sylvania engineering bulletin - mercury lamps 1977

7/28/2019 Sylvania Engineering Bulletin - Mercury Lamps 1977

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Mercury Lamps


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TABTEOFCONIENTSTheory of OperationLamp Constructionlllumination Characteristics of Mercury Lamps

EfficacySpectral Energy Distribution

Lamp Designations .........Types of Mercury Lamps40,75 and 100-Watt .....

100, 175 and 2SO-Watt . . .400-Watt700and 1000-Watt ......Self-Ballasted LampsRS Sun Lamp

Performance Data . .Table of Performance Data . .

Performance Data for Mercury Reflector LampsTableof Performance Data .......Types and ApplicationsCandlepower DistributionsCoefficients of Utilization -Mercury Lamp Ballasts .Low Power Factor Reactor Balast .......High PowerFactor Reactor Ballast ... .. -Low Power Factor Autotransformer BallastHigh Power Factor Autotransformer BallastConstant Wattage Autotransformer BallastPremium Constant Wattage Ballast ......Two Lamp Lead-Lag Reactor BallastTwo Lamp Series Constant Wattage Ballast

Operating Characteristics of Mercury LampsLamp LifeLumen Maintenance ...Starting and Warm-UpEffect of Line Voltaqe VariationLamp Operating PositionOver-Wattage Operatio nEffect of TemperatureStroboscopic EffectDirect Current OperationRadiointerference ....Troubleshootinq ......Bulb Shapes and S izes

Warning Notice and Operating Instructions

Page.- J.. 4.. 5.. 5.. 6.. 6.. 6.. 6.. 6.. 7.. 7.. 7.. 7.10,I1.. 7.. 8

Zonal Cavity Method.. 9

9,12,1313,14

T4T4t4141515161616I7T7I7l6I8I81919191920202020

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SYTVANIA MERCURY TAMPSTHEORYOF OPERATION

The mercury lamp belongs to the classificationknown as high intensity discharge (H.I.D.) lamps. Inlamps of this type, light is produced by the passageof an electric current through a gas or vapor underpressure instead of through a tungsten wire as in theincandescent lamp.The first practical. mercury lamp was the Cooper-Hewitt lamp developed by Peter Cooper Hewitt in1901. This was a tubular source about 4 feet longwhich produced light that was distinctly bluish-green in color at a high efficacy compared with theincandescent lamps of those days. The first high-pressure mercury lamp, similar to the ones usedtoday, was introduced in 1934 in the 400-watt size.Lamps now available range in size from 40 watts toI000 watts.The electrical circuit of a typical mercury lamp isshown schematically in Figure 1. Ballasts of the cor-rect size and type are required to operate mercurylamps on any standard electrical circuit to convertthe distribution voltage of the lighting circuit to therequired starting voltage for the lamp and to controlthe current during operation of the lamp. This cur-rent control is necessary because the mercury lamp,like all discharge light sources, has a "negative resist-ance" characteristic. Once started, the arc will"runaway" with itself and draw an excessive currentthat will destroy the lamp if not controlled by a

bailasting device. Various types of ballasts for mer-cury lamps are described on pages 14 and I5.When the line switch is turned on, the starting volt-age of the ballast is impressed across the gap betweenthe operating electrodes at opposite ends of the arctube and also across the small gap between the opera-ting electrode and the starting electrode. This ionizesthe argon gas in the starting gap, but the current islimited to a small value by the starting resistor. Whenthere is sufficient ionized argon and mercury vapordistributed throughout the arc tube, an arc strikesbetween the operating electrodes. This vaporizesmore mercury, and the lamp quickly warms up to astable condition. After the rrrain arc strikes, the start-ing resistor causes the potential across the startinggap to be too low to maintain that discharge, and thelamp current flows between the operating elec-trodes.The ions and electrons which comprise the currentflow, or "arc discharge," are set in motion at tremen-dous speeds on the path between the two operatingelectrodes at opposite ends of the arc tube. The im-pact of the speeding electrons and ions on the sur-rounding gas or vapor briefly changes their atomicstructure. Light is produced from the energy givenoff by the affected atoms as they change back totheir normal stritcture.

LIN EVOLTAG E

OPERATINGMOGUL ELECT

TAGTO LAMP STARTINGRESISTOR STARTINGELECTRODE ARC TUBEFILLED WITH MERCURYAND ARGON

Figure 1. Electrical circuit of a typical mercury lamp.


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IAMP CONSTRUCTIONThe basic parts of a typical mercury lamp are shownin Figure 2. Although there are many sizes and sev-eral shapes of mercury lamps, the most commonlyused types are of two bulb construction with anouter bulb "jacket" and an inner bulb "arc tube".The arc tube, made of quartz, contains the arc, mer-cury vapor, electrodes and a small amount of argongas. The outer bulb, usually filled with nitrogen, pro-tects the arc tube from damage and atmosphericcorrosion. It also regulates the arc tube operatingtemperature and acts as a filter to absorb ultravioletradiation.Sylvania mercury lamps have a rough service one-piece arc tube mount frame construction. The arctube is firmly supported and correctly positioned by

spring spacer supports. The operating electrodes areof trimetallic construction which insures high elec'tron emission and maximum lumen maintenance. Aformed tungsten rod supports a spaced tungsten coilwith a trimetallic oxide emissive compound em-bedded firrnly within the spaced coils and protectedby a threaded tungsten coil. The outer bulb is madeof Borosilicate (hard) glass, and the mechanical nick-el-plated brass base has a date recording feature formarking the month and year the lamp was installed.In some mercury lamps the inner surface of the outerbulb is coated with a white phosphor which im-proves the color by converting a large part of theultraviolet energy radiated by the arc into visiblelight, predominantly in the red region of the spec-trum.

