sylvania engineering bulletin - fluorescent lamps 1985

7/28/2019 Sylvania Engineering Bulletin - Fluorescent Lamps 1985

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

IhtORY OF OPFRATIONLAIVPCONSTFUCTION . . . . . .

Bubs. .Phosphors .. ..ElectrodesBases ..I LLUIVINATION CHARACTERISTICSOF LAMPSEificacy .EnergyDistribution .... ..Spectra Energy DistrlbutionTYPES OF FTUORESCENT LAI\IPS, .,,,Preheat I amps

Twin Tube I a^lps .Sllmline (lnstant Start) Lamps .Fapid Stan Lamps . .Bapid Start - High Output LampsRapid Start - Very High Output LampsVHO Or,tdoor Larps . .SuperSaver I amps .SuperSaver P/us I ampsThe Ocrror Lamp . .Wealle-Shielded LampsCirc ire lampsCurva u-e Lamps .Reflector Lamps .. ..Aperlu'e Lamps .Gro-Lux Larnps .Blac


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THEORY OF OPERATIONThe pr nciple of rght product on n the f uores-cent amp was known to sc ence for many yearsbefore rt was applied in a practical ight sourcejust as the principle of the incandescent lampwas known for many years before the rnventionby Thomas Edison of a practica lamp of thattype. The first practcal fuorescent amp wasintroduced in 1938The fluorescent larnp is an electr c dlschargedevlce which utllizes a ow pressure mercuryvapor arc to generate u tra v olet (plus a ittevis-b e) energy The u tra vio et energy s absorbedby a phosphor coat on the inslde of the glasstube and converted by the phosphor to visiblewave engths, the wavelengths of the ight gener-ated are determ ned by the compos tion of thephosphor. ln addltion to the small amount ofmercury vapor the fuorescent tube contansan atmosphere of an inert gas usua ly argon,krypton, neon, or a m xture of two or more ofthese gases.The pressure of the gases contarned in the ampis very 1ow, usua ly f rom 2 to 3 torr Atmospher cp ressu re is 760 torrA tungsten coi (cathode) coated wrth an e ec-tron em ss ve mater al s sea ed rnto each end ofthe amp. F g. 1 shows the construction and lus-trates the operation of a typica f uorescent ampWhen a fluorescent lamp s first turned on starting vo tage passing an e ectric current throughthe e ectrodes heats thenr caus ng their emrsslve coat ng materia to release electrons. lnadd tion to the thermally re eased e ectrons,there are a so e ectrons re eased by the f eld difference between e ectrodes. These e ectronstravel at high speed from one eectrode to theother, estab ishing an e ectrc discharge or arcthrough the mercury vapor. The amp is qurcklyheated, ncreasing the mercury vapor pressureto the most eff cient value.An arc of this nature enclosed in a g ass tubehas certaln character stics that vary with the typeof gas used, the nternal gas pressure and thevoltage applied to the e ectrodes. The malorcharacteristc rs the producton of vsibe lghtand u tra-violet energy. Col is ons between thefast-moving electrons from the electrodes andthe mercury atoms knock mercury atom e ec-trons out of the r orb ts. Part of these d sp aced

electrons settle back to their normal orbits andrelease energy they have absorbed in the colli-sion. The energy re eased s primar 1y in the formof ultra-violet rad ation at a wavelength ot 253.7nanometers. Sma amounts of b ackl aht plusvisible wave engths of vrolet, blue green and yei-low are a so re eased.This ultravio et energy is converted into vis b elight by the phosphors which have the abi ity toabsorb the ultrav olet energy and re-radiate it atlonger wavelengths that can be seen as vrsiblelight. In other words, the phosphors are excitedto fluorescence by u travio et energy of theproper wave ength. The co or of the vis b e lightproduced depends on the chemical composi-tion of the phosphor coatlng on the nside of theglass tube.

ULTRAVIOLETRADIAT ON

HOTCATHODE ELECTRON MERCURY ATOMFigure 1 . How light is produced in a typical hotcathodelluorescent lamp.

