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Abel’s Elements To Abel’s Elements To KnowKnow

Quick FactsQuick Facts

Atomic Number = number of protonsAtomic Number = number of protons

298 K = room temperature (25298 K = room temperature (25oo C) C)

These are some of the most common These are some of the most common or useful or interesting elements on or useful or interesting elements on Earth. Earth.

HydrogenHydrogen Atomic Number: Atomic Number: 11

Standard state: Standard state: gas at 298 K gas at 298 K (the lightest (the lightest gas known) gas known)

Colour: Colour: colourlesscolourless

Facts: highly Facts: highly flammable, flammable, makes up 90% makes up 90% of universe by of universe by weightweight

HeliumHelium

Atomic Number: 2Atomic Number: 2 Standard state: gas at Standard state: gas at

298 K298 K Colour: colourlessColour: colourless Facts: unreactive Noble Facts: unreactive Noble

gas, 2gas, 2ndnd most abundant most abundant element in universeelement in universe

Lithium

Atomic Number: 3Atomic Number: 3 Standard state: solid at 298 KStandard state: solid at 298 K Colour: silveryColour: silvery Facts: mixed w/aluminum & magnesium for Facts: mixed w/aluminum & magnesium for

light-weight alloys; also used in batteries, light-weight alloys; also used in batteries, greases, glasses, and in medicine.greases, glasses, and in medicine.

Beryllium Atomic Number: 4Atomic Number: 4 Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K Colour: silveryColour: silvery Facts: high melting

point. At ordinary temperatures, beryllium resists oxidation in air. Cpds are very toxic; ability to scratch glass. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of the mineral beryl.

Boron Atomic Number: 5Atomic Number: 5 Standard state: solid Standard state: solid

at 298 Kat 298 K Colour: silvery-blackColour: silvery-black Facts:

semiconductor; chemically closer to silicon than to aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium. Crystalline boron is inert chemically and resistant to attack by boiling HF or HCl.

CarbonCarbon

Atomic Number: 6Atomic Number: 6 Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 K solid at 298 K Colour: several Colour: several

forms, including forms, including gray graphite and gray graphite and clear diamondclear diamond

Facts: component Facts: component of all cells; present of all cells; present in atmosphere & in atmosphere & dissolved in all dissolved in all natural waters; natural waters; component of component of many rocksmany rocks

NitrogenNitrogen Atomic Number: 7Atomic Number: 7 Standard state: Standard state:

gas at 298 Kgas at 298 K Colour: colourlessColour: colourless Facts: makes up Facts: makes up

~78% of Earth’s ~78% of Earth’s atmosphere; its atmosphere; its compounds are compounds are vital components vital components of foods, of foods, fertilizers, and fertilizers, and explosives.explosives.

OxygenOxygen Atomic Number: 8Atomic Number: 8 Standard state: Standard state:

gas at 298 Kgas at 298 K Colour: colourless Colour: colourless

(pale blue as (pale blue as liquid, liquid, rightright))

Facts: highly Facts: highly reactive; required reactive; required for respiration for respiration and most and most combustion; combustion; ozone is Oozone is O33

Fluorine Atomic Number: 9Atomic Number: 9 Standard state: gas Standard state: gas

at 298 Kat 298 K Colour: pale yellow Colour: pale yellow

gasgas Facts: Facts: most reactive

of all elements; highly toxic; corrosive gas which reacts with practically all organic and inorganic substances (including Noble gases xenon, radon, and krypton).

NeonNeon Atomic Number: 10Atomic Number: 10 Standard state: gas Standard state: gas

at 298 Kat 298 K Colour: colourlessColour: colourless Facts: very inert Facts: very inert

element; in element; in vacuum discharge vacuum discharge tube, neon glows tube, neon glows reddish orangereddish orange

SodiumSodium Atomic Atomic

Number: 11Number: 11 Standard Standard

state: solid at state: solid at 298 K298 K

Colour: silvery Colour: silvery white metalwhite metal

Facts: Facts: essential to essential to animal animal nutrition; nutrition; component of component of table salt table salt (halite)(halite)

MagnesiumMagnesium Atomic Atomic

Number: 12Number: 12 Standard Standard

state: solid at state: solid at 298 K298 K

Colour: Colour: grayish-white grayish-white metalmetal

Facts: Facts: chlorophylls chlorophylls are based are based upon upon magnesium. magnesium.