SHOCKSPR ING ABSORBERSPACER TABS

QUARTZ ARC TUBETRIMETA LLICO PERATINGELECTROOE ARTING ELECTRODE(PROBE)

ROUGH SERVICEARC TUBE MOUNTFRAME

SHOCK ABSOREERSPRING SPACER TABSL IFERESISTOR

NICKEL PLATEO BRASSECHAN ICAL BASE WITHDATE RECORDING FE ATURE

Figure 2. Basic parts of a typical mercury lamp,4


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ILTUMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF MERCURY TAAAPSEfficacyHigh light output is one of the important advantagesof mercury lamps. The initial efficacy (at 100 hoursoperation) ranges from 30 to 63 lumens per watt,depending on the wattage and color of the lamp.This does not include the ballast losses which shouldbe added to the lamp watts when comparisons aremade with other light sources.Spectral Energy DistributionThe spectrum of a mercury lamp contains stronglines in the ultraviolet and visible regions. The pres-sure in the quartz arc tube is responsible to a largedegree for the mercury lamp's characteristic spectralenergy distribution. The exact spectral distributionvaries greatly with the pressure at which the arc tube

operates. Standard H.I.D. rnercury lamps operate atvapor pressures within the range of one to ten at-mospheres. At these pressures the mercury spectrumconsists of four principal wavelengths in the visiblespectrum, 404.7, 435.8, 546.1 and 578.0 nano-meters, and two in the ultraviolet at334.2 and365.0nanometers. The quartz arc tube transmits all wave-Iengths, but the glass outer bulb cuts off practicallyall wavelengths below 300 nanometers and passesonly the near ultraviolet and the visible light.The clear mercury lamp produces a bluish-whitelight in which there is virtually no red radiation. Be-cause of the strong b1ue, green and yellow lines,these colors on objects are enhanced;but the lack ofred makes orange and red appear brownish.

I

Correlated Color Tempsrature - 59O0'KColor Rsnderinq lndex - 22CIE Chromalicity - x =.32Oy =.379Figure 3. Spectral energy distribution of 400-Watt Clearmercury lamp (H33CD-400).

Correlatsd Color Temperature - 42O0'KColor Renderins Index - 45CIE Chromalicity - x =.3a3 y =.419Figure 4. Spectral energy distribution of 4OO,Watt Colollmproved mercury lamp (H33c L-400/C).

*lvE!n6fi lli laNoxETERsCorrelated Color Temperarure - 3600.KColor Rendering lndex - 47CIE Chromaticit - x =.400y = -380

Figure 5. Spectral energy distribution of 400-Watt WarmDeluxe mercury lamp (H33G L-400/WDX).

Correlated Color Temperature - 40O0'KColor Fenderins lndex - 43CIE Chromaticity - x =.382 Y =.385Figure 6. Specral energy distribution of 400-WattBrite-White Deluxe mercury lamp (H33GL-400/DX).

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A phosphor coating on the inside of the outer bulbgreatly improves the color of the light by convertingiome of the ultraviolet energy into visible light in thesame way as in fluorescent lamps. (See EngineeringBulletin 0-341.) These phosphors not only improvethe color rendering but also increase the initial lightoutput for some types. The Sylvania Brite-White De-luxe mercury lamp, for example, has an europium-activated phosphor coating that peaks in the red

region of the spectrum and also increases the initialefficacy. This improves the color rendition, as com-pared with clear mercury lamps. The color renderingcapability of the Warm Deluxe mercury is superiorto that of the Brite-White Deluxe mercury lamp.Spectral energy distribution curves for 400-wattmercury lamps of several types are shown in Figures3, 4, 5 and 6-

DX

IAMP DESIGNATIONSMercury lamps have identifying designations of theirown which are quite different from those for incan-descent and fluorescent lamps. This system is au-thorized and administered by the American NationalStandards Institute (A.N.S.l.). All designations startwith the letter "H" from the Greek word "Hydrar-gyrum", meaning mercury. Following this is anarbitrary number or numbers which indicate theelectrical characteristics of the lamp and ballast. Ifthere are two numbers, it indicates that the lamp willoperate from either type of ballast. The two follow-ing letters identify the bulb size, shape, finish andother physical characteristics, excluding color.Where the outer bulb is phosphor-coated, a slant line

and one or more letters are added to specify thecolor. For example, the H33-IGL/DX designationfor the 400-watt Brite-White Deluxe mercury lampbreaks down as follows:Old ANSI DesignationH - Indicates mercury lamp33-1 - Numbers for 400-watt ballastsGL - Two arbitrary letters which describe thephysical characteristics of the lamp, suchas bulb size, shape and finish.- indicates Brite-White Deluxe color. Thispart of the designation does not appearon clear lamps.

The standard ANSI designations have been revised toinclude lamp nominal wattage. At the same time thesecond of two sets of numbers describing the ballastwere dropped, i.e., 33-I became 33 for a 400-wattlamp. The designations were changed to help in iden-tifying a particular lamp by its designation.Using the new system the 400-watt DX Mercurylamp becomes H33GL-400/DX.

New ANSI Designation- Indicates mercury lamp- Numbers for 400-watt ballast- Same as old ANSIIndicates nominal lamp wattage- Indicates color on coated lamps(In this example Brite-White Deluxe)

H33GL400DX

100, 175 and 250-Watt (Mogul Base, BT-25 andBT-28 Bulbs)Applications for these low-wattage lamps includegeneral lighting in low bay areas, residential andsecondary street lighting and floodiighting. Forblacklight applications in the theater, nightclubs andother entertainment areas the clear lamps are usedwith a filter. They are available in clear and severalphosphor-coated types.400-Watt (Mogul Base, BT-37 Bulb)This is the most popular lamp in the mercury line.It is commonly used for street lighting in down-town and intermediate areas, for industrial lightingin medium and hiqh bay areas and for floodlightingparking lots. Clear and several phosphor-coatedtypes are available.