LAMP CONSTRUCTIONThe basic parts of a typ ca hot cathode fluores-cent lamp are shown in Figure 2 A though thereare rnany s zes and several shapes of fluores-cent amps the most common y used typeshave a tubu ar glass envelope w th an electrodeand base at each end. n addltion to mercury, thetube contains a sma I amount of argon or a m x-ture of lnert gases, and has a phosphor coating.BULBSThe bulb shape and size of a fluorescent lampare expressed by means of a code consist ng ofthe etter "T" (which designates that the bulb lstubular in shape) fo lowed by a number whlchexpresses the d ameter of the bu b in e ghths ofan inch. They vary n diameter f rom T-5 (5/B inch)lo T-17 (211a inches). 1n nom na overallength,fluorescent amps range from 6 to 96 inches,which s a ways measured from back of lamp-


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Usually straight g ass tubeMay also be circular orPHOSPHORCoating insrde the bulb lrans-iorrrs ullravio et radialion inlovisible lighl. Co or oi ghtproduced depends on compo'sit on of

CATHODEHot cathode at each end ollamp is coated wllh em ssivemalerialwh ch em ls -oLeclronsUsually made ol co ed coil orsrngle coiltungsten w re

EXHAUST TUBEAir is exhausted through th stube during rnanufacture andnerl gas nlroduced nlo theshaped bulb.

Severald fferenllypes used lo connect lhe amp lothee ectr c circu t and losupport the lamp inthe lampho der

GASUsually argon or amixture ol nertgasses at low pres-sure. Kryplon ssometrmes used.

STEM PBESSThelead-nwreshave an air lrght seahere and are madeol Dumel wire toassure about lhesame coef|cient ofexpansion as theg ass.

Connect io the basepins and carry thecurrenl lo and fromlhe calhodes andlhe mercury arc

IN W BESA minLrte quantily olliquid mercury isp aced n ihe bu b tofurnish rnercuryvapor

Figure 2. Basic parts ol a typical hot cathode lluorescent lamp.

ho der to back of lampho der. For example, theactua overa ength of the 40 walt rapid start T-12, 48 inch lamp s 47-% nches Circ ine lamps,which are c rcular, are avallable in flve sizes: 6r/zrnches B inches, l0 inches, 12 inches and 16lnches outside dlameter. There are a so Ushaped f uorescent types(Curva ume'.)with T-Band f 12 tubes. U shaped types are measuredfor the distance between the ends. The overallength ls measured from the face of lhe basesto the ouls de of the glass bend.PHOSPHORSThe color or wavelengths of the ight producedby a fluorescent Lamp depends on the chemlcacomposition of the phosphor coating used onthe inside of the bu b. By comblning drfferentphosphors in varyrng proportlons, it s possib eto produce amps rn a wide variety of colors.Lamp colors currently avai able nclude manyshades of white as we I as blue green, p nk andred. Other fluorescent amps are designed withphosphors that generate the co ors of ight thatare most stimulating to p ant growth. Stll othershave a phosphor known as 35OBL whlch pro-duces near uitrav olet in the b acklight band foractivating f uorescent and phosphorescentmater als. Sim ar-s ze amps of al colors arebasrca y the same except for the coating, andthey al appear white when not lghted. Excep-tions: god, red and incandescent fuorescentamps which are coated wlth co ored p gmentson the inside of the bu bs before the phosphorsare app ed. Blacklight blue lamps are madewith a special glass which fllters the visible ightthat regular blacklight lamps emit.?

Some of the newer tluorescent colors areach eved w th the use of expensrve rare earthphosphors. By blend ng the pr mary co ors ofblue, green and red one can obta n near y anydesirab e shade of 'while" with good color ren-dering and hlgh eff cacy Roya Wh te Llte WhiteDeLuxe Warm lite DeLuxe and lhe Octron col-ors are arnong those us ng th s new techno ogyln order to utilize t.hese expens ve rare earthphosphors econornicaliy, Sy vania developedand ntroduced double coat phosphor techno -ogy which al ows the achlevement of desirablecharacter stics of the rare earth phosphors at areasonab e cost Figure 3 ll ustrates these coat-ing methods.

