chapter 12 renaissance reformation. ancient world paleolithic, neolithic, early civilizations,...
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• Ancient World
Paleolithic, Neolithic, early civilizations, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome
• Middle Ages
feudalism, Crusades, Black Death
• Modern World
Early Modern World: Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, Revolution
• Roman Empire
• Middle Ages• Renaissance,
Reformation
• 509 B.C. –
A.D. 476• A.D. 476-1500• 1350-1550,
1517-1650
500 B.C. 0 A.D. 500 1000 1500
Renaissance • “rebirth”• Began in Italy, spread through
Europe• Began to reexamine the
culture of the Greeks and Romans
Renaissance • Urban society
secular, increased wealth• Age of recovery
plague, political instability, decline of church power
• Emphasis on human ability
Renaissance • Wealth of trade and stability of
powerful rulers supported artists, architects, and philosophers.
• Strongest city-states:
Milan, Venice, Florence
Renaissance Florence, in the region of Tuscany, ruled by the Medici family, supported the largest number of artists.
Political Renaissance • Niccolo Machiavelli,
The Prince understanding human nature, that man is basically self-centered, a prince should act for the state, not based on ethics and morality
Political Renaissance • “You must know there are two methods of fighting,
the one by law, the other by force; the first method is of men, the second of beasts; but because the first is frequently not sufficient, one must have recourse to the second. Therefore it is necessary for a prince to understand how to use the methods of the beast and the man . . . A prince . . . ought to choose the fox and the lion; because the lion cannot defend himself against traps and the fox cannot defend himself against wolves. Therefore, it is necessary to be a fox to discover the traps and a lion to terrify the wolves. Those who rely simply on the lion do not understand this.”
-- Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince (1513)
Political Renaissance • The Prince advised rulers to be kind only if it
suited their purposes. Otherwise, he warned, it is better to be feared than loved.
• “Machiavellianism” is the term some social and personality psychologists use to describe a person's tendency to deceive and manipulate the others for personal gain. It is used to describe later works by other authors who stress the view that “The ends justify the means.”
Urban Renaissance*3 estates or social
classes•Clergy: 7-13%•Nobility: 2-3% warrior with classical education
Urban Renaissance• Peasants and townspeople:
85-90% Patricians – trade, industry,
bankingBurghers – shopkeepers,
artisans, guild mastersFree workers and
unemployed
Renaissance Family• Family bond = security
• Maintained by arranged marriages to strengthen business or family ties
• Dowry given by wife’s family• Father/husband – center of
Italian family
Renaissance Humanism• Classical education:
grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, history - “humanities”
• Active in civic life, to be of service to the state
Renaissance Literature• Classical Latin (Roman Empire)
• Vernacular: >Dante – Italian – Divine Comedy >Geoffrey Chaucer – English
The Canterbury Tales >Christine de Pizan – French
The Book of the City of Ladies
Renaissance Education• Liberal arts : history, moral philosophy,
eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, music = virtue and wisdom
• Physical education: javelin, archery, dancing, running, wrestling, hunting, swimming – from the Greeks
• Complete citizen, prepared for life• Model for European ruling classes
Renaissance Philosophy• Written in Latin, Sir Thomas More's political
romance Utopia was published in 1516, under the title De Optimo Reipublicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia, the first English edition appearing in 1551. The work is typical of the Renaissance spirit of adventure and discovery, being inspired in part by More's study of Plato's Republic, Vespucci's Voyages, and Augustine's City of God. Although the theme of an ideal commonwealth was not original, More's romance gave a generic name to visionary schemes of social reform.
Renaissance Art• Imitate nature, reality
• Focus on humans• Fresco – on wet plaster - 3D• perspective, space, light,
movement• Anatomy - especially nudes
The Last SupperBy Leonardo da Vinci
1498 (fresco)Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy
Printing Press• 1400s Europe• Movable metal type• Johannes Gutenberg, German• Gutenberg Bible, 1455, first
European book produced from movable type
Printing Press
• Encouraged scholarly research• Increased desire for knowledge• Spread new ideas more rapidly• European civilization could now
compete with Chinese
Reformation• The Protestant Reformation
is the name given to the religious reform movement that divided the western church into Catholic and Protestant groups.
Protestant Reformation• Christian humanism: ability of
humans to use reason and improve themselves
Erasmus: The Praise of Follycalled for church reform
• Corruption in the church: selling indulgences
• Modern Devotion: downplayed religious dogma, stressed teachings
Protestant Reformation
• Copies sent all over Germany (printing press helped)
• Beginning of Protestant Reformation
Lutheranism
• Called for break with Catholic church
• Attacked system of sacramentskept only 2: baptism, Eucharist
• Luther excommunicated 1521
Lutheranism •German rulers took over churches, formed state churches run by government
•Luther’s doctrine became Lutheranism
Calvinism• Ulrich Zwingli –
Swiss – began reform banning relics and images
• Leadership passed to
John Calvin –
predestination, “the elect”, with church government to oversee moral life: dancing, drunkenness, swearing, cards prohibited
• John Knox – missionary to Scotland
English Reformation
Henry VIII created a new state church bringing England into the Protestant group. Catholic lands were confiscated and became part of the Church of England with the monarch as the head of the church.
Henry Tudor1491-1547
Henry VIII,King of England
1509-1547Separated from
the Catholic Churchand formed the
Church of England
Henry Tudor1491-1547
Henry VIII,King of England
1509-1547Separated from
the Catholic Churchand formed the
Church of England
Catherine of AragonDaughter - Mary I
Anne BoleynDaughter - Elizabeth I
Jane SeymourSon - Edward VI
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
Mary Tudor,Daughter of
Henry VIII andCatherine of Aragon
1516-1558
Mary I,Queen of England
1553-1558tried to return to Catholicism;
persecuted, executed Protestants“Bloody Mary”
Elizabeth Tudor,Daughter of
Henry VIII andAnne Boleyn1533-1603
Elizabeth I,Queen ofEngland
1558-1603return to Church of England;
long reign stabilized Protestantism
Protestant Reformation
• Anabaptists> adult baptism
> all believers equal
> Separation of church and state, refused
to hold public office or bear arms
• Mennonites, Amish
Catholic Reformation
• Jesuits became missionaries around the world
• Reform of the papacy• Council of Trent: set Catholic
doctrine, selling of indulgences forbidden