TYPESOFMERCURYTAMPSMercury lamps for general applications range in sizefrom 40 to 1000 watts. The most widely used mer-cury lamps are the 400-watt and 1000-watt sizes.Although the various sizes cannot be separated ex-actiy by applications, the following Eoupings maybe made by wattages and common applications.40-100 Watt (Med. Base, A-23, B-21. G-40 Bulbs)These compact mercury lamps are approximatelythe same size as the ordinary 150-watt incandescentlamp and provide tp lo 2-I/2 times the light outputof the corresponding wattage incandescent lamps.They are ideally suited for post lanterns, patios,motor courts, parking areas, buiiding entrances andresi.dential applications. The G-40 is ideal for decora-tive applications where bulb is visible. The 4o-wattH45AY-40/50/DX may be operated as a SO-wattlamp on an H46 ballast.6


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700 and 1000-Watt (Mogul Base, 8T-46 andBulbs)The 1000-watt mercury lamp is much more widelyused than the 700-watt. Included in its applicationsare roadway lighting in heavily tavelled areas, highbay industrial lighting and floodlighting for parkinqlots. These J.amps are made in clear and severalphosphor-coated types.

CAUTION: The 1000-watt lamp is available intwo types - the H34 High Current and the H36Low Current. The former has a nominal operat-ing current of 8 amperes and a rated average lifeof 16,000 hours, as compared with 4 amperesand 24,000 hours respectively for the latter.They are not interchangeable and must beoperated on ballasts designed for that lamptype. Lamps and ballasts could be destoyed ifH34, HS6lamps are interchanged.Self-Ballasted LampsSelf-baliasted mercury lamps are available from sev-eral manufacturers in various wattages and bulbshapes. These lamps are designed to operate directlyon I20 volt or 220-240 volt circuits without theexternal ballast required by standard mercury lamps.In self-ballasted lamps the necessary bailasting is pro-vided by a tungsten filament which operates in serieswith a quartz arc tube to control the current andvoltage. These lamps have considerably lower effi-cacies and shorter lives than mercury lamps usingseparate baliasts because of the lower efficacy o{ thetungsten filament.

8T-56 RS Sun LampThe RS Sun Lamp is a 27 S-watt self-ballasted mer-cury lamp in an R-40 bulb with a built-in reflector toprovide ultraviolet radiation for tanning. A Vycorglass bulb transmits the erythemal ultraviolet energygenerated by the mercury arc which is controlled byan automatic starting switch and a tungsten filamentwhich acts as a ballast. The arc and filament com-bined consume 275 watts, and the lamp can be oper-ated directly on any 1 l0- I30 volt, 50-60 hertz alter-nating current circuit. A warm-up period of abouttwo minutes is required to reach full ultraviolet out-put, and restart time is approximately 3 minutes ifthe arc is interrupted. Rated life of the Sun Lamp is1200 applications. Read instructions carefully priorto actual usage. Fig. 7 is a spectral energy distribu-tion (SED) curve for a typical sunlamp.

Figurs 7. 275-Watt Sun Lamp

to or exceed ANSIPERFOR'YIANCE DATA

Table 2 on pages 10 and 11 lists nominal values forphysical, electrical and photometric characteristicsof Sylvania mercury lamps. Dimensional and elec-trical values shown are equalstandards wherever applicable.

ate the need for labor to clean fixtures. They havelong 1ife, which further reduces the need for labor,and have good lumen maintenance. Reflector lampsources are actually fixtures in themselves becauseof the built-in reflector and several other character-istics which produce various beam distributionsfrom spot to very wide flood. Although they canbe used without luminaires, it is recommended thatthey be installed in a metal shielding to protect thebulb from impact or other harm.

PERFORMANCE DATA FORSYTVANIA TVIERCURY REFLECTOR TAAAPS(Prcviously in Enginee ng Bulletin 0-329)

Performance data for all mercury reflector lamps arelisted in Tabie I. Electrical parameters a.re the sameas those given for standard types of comparablewattage in Table 2 on pages I0 and I1.Sylvania Mercury Reflector lamps combine thedirectional advantages of incandescent reflectorlamps with the high output feature of mercurysources. In common with other reflector lampsthey offer built-in reflectors that virtually elimin-


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Ref lector DescriptionsMercury reflector lamps have three different typesof reflector coatings as listed in the Reflector Des-cription column of Table 1. These are: (1) Metallic;(2) Phosphor; (3) Metallic and Phosphor. With themetallic reflector, most of the light is directedthrough the face of the bulb. This is particularlyhelpful in dirty environments because most of thedirt collects on the outer surface of the reflectorportion of the bulb and not on the face, which great-ly reduces maintenance requirements. The phosphorcoating allows some of the light to pass through thesides of the bulb but reflects approximately two-thirds through the face of the bulb. The phosphorcoating converts some of the ultraviolet energy fromthe arc tube into useful light and thus provides colorimprovement. The metallic reflector and phosphorcoating combination directs color-improved light inthe desired direction.

Color DesignationsColors available for various types of Sylvania Mer-cury Reflector lamps are listed in Table I underColor Designation. Included are: (I) Clear, (2) ColorImproved, (3) Brite White Deluxe. The clear lampsgive the charactedstic mercury blue-green light thatdi.storts most colors. The color-improved lamps havea phosphor coating that adds red Light. Use of theBrite White Deluxe lamps brings the maximum incolor rendition for mercury reflector lamps and animprovement in lumen output, compared with thecolor-improved 1amps.Candlepower DistributionTable 1 lists the maximum beam candlepowers andbeam spreads available with Sylvania Mercury Re-flector lamps. The candlepower distribution curvesfor the complete line are shown in Figures 8 to 15.