SINGLE COAT DOUBLE COAT

HALOPHOSPHOR HALOPHOSPHOR

Figure 3. Double Coat Phosphor Technology


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ELECTRODESThe electrode at each end of a f uorescent lamprs generally a coated corled-cot or triple coiltungsten wire. The coat ng on the tungsten w rels an em ss ve rnater a (bar um, stront um andcalcium ox de) wh ch emits e ectrons whenhealed to an operat ng temperature of about950'C At th s temperature e ectrons are g venoff f ree y w th on y a sma wattage oss at eachcathode. (See SuperSaver P/us) Th s process isca led thermionic emission because the heat ismore respons b e for the em sslon of e ectronsthan s the vo tage. An e eclrode of th s des gn scalled a 'hot cathode" (see F gure 2). Th s typeof cathode lowers the starting vo tage required lostr ke the arc.

SINGI E PIN

BASESThe bases used on fluorescent lamps are shownin Frgure 4. For Preheat and Fapid Start amps.four e ectr cal contacts are requ red, two at eachend of the lamp This is accomp shed in thestandard lne of amps by uslng a b p n base ateach end. There are three sizes: minlature b p nfor the T 5 buibs, medium b p n for the T-B andT12 bu bsand mogul b p n for theT-17 bu bs lnCirc ine lamps, the cathodes are connected to afour-p n base ocated between the lunctio r of thetwo ends of the amp High Output and Very H ghOutput amps have recessed double contacttype bases. S m ne (lnstant Start) amps requireon y two e ectrica contacts, one at each ampe^d ard l-d\tr s rg e p r oa)ebILLUM INATION CHARACTERISTICSOF LAMPSEFFICACYOne of the most lmportant features of f uorescentamps s thelr h gh eff icacy. Th s is the amount ofv sible ight produced (lumens) for every unit ofpower consumed (watts). it s abbrev ated LPW(lurnens per watt). lt is common practice to compare f uorescent and incandescent amps n thisway, but to make a more accurate compar sonthe fluorescent amp should inciude ba ast wattage. Standard bipin amps have efficacies (notnclud ng bal ast osses) that range from 24 to103 umens per watt dependlng on bulb sizeco or and amp current f requency. S imllneamps range f rom 48 to 84 umens per wattr H ghOutput types from 40 to 84 and Very High Output from 45 to 75 umens per watt. For the samecolor and amp type, umens per watt producedare greater for a long amp than for a short ampThis s true because the power consumed at theelectrodes ls the same regardless of the lengthof the lamp.

E?T 6 SLIMLINE) (T B SLIMLINE)B PN

(MINIATURE T 5 LAMP) (MEDIUM T,8 LAI,4P)

lIVIEDIUM T 12 LAMP)

RECESSEDDBL CONTACT(T r2 LAMP) 4.PIN(clRCLrNE)

(MOGUL T,17 LAMP)

Figure 4. Baseslor Fluorescenl Lamps.


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ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONApproximately 60 percent of the lnput energy na cool white f uorescent lamp is converteddirectly into ultraviolet, with 38 percent going tntoheat and 2 percent into visib e light, as shown rnFigure 5. The standard phosphor changes about21 percent of the u travio et into vlsible I ght withthe remaining 39 percent converted to heat. The23 percent conversion of energy into light Jor a4O-watt fluorescent amp is approx mately twicethe percentage of a 300-watt incandescentlarnp, which changes only 1l percent of theinput energy into light. The production of 36 per-cent infrared compares with 69 percent for a30O-watt incandescent.

