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CHEMISTRY REVIEW Physiology Unit 1

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Page 1: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

   CHEMISTRY  REVIEW  

Physiology  Unit  1  

Page 2: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Ma0er  and  Energy  •  Defini7ons  •  Types  of  energy  –  Kine7c  vs.  poten7al  

•  Forms  of  energy  –  Chemical  

•  Ex:    ATP  –  Electrical  

•  Ex:    Ac7on  poten7al  of  an  neuron  – Mechanical  

•  Ex:    Ac7on  of  muscles  in  moving  body  

–  Radiant  (Electrochemical)  •  Ex:  Light  energy  

Page 3: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Atoms    •  Smallest  unit  of  ma0er  –  Composed  of  subatomic  par7cles  

•  Protons  carry  a  posi7ve  charge    •  Neutrons  are  electrically  neutral    •  Electrons  carry  a  nega7ve  charge  

•  Nucleus  is  composed  of  protons  and  neutrons  •  Electrons  orbit  the  nucleus  –  Shells  

•  Fixed  distance  from  the  nucleus  •  2,  8,  18,  32    

–  Orbitals    •  The  direc7on  the  electrons  move  around  the  nucleus  •  can  hold  2  electrons  •  Be  able  to  write  electron  configura7ons  

Page 4: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Elements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons

Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Page 5: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Chemical  Composi7on  of  the  Body  

•  117  elements  (as  of  2006)    •  92  naturally  occurring  •  24/112  are  essen7al  –  7  essen7al  minerals  

•  Ca,  P,  K,  S,  Na,  Cl,  Mg  –  13  essen7al  trace  elements  

•  Fe,  I,  Cu,  Zn,  Mn,  Co,  Cr,  Se,  Mo,  F,  Sn,  Si,  V  

•  99%  of  the  body’s  atoms  –  Carbon    -­‐  Oxygen  – Hydrogen    -­‐  Nitrogen      

Page 6: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Ions    

•  Atom  that  has  gained  or  lost  one  or  more  valence  electrons  

•  electrolytes  •  anions  vs.  ca7ons  – Na+  (atomic  number  11)  – Cl-­‐  (atomic  number  17)    

– H+  (atomic  number  1)  

•  Minerals  – Mg2+,  Ca2+,  Fe2+,  SO4

-­‐2  

•  Trace  elements    

Page 7: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Isotopes  •  Elements  with  a  different  number  of  neutrons  •  Radioisotopes  –  Instability  and  disintegra7on  of  atomic  nucleus  –  Occurs  in  heavier  isotopes  –  Half-­‐life  =  amount  of  7me  required  for  ½  of  radioac7vity  to  be  lost  as  isotope  disintegrates  

–  Applica7ons  •  Radioac7ve  tracers  •  Radia7on  therapy  for  cancer  

Page 8: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Valence  Electrons    

•  Shells  surround  electrons  – First  shell  can  contain  only  2  electrons.  

•  If  more  than  2  electrons,  must  occupy  shells  more  distant  

– Second  shell  can  contain  8  electrons  •  Valence  electrons  – Electrons  in  the  outer  most  orbital  that  par7cipate  in  chemical  reac7ons  (if  orbit  incomplete)  •  Form  chemical  bonds  

Page 9: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Free  Radicals  

•  Atoms  containing  a  single  unpaired  valance  electron  

•  Highly  reac7ve  •  Formed  by  specific  enzymes,  UV  radia7on,  smoking,  pollu7on  

•  The  Good…Begins  process  of  pathogen  destruc7on  by  white  blood  cells  

•  The  Bad…Can  damage  self  DNA  or  cell  membranes  •  To  prevent  free  radical  damage  the  body  has  a  defense  system  of  an#oxidants  –  Vitamins  E,  C,  A  (derived  from  beta  carotene)  

Page 10: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Chemical  Bonds  

•  Chemical  bonds:  –  Interac7on  of  valence  electrons  between  2  or  more  atoms.  

•  Number  of  bonds  determined  by  number  of  electrons  needed  to  complete  outermost  shell.  

Page 11: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Chemical  bonds  link  atoms  together  to  produce  molecules  

•  Covalent  •  Polar  covalent  •  Ionic  •  Hydrogen  •  van  der  Waals  forces  

strongest

weakest

Page 12: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Covalent  bonds  

•  Atoms  share  electrons  •  Most  prevalent  in  organic  compounds  

•  Non-­‐polar  =  no  charge  

Page 13: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Polar  covalent  bonds  H2O  

•  Unequal  sharing  of  electrons  

•  Result  =  par7al  posi7ve  and  par7al  nega7ve  poles  

•  The  box  shows  a  molecule  of  H2O  

•  Polar  covalent  bonds  make  hydrogen  bonds  possible  –  Oxygen,  nitrogen,  

phosphorous  have  tendency  to  pull  electrons  towards  themselves.  

Page 14: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Ionic  bonds  

•  Complete  transfer  of  one  or  more  electrons  from  one  atom  to  another  

•  form  ions  when  dissociate    

Na Cl

Na+ Cl-

Page 15: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Hydrogen  Bonds  Water  

•  Electrical  a0rac7on  between  hydrogen  in  one  polarized  bond  and  oxygen  or  nitrogen  on  another  or  in  the  same  molecule  

•  Surface  tension,  cohesion  

•  Hydrogen  bonding  forms  water  

Diagram of water showing hydrogen bonding

Page 16: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Van  der  Waals  Forces  

•  Very  weak  a0rac7ons  between  nonpolar  regions  of  molecules  

•  Important  in  protein  structure  and  structure  of  other  large  molecules  

•  Caused  by  hydrophobic  interac7ons    –  polar  groups  turn  outward  toward  aqueous  solu7on  –  Non-­‐polar  groups  turn  inward  towards  each  other  

Page 17: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Solu7ons  

•  Solutes  and  solvents  •  Solubility  – Hydrophilic  – Hydrophobic  – Amphipathic  

Page 18: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Solubility  •  Glucose,  amino  acids,  are  H20  soluble.  – Hydra7on  spheres  form  around  atoms  of  oxygen,  nitrogen,  phosphorous  •  Charged  complex  ions  and  their  ca7ons  form  hydra7on  spheres  

•  Hydrophilic  molecules  

•  Molecules  composed  of  non-­‐polar  covalent  bonds  are  not  H20  soluble  –  Lipid  soluble  –  Cannot  form  hydra7on  spheres  

•  Hydrophobic  molecules  

Page 19: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Acids,  Bases,  and  pH  

•  Acids  =  proton  donors  •  Bases  =  proton  acceptors  •  pH  =  -­‐log  [  H+  ]  –  pH  scale  

•  0  (most  acidic)  to  14  (most  basic)  •  0-­‐6.9  is  acidic  •  7  is  neutral  •  7.1-­‐14  is  basic  

–  more  free  H+  in  solu7on  =  lower  pH  =  more  acidic!!!  

Page 20: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons
Page 21: CHEMISTRY!REVIEW!faculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_documents/Anat 36 CHem Review.pdfElements = every specific type of atom Atomic number: # protons Atomic mass: #protons + # neutrons

Buffers  Bicarbonate  Buffer  System  

•  System  of  molecules  and  ions  that  act  to  prevent  changes  in  [H+].  

•  Stabilizes  pH  of  a  solu7on.  •  In  blood:  •  H20  +  C02  <-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐>  H2C03  <-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐>  H+  +  HC03-­‐  

–  Reac7on  can  proceed  in  either  direc7on  (depending  upon  the  concentra7on  of  molecules  and  ions).  

–  This  is  the  bicarbonate  reac7on  –  Be  able  to  write  this  out