TYPES AND APPLICATIONS100 Wart Par-38Available in both spot and flood distribution (SeeFigure 8), these lamps can be used for general flood-lighting. The distinctive blue-Eeen color does a par-ticularly good job in brightlighting shrubs and trees.However, they are most often used with a filter forblacklight applications, such as egg candling, passout identification, location of cracks and other de-fects in metal parts and decorative biacklighting.100 and 175 Watt R-40These lamps, with Brite White Deluxe color andmedium base, are handy replacements for 150 Wattand 300 Watt, R-40 incandescent lamps when a bal-last is added to each socket. Although they will phy-sically fit fixtures designed for R-40 incandescentlamps with medium base, they must be used onlywith the proper ballast. The many applications forthese lamps include private security lighting, low-bay warehouse lighting and landscape floodlighting.They are also recommended for lighting walkways,driveways, yards and patios.400 Wafi R-57The three lamps in this family are primarily used inindustrial applications where conventional lumin-aires would be too difficult to maintain, either be-cause of inaccessibility or an extremely dirty envi-ronment. Fixtures are not needed with these lamps,but they do require a hood or shield to protect theupper surface of the lamps. The metallic reflectorH33FY-400 is used where color correction is unim-portant and downlight only is desired. It is ideal for

extremely dirty areas, especially where oil contarn-ination is present. The H33DN-400/C andH33DN-400/DX make use of phosphor coatingsrather than metallic reflectors. The Brite WhiteDeLuxe H3SDN-400/DX is especially recommendedwhere good color rendition and high lumen outputare important.400 wafi R-60The three lamps with R-60 bulbs offer a choice ofthree light distributions including Wide Flood, VeryWide Flood and Verv Wide Flood with High Beam,as shown in Figures 13 and 14. The proper lamp touse is determined by specific light intensity and lightbeam spread requirements. For the best color rendition the Brite White Deluxe H33FS-400/DX andH33HL-400/DX lamps are recommended. The threelamps in this family are used principally for outdoorfloodlighting. They are especially recommended insuch installations as sports fields, gas stations, park-ing areas, airports, railroad yards and building flood-lighting.1000 watt 8T-56Although this lamp has the same 8T-56 bulb as isused by standard 1000 Watt mercury lamps, it isclassed as a reflector lamp but is also listed in Table2. Instead of the full phosphor coating of standardlamps it has one-half of the bulb coated with phos-phor, which serves as a serni-reflector. It providesbetter lumen maintenance and higher light utiliza-tion throughout life than the standard 8T-56 lampswith full phosphor. The H36KY-I000/DX rnust beoperated with the low curent ballast.


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PERFORMANCE DAT

NominalLamp

Watts (A) ANSI0osignation ANSI0esignation

B ulbShape

Size

Base Type(AllScrew Type)NickelPlatedBrass

0verallLe gth(l ches)Liqhr

Center!enqth(lnches) Length(lnches) ColorDesignation

40 H45A2.40/50H45AY 40/50/DX

H45 AZH45 AY/DX 821 6.112 3 3i 4i3i 16 2113211i? ClearBrite While 0eluxe

50tF) H45AY 40/50/0X H45 AY/OX 821 l\4ed !nr 6112 3 3r4'3/16 2t 32!t18 Brite Whire Dehxe75 H43AZ i5

H43AY 75/DXH43.AZH4] AY/OX 821 [4ediu m E|2 3.31413/ 16 1 3/6411/8 ClearBrite While 0 eluxe

100

H38MP r 00/DX H 38 -4t\lPl D X A23 5.1116 3 1t2.\3116 1.3/64i1/8 Brile White DeluxeH38AZ 100H38AY 100/CH38AY.100/DX

H38-AZH48.AY/CH38 AY/DX 821 6v2 3 31413/16 13/64+1/8

ClearColor lmproved

Brite White DeluxeH38HT-100H38JA.t00/CH38JA-100/WH38iA.r 00/DXH38JA 1OO/N

H38 4HTH38.4JA/CH384JA/WH38 4JA/DX

BI )5 111? 5r3/16 I 3/64, 1/8Clear

Color lmprovedSrne Ul/hite 0eluxe

175 H33KB 175H3SKC.175/CH3SKC.175/WH3SKC 175/DXH3SKC 175/N

H3S 22XBH33 22KClCH3S.22KClWH3S 22 KC/DX

tr,4oqLrl 8 5/r6 5rl 16 1 3/4.1/8Clear

C olor lmprovedBrhe Whne Deluxe

250 H37K8.250H37KC.250/CH37KC.250/WHtTKC-250/DXHl7KC.250/N

H37.5K8H37.5KC/CH37.5KC/WH37 5KC/DX

8T.28 [4ogu 8.5/ 16 513i16 2'r18Clear

Erire White Dduxe

400H33AR-400 H33 l AB T t6 [4 Lrqu t1 213116,1/8 ClearH33C0.400H33Gt.400/CH33G L-400/WH33Gt.400/0XH33 G r.400/N

H33,1C0H33,1GL/CH331GL/WH331GL/DX 8T 3l [4ogu 11.1 2 1-114 2 13/ r 6r 118

ClearColor Improved

Srite Whire 0eluxe

i00 H35NA.700H35N0.700/CH35N0 700/WH35NO ?t)tl/DX

H35 18NAH35.18N D/CH35 18ND/WH15.r8N O/DX

BT 46 [4 ogu I 14112 9r2J/8 511/4Clear

Color lmprovedErile While 0eluxe

1000High

Current

H34GV 1000H34CW 1000/CH3iGW 1000/WH34GW 1000/DX

H3412GVH34.r2GWCH3412GW/WH34.12GWDX

BT 56 liloq! I 15.3/8 I l12r 3/8 5.5i 811/4Clear

Color lmprovedErite White Deluxe

1000Slandard

H36GVl000H36GW 1000/CH36GW-1000/WH36GW.1000/DX

H36,15GVH36,15GW/CH36.15GWWH]6 ] 5GWDX

BT 56 l\4oq L r5 318 I t/:'J'8 ,118!tl4Clear

Color lmproved!ryhite

Brite Whits Deluxe1500 H36GV.1000

H36GW.1000/CH36.15GVH36.15GW/C

0ata G ven lor 1500 Watl 0perat on0r H36 I5GV And H36 CWC tamps ClearColor lmproved(A) Nominal lamp watts do not include ballast watiage. Ballast wattage indl dimnsion Example: BT 56 is 56 eighths or 7 inches diam. (Seeis approximatly 10 L5?/. of lamp watts Consult individLral ballast paqe 20 )manufacturers data

Warm up time 45 mins Re start time 46 mjns (C) App.oxlmate innial lumen values given after 100 hours of operation witir lamp operated at rated watts. Initial footcandle reading(B) Bulb diameter qiven in eiqhths of an inch. Dimension given is nom shouldnotbetakenbeforel00hoursofoperation.

