to breakdown feudalism in western The Crusades help to breakdown feudalism in western Europe. Europe.

ReconquistaReconquista► Christians plan to retake Spain from Muslim ruleChristians plan to retake Spain from Muslim rule

Muslims, Jews and Christians lived in some cities Muslims, Jews and Christians lived in some cities together in peacetogether in peace

Reconquista (Continued)Reconquista (Continued)►Muslims were divided and the Christians once Muslims were divided and the Christians once

again took advantage of weaknessagain took advantage of weakness

► Cordoba Cordoba and and Toledo Toledo captured captured by by ChristiansChristians

►Granada Granada remained remained Muslim till Muslim till 14921492

InquisitionInquisition

►King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic countrycountry

►Muslims and Jews forced to convert were Muslims and Jews forced to convert were now called into question by judgesnow called into question by judges Inquisitors used torture to find out if converts Inquisitors used torture to find out if converts

were practicing old religionwere practicing old religion►Thousands were burned at the stakeThousands were burned at the stake

Nearly 200,000 Jews were expelled from Nearly 200,000 Jews were expelled from SpainSpain

InquisitionInquisition ► Circa 1500, Circa 1500, A prisoner A prisoner undergoing undergoing torture at torture at the hands the hands of the of the Spanish Spanish Inquisition. Inquisition. Monks in Monks in the the background background wait for his wait for his confession confession with quill with quill and paper.and paper.