ln F gures 7-12 the power n each 10 nanometerband is shown plotted aga nst wave ength forSy vania 40 watt fluorescent lamps. For conven-ence in representatlon the power in the mercuryines are shown as bands I0 nanometers widecentered about the actual wavelengths involved.The power n the mercury lines is small com-pared to that from the continuous rad atron. Thearea under the curves, p us the mercury inesrepresent the tota power output of the amps. Bydiv d ng the spectrum nto arbitrary color bands,as in Table l, the power in each band can be cal-culated. Mercury Ines have been inc uded inthis calculation. For spectra power d stribut oncurves for other f uorescent colors refer to Engt-neering Bulletin 0-238.It should be remembered that ne ther the curvesnor Tab e I indicate how oblect co ors w ookwhen ighted by the varous sources. A ghtsource may ook wh te and make wh te olljectsook white yet render co ors poorly Coo White,Warm Wh te, White and Day ight are standardwhite co ors, they have high efficacy and colorrendrtion suitable for most appl cations inndustry, genera office areas and schoo s.Where t s desirable to give co ored oblects andcomplexions a more natural and compl rnentaryappearance Coo Wh te Deluxe, Warm WhiteDe uxe Naturai, Roya Wh le or Octron colors(31K and 41K) should be used When a closeapproxrmation of the incandescent amp co or lswanted, the incandescent fluorescent ampcolor s recommended. Since the human eye sess sens tive to red energy, whtch makes up ahigher percentacle of the power from De uxeamps, such amps produce about 30 percentless v sib e ght than the standard lamps Aquick reading of F-igure 6 (the eye sens t vitycurve) shows that the eye s more sensitve, orresponds better, to some colors (green, ye1 ow)than oth-ors (b ue. red); therefore, more energymust be expended to lum nate the color redthan to I luminate the co or ye ow for equalbr ghtness (ll uminat on). Thrs iumen d fference,however does not usua y appear as drast cbecause of the increased vividness of the colorsu nder De uxe lamps.

INPUT ENERGY100%

253.7 nm ULTRAVIOLET60%24W

I HEAT". I 77o.I :o zw/ +

LIGHT9.3W

INFBAF]ED36% Convected & ConductedHEAT414/"

Figure 5. Energy distribution of a typical 40W Cool WhiteFluorescent Lamp.

SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION CURVESThe spectral power emission from a f uorescentlamp is of two krnds: (1) the continuous spectrumwhich is emitted by the f uorescent power and(2) the narrow bands of energy g ven off by themercury arc itse f at 365.0 (black ight) 404.7(violet), 435 8 (bue),546 1 (green) and 5780(ye low)


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TABLE IEnergy Emission of Selected 4-Foot Lampsin Arbitrary Color Bands in Watts

34W T 12Warm Lite

Deluxe34W T-12Llte White

Del!xe40w T12

RoyalWhite40w T12

Cool Wh te40 w T12

Warm White40w T12Daylight

32W TBOctron 31K

32W T8Octron 41K

Ban d Nanorneters watts watts watts watts % watts "/, ,{atts "/" /vatts "/" ,vattsllllrav o et < 380 24 30 ?2 27 45 52 0 16 1l 013 1.5 019 21 25 34 29Voet 380-430 3l 3B 41 49 29 33 a7? 7.6 046 52 0B/ s6 28 3B 42

Bue 430 490 147 132 160 r93 103 119 l.98 21 .A I 15 r31 ?54 280 104 14.2 153 19 6(ireen 490 560 r90 2i5 ?29 21 6 223 25.8 235 180 206 249 2l 4 24 7 235 342Ye low 560 590 I tl 13.7 108 13 u BO 9.2 174 l8 4 206 ?35 132 '14.5 92 125 l2 g20 ra nge 590 630 266 328 245 248 3.1 0 35B r69 17 213 24.3 1?A 132 235 320 209 268

Bed 630 700 B] l0 0 64 Lt 76 88 0 Bl B6 L03 118 447 52 69 94 55 11Total 8 10 00% 8.29 00% 866 00% 9.45 00% 8.76 00% 908 00"" 734 00% 7.80 00%

OzL]J0I r.ou.l3 oez3 oof o.+FOH oz

.. FA\|O.F-l .O_f l 8.. I ." \ '' O. | .'-DSTANDARDEYE SENSITIVITYCURVE

I \I \

3 08Lrl[] o7o 0.6zE o+ulffosF? 02- OT

300 350 400 450 500 s50 600 650WAVELENGTH IN NANOIVETERSFigure 6. Eye Sensitivity Curve.

