the battle for the brains: why immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled

8/8/2019 The Battle for the Brains: Why Immigration Policy is not Enough to Attract the Highly Skilled

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THE BATTLE FOR THE BRAINSWHY IMMIGRATION POLICY IS NOT ENOUGH

TO ATTRACT THE HIGHLY SKILLED

JEROEN DOOMERNIKTRANSATLANTIC ACADEMY

REY KOSLOWSKITRANSATLANTIC ACADEMY

DIETRICH THRNHARDTTRANSATLANTIC ACADEMY

PAPER SERIES


2/25

2009 Te German Marshall Fund o the United States. All rights reserved.

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3/25

The Battle for the Brains

Why immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled

Brussels Forum Paper Series

March 2009

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4/25

The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled

3

This paper

examines the

contemporary

debate in

Europe about

implementing

selective migratio

policies often

modeled after

immigration

policies found in

North America.

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Introduction

1


5/25

The German Marshall Fund of the United States4

For the first time

the distinction

was made

between those

migrants whom

we need, and

those who need

us while escaping

dictatorships, war,

and poverty.

The Debate in Europe

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6/25


5

We no longer

want immigration

that is inflicted

on us, we

want selected

immigration.

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7/25


Not only do

European states

compete among

themselves for

talent; they also

understand that

this competition

is global and

includes long-

standing players

like Australia,

Canada, and the

United States.

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Table 1. What Selected Governments Consider Desirable Regarding Migration in General and

Regarding Highly Qualifed Migration in 1996 and 2007

Cy 1996 2007 1996 2007

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8/25


7

With Congress

gridlocked on

immigration, its

clear that the

next Silicon Valle

will not be in the

United States.

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9/25


Selective

migration policies

can be grouped

into three models,

the human

capital model

as practiced

by Canada, the

neo-corporatist

model practiced

by Australia, and

the market-

oriented model

practiced by the

United States.

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The Examples of Canada, Australia,

and the United States3


10/25


9

Australia adopted

more skills-speci

approach based

on labor market

assessments and

more rigorous

credential

screening and

English language

testing before

migration.

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11/25


The U.S.

government has

not pursued an

explicit selective

migration strategy

based on a

point system,

but certain

provisions of

U.S. immigration

law have long

encouraged both

permanent and

temporary high-

skilled migration.

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12/25


11

The United State

implicit selective

migration strateg

yields more

highly-skilled

workers than

all of the point-

system programs

of other countrie

combined.

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13/25


The lopsided flows

of highly-skilled

migrants to the

United States, in

comparison to

flows to Australia

and Canada,

demonstrate that

states using point

systems with more

regulated labor

markets might not

be as effective

in generating the

expected flows of

the highly skilled.

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Table 2. Foreign-born Persons with Tertiary Education and Percentage o Educated Among

Foreign-born

Fg-b Ty P.D.N P N P

A 4,73,13 1,465,733 35% 1,7 %

C 5,717,15 ,33,4 356% 6,3 1%

U S 34,634,71 8,4,473 37% 443,15 13%

S: OECD 4, -b 1


14/25


13

In sum, European

policymakers

seek to adopt

selective migratio

policies practiced

by the United

States, Canada,

and Australia,

but these

countries have

taken different

approaches.

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15/25


The United

States enjoyed a

spending boom

Migration thus

was the human

capital sister

of large-scale

imports of goods

and capital.

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United States vs. European stability and

enlargement

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Why Immigration Policies

are not Sufficient4


16/25


15

These factors

give rise to

the proverbial

taxi driver with

a Ph.D.a

phenomenon tha

highlights the

broader challeng

of adequate

placement that,

turn, undermines

the intended

economic impac

of selective

migration policie

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professional markets and brain waste

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17/25


Mounting

acquisition

of university

capital paralleled

immigration

trends, with rich

and able students

from all over

the world trying

to study in U.S.

universities.

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machines versus underfunded European

universities

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Spain

Germany

Netherlands

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France

Czech Republic

Bulgaria

Croatia

Poland

Hungary

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Albania

Serbia & Montenegro

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Former YugoslaviaRepublic of Macedonia

Source: Swiss Census 2000; World Bank 2007, 189

Figure 1. Proportion of Migrants with Tertiary Education in Switzerland in Low-Skill Jobs17 Countries of Origin Compared


18/25


17

If European

universities want

to compete, they

must change to

become more

entrepreneurial,

better funded,

better organized

and more service

oriented, more

accessible,

and corporate

image-oriented.

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19/25


Mandatory

integration

courses and

tests may send

a negative signal

to all immigrants

regardless of

their skills and

education.

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20/25


19

Canada has

been remarkably

successful in

projecting a

positive image of

its immigration

system and

practice to the

world. Not all

countries have

been equally

successful in the

public relations.

L, ,, v, v v

, v

w R

w

v w E w w

x w, , v

Mv, I

v b

b

C b b j v

w, v

b (C 8, 46433)

N v b q

b T w b

b v w

v


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More free

movement from

beyond the EUs

borders, beginning

with talented

people, may

offer the way to

the future more

than elaborately

constructed

planned

human capital

schemes do.