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1

MERCURY LAMPSVertical0peralion Horizontal 0peration l\4inimum Sta(ingVolts To Assure GivenSrartin! Beliahility Atl dicared Temp.

Lamp 0perarion Iamp 0peraiioqCunent (Amps)(Nom'rral)Life(Hours)(E)

lnitial(100 Ht.)(c)

Approximate lvlean l(msnsAs Percenr lnitial ForLife lndicated (E) l irial(100 Hr.)(c)

Approximate ruiean LurnensAs Percent lnitial FotLife lndicared (E)

16000 H' 24000 Hr 16000 Hr. ?4000 Hrs8%(D)

+50 F90%(0)N'F

90%(0)-2n F Horiz. Horz.

12001350

B519.2

11451230

8276.2

Not

App cab e

r 50' 170. r80 90 88 0.5 3 .54 160001680 192

Not

Applirabl

r650 16228003150

8778

2 Gs0 8,115 200. 2r0. 225 130 135 n fi4 n65 16000

4400 81 4200 208 210 225 r30 130 0.85 0.88 16000410040004400

908681

380038004200

318568.0

200 - 214 ?25 r30 r30 0 85 088 16000

41004r00440045003750

8257S.0745745

78.070566066.0

3900390042004200

82078.073.0i3.0

76.068.5645645 200' 210* ?25 13n r30 0.85 088 24000

78507 850850085007000

93 5!1.08!089.0

90386.584.5845

14501450800080n0

92.090.087.087 0

88.08s.082.082.A

200 210 225 130 150 r.5 5 24000

1200011850130001300011000

90.889.085.085 0

86.582.A78.0i8 0

11400112501230012300

87 58579 579 5

82.578.573.0730

r 90" 214 D5 130 1?9 2.1 2.15 24000

1S500 18500 12000205002050023000230001C000

91 290.6875875

87585081.581.5

1S 5001S5002115021t50

895865320

8s.081.576.57 6.5

190' ) 111 225 135 r30 32 3.4 24000

410004t 00044500445n0

91.08S.085.5855

87.082.579.079 0

39000390004200042000

89086081.0810

84.080.075.016 0

215 325', 375 " ?65 250 28 30s 240fln55000550006100061000

85084011 tt7 a

NotApplcab e

52000520005800058 000

81 079070.070n

NotApplicable 200 " 325 3i5 135 r34 8.0 8.1 16000+

5i 5005i 5006300063000

88086.011 .011 .0

83.578 570.570 5

54500545006000060000

84.5sr 073.013 t)

/9074.065.565.5

215 325. 375- 265 252 40 4.3 2400n8500085000

f,4ean LLmens For 2000 Hour L ie = 16000It4ean Lunrefs F0.2000 Hour L fe = 76000 Data Not Availab e 0r App icab e 2000

Minimum stdrting volts required to assure qjven startinq reliabilirval indicated temperature denotes, for example, that at 0'F with 210volts open circuir voliaqe available that 90% of the 40o-waft lampswill ignjte and stabrlize to 95"/" of rheir minimum rared volragewithin l5 minutes. Although a lower open circuit volrage mayignite th.' Ldmp a higher open ci.cuir volrage than rhis minlmummay be required for proper warm up. stabilization and reliability of

starting t hrough out th life of the lamp. See (*)note.(E) Rated life and mean Lunlens based on L0 hours operatins tlme perslart. Mean lumens based on ballast cresr lactors ol I 4 to t.5 Meanlumens decrease with higher crest factors.(F) For 50 watt operdtion an H46 batlast is required.*Higher voltage may ba requued ro maintain tamp operation.

(D)

11


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CANDLEPOWER DISTR IBUTIONS

12

r6

;4t

e,=3

z1

2A 40 60 a0DEGFE5 FFOM BEAN4 AX ISFiqure 8 Figure g

12

;8B

43

Figure 11DEGREES FROM AEAM AXLS

Fisuie 10

OEGBEES FROM AEAM AXISFigure 12

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16

;s3s6

o 20 40 60 8090DEGREES FROM BEAM AXISFigure 14

Coeff icients of UtilizationTable 3 lists Zonal Cavity Method Coefficients ofUtilization for the most commonly used Brite WhiteDeluxe Mercury Reflector Lamps. AII of these

o.u^.... ,^or ".o'L o,,130 'uoFigure 15

values are based on bare lamp candlepower measure-ments and will be slightly different when the lampsare used in protective hoods or shields.