350 400 450 500 550 600 650WAVFI FNGTH IN NANOMETERSFigure 7. Cool White F40CW.

p 0BLllir u /o 0.6zi os9E 0.4LUfi oeFk 02

0.1

300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650WAVELENGTH IN NANOIVIETERS

Figure 8 Warm White F40WW.NAI']OMETEBS

Figure 9. Lite White Deluxe (LWX)

BL L]E I GFEEN I YFL

r n-1 \VV

n AI I \\

'l

1- v

IVIIJLTIPLY BY O lOOOO FOR WATTS FMITTFD,NI\IX3 841 YI

3909 3050 0I tl !lENS

^ l_ U A Ju '!-_


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15

10

MULTIPLY BY O.lOOOO FOB WATTS EMITTED/NI\Ix=.4 98Y .4062 3049.5 LUt

I,4ENS

l A JIJ ^J /"\ \^A-

0.3

500 600NANOMETERS

Figure 12. Design 50desk lamps, in which the start ng is done bydepressing a manual start button for a lew sec-onds and releasing it to start the amp.All Preheat amps have b p n bases They rangein power from 4 to 90 watts and rn ength from 6nches to 60 nches. The amp order ng abbreviat on rdentlfies preheat lamps by wattage bulbdlameter (e ghths of an inch) and color. For example, the F20T12/CWX is a 20 watt 1 r/z inchdiameter Cool White Deluxe lampl\,4in ature types wlth T 5 bulbs are avaiiab e n 46 , 8 and 13-watt sizes. They are used as inspection lights on benches and machines and tnmake-up mirrors and other appl cat ons wheresmal , high-efficacy lamps are desired Lampsw th T-B bulbs are employed n showcase I ghl ngequlpment, portab e desk lamps and repro-graphic systemsTWIN TUBEAn advanced compact fluorescent lamp, theTwin Tube, s a sma I sing e-ended ow-wattagetype made with a bent tube conf guration. Th snew f uorescent type contains a starter in thebase, and ls made in 5-, 7-, 9- and l3-watt sizes.The Twln Tube lamp's correlated color temperature of 2700K makes it comparable to owwattage ncandescent types used for the sameapp ications (its color render ng index is 81).

> a.2(-)oqI'aItoCEO= 01750

NANOMETERSFigure 10. Warm Lite Deluxe (WLX)

I\IULTIPLY BY O loOOo FoB WATTS EMITTED]NM

2AA 300 400 500NANOMETERSFigure 11. Royal White (3K)

ryPES OF FLUORESCENT LAMPSPREHEAT LAMPSThe or oinal fluorescent amps introduced in1938 wertr of rl-e prehedl lype .eqL.irg scpa-rate starters. The starter suppi es several seconds of current fow through the cathodes topreheat them between the t me the amp isturned on and the time the amp ights. Thecathodes are preheated to em t e ectrons to aidin the strlking of the arc at a lower voltage. Thestarter is usua y of an automatic type whichapplies current to the cathodes to preheat them;then automatically opens to stop the currentflow. Th s al ows f ull vo tage to be applied acrossthe two cathodes, thus strking the arc. There aresome preheat systems, such as f uorescent6