AluminumAluminum Atomic Number: 13Atomic Number: 13 Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K Colour: silvery-Colour: silvery-

white metalwhite metal Facts: light, Facts: light,

nonmagnetic, nonmagnetic, nonsparking; easily nonsparking; easily formed, machined, formed, machined, and cast; not found and cast; not found free in nature free in nature (refined from (refined from bauxite ore)bauxite ore)

SiliconSilicon

Atomic Number: Atomic Number: 1414

Standard state: Standard state: solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K

Colour: dark gray Colour: dark gray semi-metallicsemi-metallic

Facts: makes up Facts: makes up ~25% of Earth’s ~25% of Earth’s crust by weight, crust by weight, second most second most abundant element abundant element on Earth, used in on Earth, used in computers as computers as semi-conductorsemi-conductor

PhosphorusPhosphorus Atomic Number: 15Atomic Number: 15 Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K Colour: non-Colour: non-

metallic, metallic, colourless/red/silvecolourless/red/silvery-white ry-white

Facts: essential Facts: essential component of component of nervous tissue, nervous tissue, bones and cell bones and cell protoplasm; protoplasm; insoluble in water; insoluble in water; spontaneously spontaneously catches fire in air.catches fire in air.

SulfurSulfur Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

1616 Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K Colour: non-Colour: non-

metallic lemon metallic lemon yellowyellow

Facts: brittle, Facts: brittle, insoluble in water; insoluble in water; component of component of sulfuric acid (most sulfuric acid (most impt. impt. manufactured manufactured chemical in world)chemical in world)

ChlorineChlorine Atomic Number: 17Atomic Number: 17 Standard state: gas Standard state: gas

at 298 Kat 298 K Colour: greenish Colour: greenish

yellowyellow Facts: combines Facts: combines

directly with nearly directly with nearly all elements; all elements; commonly found as commonly found as halite (table salt); halite (table salt); used to produce used to produce safe drinking watersafe drinking water

Argon Atomic Number: 18Atomic Number: 18 Standard state: gas at Standard state: gas at

298 K298 K Colour: colourlessColour: colourless Facts: odourless gas Facts: odourless gas

present to very small present to very small extent in atmosphere. extent in atmosphere. Is very inert, not Is very inert, not known to form true known to form true chemical compounds. chemical compounds. Makes good Makes good atmosphere for atmosphere for working w/air-working w/air-sensitive materials sensitive materials since it is heavier since it is heavier than air and less than air and less reactive than Nreactive than N22..

PotassiumPotassium Atomic Number: Atomic Number: 1919

Standard state: Standard state: solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K

Colour: silvery Colour: silvery whitewhite

Facts: 7Facts: 7thth most most abundant element abundant element of Earth’s crust; of Earth’s crust; essential for plant, essential for plant, animal growth; animal growth; never found free never found free in naturein nature

CalciumCalcium Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

2020 Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K Colour: silvery Colour: silvery

metalmetal Facts: 5Facts: 5thth most most

abundant element abundant element in Earth’s crust; in Earth’s crust; essential to plant essential to plant & animal growth; & animal growth; commonly found commonly found in limestone, in limestone, gypsum, & fluorite gypsum, & fluorite (not found alone)(not found alone)

IronIron Atomic Number: 26Atomic Number: 26 Standard state: solid at 298 KStandard state: solid at 298 K Colour: lustrous grayish metalColour: lustrous grayish metal Facts: cheapest, most abundant, useful, & Facts: cheapest, most abundant, useful, &

important of all metals; component of important of all metals; component of hemoglobin; common building materialhemoglobin; common building material

CopperCopper Atomic Number: Atomic Number:

2929 Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K Colour: reddish Colour: reddish

metal with bright metal with bright lusterluster

Facts: malleable, Facts: malleable, ductile, good ductile, good conductor of conductor of heat & electricity heat & electricity (second to (second to silver); alloys silver); alloys include brass include brass and bronzeand bronze

ZincZinc Atomic Number: 30Atomic Number: 30 Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K Colour: bluish-Colour: bluish-

white, lustrous white, lustrous metalmetal

Facts: essential Facts: essential element for element for growth; used in growth; used in galvanizing galvanizing (“rust-proofing”) (“rust-proofing”) iron/steel and in iron/steel and in lightweight coinslightweight coins

KryptonKrypton Atomic Number: 36Atomic Number: 36 Standard state: gas at Standard state: gas at

298 K298 K Colour: colourlessColour: colourless Facts: present in air Facts: present in air

at about 1 ppm (also at about 1 ppm (also found on Mars); in found on Mars); in 1960, length of meter 1960, length of meter defined by defined by wavelength of wavelength of Krypton-33Krypton-33

SilverSilver Atomic Number: 47Atomic Number: 47 Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K Colour: brilliant Colour: brilliant

white metalwhite metal Facts: very ductile Facts: very ductile

and malleable; and malleable; excellent excellent conductor of heat conductor of heat & electricity; used & electricity; used in jewelry, in jewelry, photography, photography, dental alloys, dental alloys, batteries, mirror batteries, mirror production, production, coinagecoinage

IodineIodine

Atomic Number: 53Atomic Number: 53 Standard state: solid Standard state: solid

at 298 K at 298 K Colour: violet-dark Colour: violet-dark

grey, lustrous grey, lustrous Facts: forms cpds Facts: forms cpds

with most elements, with most elements, but is less reactive but is less reactive than other halogens; than other halogens; exhibits some exhibits some metallic-like metallic-like properties; very properties; very useful in medicine useful in medicine and photographyand photography

GoldGold Atomic Number: 79Atomic Number: 79 Standard state: solid Standard state: solid

at 298 Kat 298 K Colour: yellow metalColour: yellow metal Facts: most Facts: most

malleable and ductile malleable and ductile metal; unaffected by metal; unaffected by air; used for jewelry, air; used for jewelry, coinage, electronics, coinage, electronics, dentistry, medical dentistry, medical implants, treatment implants, treatment of arthritis, cancer, & of arthritis, cancer, & other conditionsother conditions

LeadLead

Atomic Number: 82Atomic Number: 82 Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K Colour: dull silver metalColour: dull silver metal Facts: very soft, highly malleable, ductile, Facts: very soft, highly malleable, ductile,

relatively poor conductor of electricity; very relatively poor conductor of electricity; very resistant to corrosion but tarnishes upon exposure resistant to corrosion but tarnishes upon exposure to air; lead pipes bearing insignia of Roman to air; lead pipes bearing insignia of Roman emperors, used as drains from the baths, are still emperors, used as drains from the baths, are still in service; alloys include pewter, solder.in service; alloys include pewter, solder.

RadonRadon Atomic Number: 86Atomic Number: 86 Standard state: gas Standard state: gas

at 298 Kat 298 K Colour: colourlessColour: colourless Facts: heaviest Facts: heaviest

known gas; second known gas; second leading cause of lung leading cause of lung cancer in US; main cancer in US; main hazard is from hazard is from inhalation of radon inhalation of radon gas collected on dust gas collected on dust in the airin the air

UraniumUranium Atomic Number:Atomic Number: Standard state: Standard state:

solid at 298 Ksolid at 298 K Colour: metallic Colour: metallic

graygray Facts: used in Facts: used in

nuclear power nuclear power plants and nuclear plants and nuclear weapons; is not weapons; is not particularly rareparticularly rare

AmericiumAmericium Atomic Number: 95Atomic Number: 95 Standard state: solid Standard state: solid

at 298 Kat 298 K Colour: brilliant Colour: brilliant

silvery whitesilvery white Facts: a component Facts: a component

of smoke detectors; of smoke detectors; radioactive; named radioactive; named after Americaafter America

There are about 90 more There are about 90 more elements…later…elements…later…