96o5;43ft3

TABLE 3COEFFICIENTS OF UTILIZATION _ ZONAL CAVITY METHOD

nle\1.\l\l r----f8T.56

RCC * 0.80 0.50 0.30 0.00RW* 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.50 0.30 o.10 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.00RCR + EF FEC'I-IVE FLOOR CAV TY REF LECTANCE 20%

175 WATTR-40

H398N,175lDX

12345678

10

1.040.910.80o.710.630.560.49o.440.400.36

1.000.84o.72o.620.540.460.400.360.310.28

0.960.790.650.55o.470.400.340.290.26o.22

0.980.860.7 50.670.590.53o.47o.420.380.35

0.940.810.690.600.450.390.350.31o.27

o.920.760.640.540.460.390.33o.29o.25o.22

0.940.830.730.650.570.510.4 50.410.3 70.34

0.910.780.670.590.51o.440.380.340.30o.27

0.89o.7 4o.620.540.460.390.330.29o.250.22

0.84o.710.510.430.370.3'1o.270.23o.20

4OO WATTR-57

H33DN-4OO/DX

1

3456l

10

0.930.800.70o.620.540.480.430.390.3 5o.32

0.88o.730.610.530.4 50.3s0.340.30o.27o.24

0.840.670.550.460.390.33o.28o.240.210.18

o.770.660.570.510.450.400.36o.320.290.26

0.730.61o.52o.440.380.33o.29o.26o.230.20

0.7 00.57o.410.390.330.28o.24o.210.180.16

0.670.580.s0o.440.390.350.31o.2a0.25o.23

0.640.540.450.390.340.290.26o.230.200.18

o.620.500.410.350.300.25o.210.190.160.14

0.500.400.33o.28o.230.200.160.14o.120.11

4OO WATTR-60

H33FS-4OO/DX

1234567I

't0

1.040.910.80o.710.630.560.500.450.400_36

1.000.84o.12o.620.540.470.410.360.32o.2a

0.960.790.650.56o.470.400.340.300.260.23

0.980.860.750.670.600.53o.470.430.380.35

0.940.810.690.60o.520.450.390.350.310.28

0.910.760.640.550.460.400.340.300.26o.22

0.940.820.730.650.580.510.46o.410.370.34

0.910.780.670.590.510.450.390.340.30o.21

0.89o.140.630.540.460.390.340.290.26o.22

0.840.710.590.510.430.370.31o.27o.230.20{Continued on following page)


14/20

TABLE 3 (Continued)COEFFICIEI\TS OF UTILIZATION _ ZONAL CAVITY METHOD

RCC--> 0.80 0.50 0.30 0.00RW---> 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.50 0.30 0. to 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.00RCR I EFFEC' rIVE FLOOR CAV TY REF LECTANCE 20%

4OO WATTR.60

H33H L-4OO/DX

12345678910

1.05o.920.820.730.650.590.530.48o.440.41

1.010.86o.740.6 50.570.500.440.400.360.33

0.970.800.680.580.50o.440.380.340.31o.2a

0.980.87o.770.690.620.560.510.46o.420.39

0.95o.a20.7'l0.630.550.490.430.390.35o.32

o.920.780.660.570.500.430.380.340.30o.27

0.940.84o.7 40.670.600.540.490.450.410.38

0.920.800.690.610.540.480.430.390.350.32

0.900.760.650.560.490.430.380.340.30o.27

0.85o.720.610.54o.470.410.350.320.280.25

1 OOO WATTBT-56

H36KY-1000/DX

12345t)7II10

0.91o.7 70.660.580.50o.440.390.350.32o.29

0.850.690.570.480.410.350.300.26o.230.20

0.80o.620.490.410.34o.28o.240.20o.170.15

o.740.630.54o.470.410.360.320.29o.26o.23

0.700.57o.470.400.340.29o.25o.220.19o.11

0.67o.520.410.34o.28o.240.20o.170.14o.12

0.6 50.540.460.410.350.31o.2a0.250.22o.20

0.610.50o-410.350.300.25o.220.19o.170.15

0.590.460.360.300.25o.210.170.150.130.1 1

0.460.35o.2a0.230.180.15o.120.100.080.07RCC = Percent e{fective ceiling cavity reflectance.RW = Percent wall reflectance.RCR= Room cavity ratio.

MERCURY IAMP BAILASTSMercury lamps, in common with all High IntensityDischarqe lamps, must be operated with an auxiliarydevice called a ballast. The principal functions of theballast are the provision of zufficient voltage to startthe lamp and the limiting of operating current to thelamp. If the current in an H.LD. lamp were not lim-ited, it would quickly increase until the lamp burnedout. AJI mercury lamps require a ballast that is de-signed to meet ANSI specifications for proper lampoperation.Low Power Factor Reactor BallastThe low power factor reactor is the simplest type ofballast. It consists of a wire eoil wound on an ironcore placed in series with the lamp, and its only pur-pose is to limit the current in the lamp. Reactors canonly be used when the line voltage is greater than thelamp starting voltage. Inherently, the power factorof the circuit is about 50% Iagging.Since the reactor only performs the function of cur-rent control, it is the most economical, smallest andmost efficient ballast. However, it provides very lit-tle regulation for fluctuations in line voltage and isnot recommended where line fluctuations exceed5%. The connection schematic is shown in Figure 16.

High Power Factor Reactor BallastThe reactor ballast can be corrected to high powerfactor by the addition of a capacitor across the line,as shown in Figure 17 Both lamp curent and regula-tion are essentially the same as with the low powerfactor reactor. The capacitor connected across theline does not affect the lamp circuit but increases thepower factor of the system to better than 90%. Ihaddition, it reduces the value of the input currentunder starting and operating conditions almost 50%over the low power factor systern, which permits theuse of a larger number of ballasts and lamps on a lineof a given wire size.Low Power Factor Autotransformer Ballastl4lhen the line voltage is below the minimum lampstarting voltage, a transformer is used in conjunctionwith the reactor to raise the line voltage. Normallythis type of operation is performed by a combina-tion of a secondary winding in series with a primarywinding forming a single piece autotransformer, alsocalled a high reactance ballast. This circuit has a pow-er factor of approximately 50%, and the same advan-tages and disadvantages as the low power factorreactor circuit. A schematic drawinq of this type ofballast is shown in Figure 18.