0.0 L300

700

Ift JUI.x= 4)07 YI

.4129 3150.0 LUt /IENS

A LrL Jl., t"*


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SLIMLINE (INSTANT START) LAMPSS irn ne (lnstant Start) lamps were ntroduced ln'1944 to elim nate the slow starting exper encedwith preheat amps These lamps operatewithout sta(ers. The ba ast prov des a highenough vo tage to strike the arc nstant y. Sincestarters are not requ red, the light ng system andma nlenance are s mp fied. Because Slim nelamps do not require preheat ng, only a s nglep n base s required for each end.Slim ne amps range in power from 21 to 75watts and in length from 24 inches to 96 inchesBecause S m ne amps can be operated atmore than one current and wattage the lamporder ng abbreviat on ident f es them by ampength instead of wattage. For examp e theF96Tl2/CW is a 96 inch ong 1 r,,2 inch dlanieterCool Wh te S lml ne fluorescent amp. The factthat it ls rated 75 watts for norma operatron doesnot appear in the ordering abbrev at on.The 4o-Watt nstant Start amps use a med umbipin base whrch has a connect on between thep ns at each end grving the same effect as asing e pin for each cathode The instant startlamps with b p n bases w I not operate ln pre-heat or raprd start circuits, a though they may benadvertently put into fixtures with ba lasts ofthese typesInstant start amps w th brpin bases are dentlfiedwth the etters S at the end of the order ngabbrev ation. For nslance the F40T12lDi S s a4o-watt 1 r/:, nch d ameter Dayl ght Inslant Starlf uorescent lampRAPID START LAMPSRap d Start lamps, wh ch first reached themarket ln 1952 start smooth y and qulcklywlthout starters. They start a most as quick y asSl m ne amps and n a much shorter t me thanPreheat lamps uslng ba iasts that are more efflc ent and smaller than lnstant Start ba lasts.They depend upon cathode heat ng, providedby heating wlnd ngs in the ba last, to reduce thestart ng vo tage requirement below that necessary for S im ine amps of the same s ze Th s isexp ained in greater deta I in the section onRapid Start CircuitsBecause of the popu ar ty of the 4O-watt lamp inthe T-12 bu b size, the order ng abbrev at on ss mpl fied by the om ssion of the bulb s ze forexamp e F4ON means a 4O-watt. 1 lrr nch d ame

ter Natura Co or Rapid Start ampHoweveT the 30 watt Rap d Start amp hasa comp ete order ng abbreviation such asF30I12iCWX1RS Standard Rap d Start ampsare avai able | 25-,32- 34 and 40 watt sizes,wlth engths of 36 inches (25 , 30 , 32 and 34watt slzes) and 48 nches (40 watt s ze) with specia ty lamps avallab e in sma er sizes. A si iconecoatrng s app ied to a Rapid Start amps to pro-v de re iab e startlng condit ons of h gh humidity.RAPID START- HIGH OUTPUT LAMPSPreheat, Sl mline and Standard Rap d Startamps with T-12 bulbs general y operate at 10watts per foot w th a amp current of 430 maHigh Output lamps for ndoor app rcat ons gen-eral y operate at 800 rna., a oadlng of about 14watts per foot At 800 ma., they prov de approximate y 45 percent more lumens than Slim inelamps of comparab e sizes For outdoor app i-cat ons, such as street ightrng and f ood ighting,High Output lamps are usua ly operated at1000 ma to prov de h gh ight output at lowerIemperaturesS arda'd p gl- OJtoL on oc .a^ge n powerf rom 32 to 105 watts and in engthfrom24 nchesto 96 nches The orderng abbreviatrons, lkethose for S ml ne amps, nd cate amp ength,bu b d ameter and co or but have the suffix "HO"for High Output, such as F60T12i DSGN50/HOfor the 60 nch, 1 '/z lnch d ameter Design 50ligh Output lamp. Spec a ty amps are ava Lab en sma er sizesRAPID START - VERY HIGH OUTPUTLAMPSVery High Output (VHO) amps operate at I500ma. and approxlmate y 25 watts per foot of tubeength. When fluorescent lamp current exceedsthe I ampere (1000 ma ) eve , lamp watts perfoot become high enough to create a heat probem that requires des gn ingenuity for propercontrol The heat resutlng from 1500 rna. in aT'12 bu b, lf left uncontrolled, may cause themercury vapor temperature to run too high wrth aresultlng increase ln pressure that wi reducethe effrcacy. The most efficient operatron isobtained w th mercury vapor pressure of about6 to 1O m crons, wh ch s the vapor pressure ofmercury between 40" and 45"C. This pressurerange s obtained in VHO Lamps by employingcircu ar meta I c ref lect ng sh e ds mounted