Gv v vvw E, N A, A

x

v

E

b C A

S, A v U

S

C- A-

O

b E B C, v

x T bb

v T

F,

v

b

(Kb 8) I

, b v ,

x

,

v b v I v (S

175), v

W v b

v

, x

w, ,

, , ,

x T

I

w b -

v T bbb

, bbb , v,

b O

, ,

, q

A v w b v

b E w v

v

F, w b

b, b v

b

v

q T EU

v, b b w

q E z,

x, wb , v

w

M v b EU

b, b w ,

w b

Conclusion

5


22/25


21

B, C A T C W LTheWashington Post, Db 3, 7

B, K F v

International Herald

Tribune, Fb 1, 6

B, Bb, L Hw

S R Evaluation of the

General Skilled Migration Categories,

D I

M A, M 6

BMI Zuwanderung gestalten, Integrationfrdern. Bericht der Unabhngigen

Kommission Zuwanderung, J 4, 1

Bj, G J Friends or Strangers: The

Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy

Nw Y: B B, 1

Cz I C (CIC) Facts and

Figures 2005 Immigration Overview: Permanent

and Temporary Residents.Cz

I C 6 Rv : ://

www//b/5/x

C, S Does North America Exist?

Governing the Continent after NAFTA and 9/11

T: Uv T P 8

D E, T, E

Employment Permits Arrangements Guide

to Green Card Permits. Nvb 8

Rv ://www/

b/b/8/G%-%

GC%-%Nv%8

D H S (DHS)2005 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics,

D H S 5

D H S (DHS)Characteristics of Employment-Based Legal

Permanent Residents: 2004, F S,

O I S, D

H S, Ob 5

D H S (DHS)

2006 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics,

D H S, 6

Ev, C. M S b S

C Ev M I

Cz: C 8

S M P, 8

E M C R

Xb (EUMC) Perceptions of

discrimination and Islamophobia. Voices

from members of Muslim communities in the

European Union, V: EUMC, 6

E M C R

Xb (EUMC)Muslims in

the European Union: Discrimination and

Islamophobia, V: EUMC 6b

G I M D

I A, F M

I, B, J 18, 4 Rv

J 7, 6 Rv : ://www

zw//x

G, A G Dv A G T

E G C I

P: P P Canadian

Public Policy 1, V 5, N 4

Hw, L Labor Market Outcomes

for Migrant Professionals: Canada and AustraliaCompared Ow: S C 6

References

6


23/25


Hb, D S I C:Cx, P O C A

1, Bb B, L Hw

S R, , Evaluation of the General

Skilled Migration Categories, Commonwealth

of Australia. Cb 6, 185

I Oz M

(IOM)World Migration 2008: Managing

Labor Mobility in the Evolving Global

Economy Gv: IOM 8

Kb, H Einwanderung zwischen

wohlverstandenem Eigeninteresse und

symbolischer Politik. Das Beispiel der

deutschen Green Card, M: L 4

Kb, H P M? S P

I

Kw z E? I: D T

, Entwicklung und Migration, B: L 8,

7

Lw, L B H-1B Temporary Workers:

Estimating the Population.W

P N 1 C CvI S, Uv

C, S D, M 113,

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Remittances. Eastern Europe and the Former

Soviet Union W B: W 7

Mw, I Integration als Staatsprogramm.

Frankreich, Deutschland und die Niederlande

im Vergleich, M: L 7

MPSV/IOM () (M Lb

S A/I Oz M) Have you decided to live

and work in the Czech Republic?Rv

: ://wwwz/w/

b/EN, Db 18, 8

O E C- Dv (OECD) International

Migration Outlook: SOPEMI 2004 Edition.

P: O E C-

Dv 4

O D 8: INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS

ON US CAMPUSES AT ALL-TIME Rv

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OS, Ew Missing the Point(s): The

Declining Fortunes of Canadas Economic

Immigration Program.M

T A, J

P D G S

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U.S. Selection of Skilled Immigrants

W, DC: I M

P P, C Ew

I P 16

Sv Zw

IMigration und Integration.

Erfahrungen nutzen, Neues wagen.

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Nb: BAMF, 4

S, H Sz Uv Nw

Lw Ex F W The

Telegraph, Fb 7, 6

S, Ov D Ew

Kbb D?

D T , Entwicklung und

Migration, B: L 8, 5178

S, P G Lb(E) Patterns of Corporatist Policy-

MakingL: S Pb 18

S, J A [1942] Capitalism, Socialism

and Democracy. Nw Y: H 175


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23

T, T R O C I P

S I: P B/Ax Kb

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Integration im Vergleich, Nb: B

M F 8, 455

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Migration Work for Britain UK H O,

M 6 Rv : ://www

v/F//C_P1

UK H O The Points-Based System.UK,

H O, M 4, 8 Rv : ://

wwwbv/b/

/b/

U N D E

S A P Dv

(UNPD) World Population Policies 2007

Nw Y: U N, 8

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D E S

A P Dv POP/DB/

MIG/Rv5/D Fb 6

R C, L I: S

P.US C I

R, 15 Rv : ://www

x/bj//

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Reform Act of 2007 S1348, 7

W, Hz T C G C

Iv F IT S

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Highly Skilled(P: OECD, 1)

W H U, W H Pw

Rv M 6, 7 : ://

wwww/w//b/w_

b/W%H%I%P


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O F F I C E S

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the battle for the brains: why immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled

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