15/20

High Power Factor Autotransformer BallastThe autotransformer ballast can be provided withhigh power factor by the addition of a capacitor tothe primary circuit, as depicted in Figure 19. In or-der to provide a more economical system, the highpower factor autotransformer is generally designedwith an extra capacitor winding. This combinationof extended windings and capacitor increases thesystem power factor to approximately 90%. The ef-fect on input current is the same as in the high powerfactor reactor. Lamp performance and regulationalso remain the same.Constant Wattage Autotransformer BallastFor applications where a stabilized light output isrequired with varying line voltages, the constantwattage or regulated type of ballast should be used.A ballast which supplies a reasonable degree of requ-

lation and also has a small economical size is theconstant wattage autotransformer (CWA). Otherbenefits accrued from the use of the CWA ballast arehigh power factor, low line extinguishing voltage andline starting currents that are lower than operatingcurrents.The basic electrical difference between the CWA bal-last and the high power factor autotransformer bal-last is that the capacitor is used i.n series with thelamp, as shown in Figure 20, rather than as a parallelcomponent. This arrangement allows the lamp tooperate with better wattage stability when the volt-age on the branch circuit fluctuates. When the capa-citor performs an important ballasting function, as itdoes in the CWA ballast, the circuit is called a leadcircuit. In lag circuits inductance serves as the bal-lasting impedance, such as in the reactor and the highreactance autotransformer ballast. The capacitor

Figure 16. Low power factorleactor ballast. Figure 17. High power factolreactor ballast-

Figure 18. Low power factorautotransformer ballast. Figure 19. High power factorautotlansf ormer ballast. Figure 20, Constant wattageautotransformel ballast.


16/20

used in the lag ctcuit is purely a power factor correc-tion component and has no ballasting property.Premium Constant Wattage BallastFor applications requiring more stable light outputwith varying input voltages, the constant wattage(CW) ballast is recommended. This ballast, like theCWA ballast, uses a lead circuit; but unlike the con-stant wattage autotransformer, the conventionalconstant wattage ballast is built like an isolationtransformer, as depicted in Figure 21. The CW bal-last has the benefits of improved light output regula-tion and isolated load circuit over the CWA ballast. Italso has the same advantages of the CWA ballast,such as high power factor, low line extinguishingvoltaqe and low line starting currents.Two Lamp Lead-Lag Reactor BallastIt is common practice to operate 2 400-watt or 21000-watt mercury lamps with a two lamp lead-lagreactor ballast which consists of two independentcircuits. One lamp is operated with a reactor and theother with a reactor and capacitor connected inseries, as shown in Figure22. Each lamp operatesindependently and continues to operate even when

the other lamp fails. The two lamp lead-lag reactorballast provides high power factor and reducesstroboscopic effect (see paqe I9).Two Lamp Series Constant Wattage BallastIndoor applications of 40O-watt mercury lamps fre-quently use two lamp series constant. wattage bal-lasts. This circuit is basically the same as the singlelamp conventional constant wattage circuit exceptthat it operates two lamps in series on an isolatedsecondary winding, as shown in Figure 23.'The elec-trical characteristics are similar to the single lampconventional constant wattage ballast except forregulation which is equal to the constant wattageautotransformer type.Mercury ballast wattage losses average about l0% ofthe lamp watts, depending on the ballast and lamptypes.Lamp starting currents are considerably higher forinductive (autotransformer or reactor) ballasts thanfor CWA or CW ballasts. In selecting the proper wiresize for feeder and branch circuit lines, it is veryimportant that consideration be given to startingcurrents. Ballast manufacturers' technical datashould be consulted for specific values.

------JFigwe 22- Two lamp lead'lagreactor ballast.

LIt{ E

Figure 21. Premium constantwattage ballast.

-----JFigure 23, Two lamp series (isolated)constant wattage ballast,

t--------l


17/20


18/20

4.000 a,ooo I2,oo0 16,000 2o,oo0 24,oooAURNING TIME HOUBSFigute 27. Approximate lumen maintenance of White andBrite-White Deluxe mercury lamps operating vertically.

loo

H34

4,OOO 4,O00 l2,O0O 16,OOO 2O,O00 24,O00AUR NING TIME HOUFSFigure 28. Approximate lumen maintenance of Colorlmproved mercury lamps operating horizontally.

H34

2"oH39 f 70H36 2 50H3a

o40!r 30cc

H39H33H35H36

2"0t70;zuoo noF3 ,toccu 20

2eo)70r--?,oO40Fi ,oE

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H39H33H35H37H36H3H39H33H35ts37

H36

loo4,OOO S.OOO t2,OO0 l6,OOO 20,OOO 2.1,00O

BURN ING T]ME HOURSFigure 29. Approximate lurnen maintenance olClear mercury lamps operating horizontally.

Starting and Warm-UpDuring the starting and warm-up period of a mercurylamp (described on page 3 of this bulletin) there arevariations in lamp volts, Iamp current, lamp wattsand light output- The amplitude and time of thesevariations are controlled by several conditions in-cluding lamp type, ballast type, Iine voltage, open orenclosed fixture, ambient temperature and windspeed. Normal operating values are generally reachedafter a warm-up period of four to five minutes. Witha typical 400-watt mercury lamp operated on a re-actor or autotransformer ballast the current dropsand the voltage rises during the warm-up period untila point of stabilization is reached, as shown in Figure3t.Effect of Line Voltage VariationIf the mercury ballast is tapped, it is very importantto match the tap connection to the line voltage meas-ured at the ballast for best lamp performance- Some

4,OO0 4,000 l2,oo0 16,000 20,ooo 24,000BUFINING TiME HOURSFigure 30, Approximate lumen maintenance of White andBrite-White Deluxe mercury lamps operating horizontally.ballasts are tapped to accommodate more than oneline voltage, such as 1,20/240, and some have taps forline voltages that are different from nominal values,such as 1 10/120. Variations in the line voltage to theballast will increase or decrease the lamp watts invarious amounts, depending on the ballast type, asshown in Figure 32.Lamp Operating PositionThe pubJished light output ratings of mercury Iampsare established with the lamps operating in a verticalposition. When the J.amps are operated horizontally,the wattage, light output and lamp efficacy decreaseslightly. The reason for this is that the arc in thehorizontal position tends to bow upward and comescloser to the cooler quartz arc tube wall whichslightly reduces the vapor pressure in the arc. Table 2lists separate lumen output ratings for both verticaland horizontal operation.