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between the electrodes and the arnp ends.These shields break up the convection currentsin the heated gas near the cathodes so thatproper temperatures are obtained at lamp endsbeh nd the cathodes. Th s, in effect, produces a'pressure contro center'as shown in Figure 13that operates at the desrred 40'C region underamp ratrng condit ons. The excess mercurycondenses in the contro center, and optimummercury vapor pressure is ma ntained through-out the tube. VHO lamps also use a m xture ofrare gases to g ve long cathode ife and highlumen maintenance in the conventional T-12bLrlb

Figure l3. VHO Pressure ControlCenter

All VHO amps have recessed doub e contactbases They range in power f rom 1 10 watts to215 watts and in length f rom 48 rnches to 96nches. Lamp ordering abbreviat ons are thesame as those for High Output lamps except forthe suffix "/VHO" nstead of '/HO"SUPERSAVER LAMPSSuperSaver fluorescent lamps were originallydeve oped to be used to retrofit existing lightinonstal ations in order to reduce energy consump-t on. Wattage ratings of these lamps are f rom10% Io 20% lower than the standard lamps theyreplace. The energy reduction of SuperSaverlamps is accomp ished primar y by changlngthe gas f ill to a hlgh percentage of Krypton.

A Krypton lamp has a ower vo tage drop whenoperating at a spec f ed current than one fi ledwith argon. Since typica " ead'type fluorescentbailasts are essentially constant currentdevices, the vo tage of the Krypton f i led lamp isactua ly lower and consequent y the vo tage isa so lower when compared with a standardargon filled lamp. Light output from SuperSaveramps is reduced by amounts ranglng f rom 12%to 18%.

SuperSaver lamps must be operated at temperatures of 60 degrees F or higher. Al owertemperatures. the Krypton-fi led amp becomesU"S'able d^O w .O'Olr, bp alnO|rg LO Or-r- Ipants of the space butw i give poorserv ce andmay n fact damage the ba ast on wh ch lt soperat ng (due to current,rvo tage surges).SuperSaver amps should a ways be used wlthRapid Start bal asts which meet ANS spec ficat ons. SuperSaver amps are not intended for use(l ) at amblent temperatures be ow 60'F or indrafty iocations, (2) on ow power factor ba lasts,(3) reduced current/reduced iictht output balasts, (4) d mming ba lasts or (5) on nverteroperated emergency ighting systemsSUPERSAVER PLUSThe fewest retrofl arnp now ava able is caledthe SuperSaver P/us lamp. This energy-savinglamp is bas cal y a SuperSaver amp as desclbedn the precedrng sectton. Added to this bas cproduct des gn is a pair of therma ly-activatedsw tches whrch open afler the amp has comp eted its normal rap d-start slart ng sequence.Norma ly each cathode co dtss pates about onewatt of power. n a hot cathode fluorescentlamps, this power s consumed durrng the ent ret me the amp circurt is operating. The therma yactivated swtches n the SuperSaver P/us ampprovide the means lo automatlca ly disconnectthe e ectrical power that heats the col s, thus sav-ings two watts per amp ln addition the eLectr caosses wrthln the ballast are reduced by aboutanother haif watt. The average tota sav ng istheref ore aboul 2r,: watts per amp more thanstandard 34-watt energy saving lamps. SuperSaver P/us amps should on y be used on RapidStart c rcuits. They shouid never be used n f xtures equipped with starters. These amps are notintended for use on high frequency e ectron cbal asts nor with Thr ftlMate amps or otherirpedelce'noorly -g oev icp5Because the swrtches are thermally-act vated,they do require a reset t me of approx mate y onemlnute after the amp s turned off . Dur ng normaloperation the amp w I start lust as any rap d startamp. lf a power nterruption of less than oneminute does occur however, it may take up to 60seconds for the sw tches to reset and the Super-Saver P/us amp to restart.


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The unique bimetal therma switch which wasdeveloped {or the SuperSaver P/us amp sinserted into one of the internal ead w res whenthe lamp is made N,4ounts are then sea ed intoeach end of the lamp rn the normal manner. Figure14 shows this construction.