18


19/20

Lrl

:6

FJo

TIIVIE IN MIN UTESFigure 31. Variations in lamp volts, amperes and watts of atypical 400-watt mercury lamp during warm-up on areactor or autotransf ormer ballast.

CONSTANTER

rated average life from 24,000 to 2,000 hours. Thisshort life is acceptable for sports lighting because theburning hours per season are comparatively few andgroup replacement at regular intervals is generallyeconomical.Effect of TemperatureUnlike fluorescent lamps, the lumen output of mer'cury lamps is not significantly affected by changes inambient temperature because the outer bulb acts asan insulator for the arc tube. However, to assuresatisfactory starting at Iow temperatures, ballaststhat supply higher starting voltages are required. Theminimum starting volts to assure given starting reliability at 50"F, 0'F and 20"F are listed in Table 2.For extreme low temperature starting, a Metalarcballast can be used. Excessive base and bulb tempera-tures (above 2I0"C on the base of mogul screw lampsor above 400"C on the bulb wall) may cause Iampfailure or unsatisfactory performance due to damageto the arc tube, outer bulb, or other lamp parts.Luminaires with reflectors that concentrate the heatand light rays on either the outer bulb or the innerarc tube can cause serious trouble.Stroboscopic E{fectThe arc in a mercury lamp operated on a 60 hertzalternating current is completely extinguished 120times per second. The light from the clear lamp alsogoes out completely, but with the phosphor-coatedIamps there is some phosphorescent or "carry-over"action. That is, the coating continues to glow for ashort period of time after the radiation from the arcis cut off. However, there is still a rapid variation inlight output which, under certain circumstances,may produce what is called stroboscopic effect. Be-cause of the stroboscopic effect, an object that ismoving at a uniform speed may appear to move injerks. Under the most extreme conditions, a rotatingobject, such as a fly wheel, may seem to be standingstill or even rotating in a reverse direction. Strobo-scopic effect is often unnoticed, and in most installa-tions it is not a problem. It may be reduced by oper-ating pairs of lamps on lead-lag type ballasts or threelamps on separate phases of a three-phase circuit.Many installations of mercury lamps are performingsatisfactorily in areas where very fast motion occurs,such as machine shops, gymnasiums, tennis courtsand other sports areas.Direct Current OperationAlthough mercury lamps are designed for operationon alternating current, they can be operated success-fully on direct current if the proper ballasting circuitis used. The d-c voltage must be high enough to startthe lamp, and a resistor of the correct size should beconnected in series with the lamp to limit the lamp

FF3

1505

100- 4

a585 l to 115PERCENT LINF VOLTS

Figue32. Eftect oJ line voltage variation on lamp wattswith various ballast types.

Over-Wattage OperationThe operation of mercury lamps at higher than de-sign wattages is not usually recommended. Althoughthis will increase the light output, electrodes and arctubes are subjected to excessive temperatures, andlumen maintenance and lamp life are adverselyaffected.However, there are some sports lighting applicationsusing the IOOO-watt H36-15 mercury lamp on a spe-cial ballast that operates the lamp at 1500 watts. AsIisted in Table 2, this increases the initial light outputfrom 57,500 to 85,000 lumens and decreases the

10() 105

C O NSTANT


20/20

current. Published light output, Iumen maintenanceand Iife ratings do not apply to mercury lamps whenoperated on d-c circuits. The polarity of the D.C.supply should be reversed each time the lamp is usedto avoid excessive bombardment of one cathodewith attendant lower maintenance and life.Radio lnterferenceMercury Iamps that are operating normally will not

interfere with radio or television reception, exceptpossibly for a brief period during starting. If RFnoise seems to be caused by a lamp, it can generallybe Lraced to a defective ballast or circuit.Trou bleshootingFor complete information on troubleshooting pro-cedures, refer to Engineering Bulletin 0-345, Trou-bleshooting Mercury-Metal Halide Lighting.

??T.37 R-40

oU8T,46

() ll8T.56

SYLVANIA MERCURY LAMPSBulb Shapes and Sizes

PAB.38 R-60

WARNINGUse these lamps in fixtures and circuits wiredwith compatible auxiliary equipment. Opera-tion with incompatible equipment can causelamps to shatter which may result in personalinjury and damage to equipment and property.AJthough the medium base mercury lamps willfit into ordinary sockets they should not beinserted in such sockets without special ballastsrequired for operation of mercury Iamps.Do not remove or insert lamps when power ison.Do not scratch glass or subject lamps to unduepressure as either may cause lamp breakage.Protect operating lamps from moisture sourceswhich can cause breakage or shattering."This lamp can cause serious skin burn andeye inflammation from short wave ultravioletradiation if the outer envelope of the lamp isbroken or punctured. Do not use where peoplewill remain for more than a few minutes un-Iess adequate shielding or other safety precau-tions are used. Certain types of lamps thatwill automatically extinguish when the outerenvelope is broken are commercially available. "This product conforms to all applicablestandards contained in 21 CFR sub-chapter J.Follow Operating Instructions.

A 23

OPERATI NG I NSTRUCTIONSThese mercury, electric discharge lamps willoperate satisfactorily only if the auxiliaryequipment used conforms to established elec-trical, thermal, and physical specifications.Although the outer bulb of these lamps aremade of hard glass which resists thermal shockcaused by moisture sources, moisture maycause breakage or shattering.Electrically insulate any metal support to outerbulb to avoid glass decomposition-Lamps should be screwed into sockets firmlywithout using undue pressure. Screw dometype lamps into sockets using the dome endrather than the larger lamp diameter to avoiddamaging 1amp.For total load add auxiliary wattage to lampwattage.

otrH8T.25

VBr.2a

ArlVV8.21

sylvania engineering bulletin - mercury lamps 1977

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