Figure 14. One ol two thermally-activated switches in a Super-Saver Prus lamp.

THE OCTRON LAIVPAnother recenI Syvanra engineerng develop-ment s the Octron f uorescent amp. As ts namemplles the Octron lamp ut zes a T-B (1") diameter bu b rather than the common f 12 | 1i?")diameter bu b. Th s advanced amp wasdes gned us ng a system approach. Th s un queamp s designed to prov de fu1 lght output ascompared to an F40 fluorescent amp n thesame frxture whl e consum ng 24% ess power.ln order to ach eve h gh eff cacy Octron ampstake advanlagc of the two-coat phosphor tech-nology d isc usscd ear ier An addit onal benef t ofthe T I d ameter s a higher opt ca effrc ercywhen the uminaire s des gned specrf cal y forthis ampWhen operated on the standard 60 hertz powersupp y thc four toot Oclron 32 watt amp produces 9l urnens per watt. Whcn operated ath gh frequency (typ ca for an e ectronrc ba last),the Octron F032 produces more thaf 103umens per wall on an nstant starl c rcuitOctron lamps are made in 17-,25 32 and 40-watt sizes. in 2', 3',4' and 5' enqths, respec-tive y. A new fam y of Curva ume Octron ampshas a so been ntroduced. Th s fam ly of ampshas a eg spacing of 15/a" and are avai ab e ln16 24 and 3l -watt sizes. They are designed tooperate on exist ng Octron ba asts and usestandard sockets designed for other Curva umelamp types. Al Octron lamps are avai able inboth a warm 3100K and a coo 4100K color tern-perature Refer to Engineer ng Bu1 etrn 0 362 fora complete Octron product descrlption

WEATHER-SHIELDED LAMPSF uorescent iamps encased ln glass jacketsoperate efficiently over a wide range of climaticconditlons. inc ud ng extremes of cold andstrong w nd, in which unlacketed lamps arenoperab e or highy ineff c ent. Jacketed,weather-shieldod amps are availab e n severalT l2 slzes of S iml ne, H gh Output and Very HighOutput amps. The lacket itse f s T141,/: (lr3iro"Drameter) glass. They are recommended for usein open fixtures n a -weather outdoor app ica-tions, and ln certain indoor app cat ons such asfreezer warehouses subways and tunnelswhere co d andi or windy cond t ons prevai .CIRCLINE LAMPSA though Crrc ine amps are Rapid Start Types foroperation on Rapid Start Circ ine ba asts, they willa so operate wei on preheat ba lasts. Standards zes range f rom 22 to 40 watts, with 61/z to I6 inchouts de d ameters. The 22-watt Circl ne amp salso avai able with a medium base adapter forimmediate incandescent retroflt conversion tofiuorescent. The amp s circular desrgn is moresuitab e for sma ler or more symmetr ca areas.CURVALUME LAMPSCurvalume f uorescent lamps are essent a ystandard 40 watt amps bent tnto a 'U' shapewith a norma ength of 24 nches measu red f romthe p n base face to the outslde bend Thiscu rved shape permits the use of lwo amps(equlva ent to two 48 inc h of four 24 nch straightamps) in a 24 nc]n square f xture. Curvalumearnps operate on standard 40 watt Rapld Startbal asts. Another advantage is that it allows thew rinq and lampho ders to be lnsta led at oneend o{ the fixture This design olfers arch tectsand engineers a compacl shape to be used inmodu ar cejl no deslqns.REFLECTOR LAMPSThese lamps have a partia internal ref ectivecoat ng between the glass tube and phosphorcoating. Ths refector provdes a direct onalcontro w th approx mate y 60 percent more iightbeneath the lamps than is produced by regularamps without ref ectors They have the samephysica and e ectr ca characteristrcs as standard amps and are therefore interc hanqeable.Ref lector Lamps are availab e w th ref lectors f rom135 to 235 degrees ln var ous amp sizes. These

,z\/.--::------. -\.|-'_I r-aJ-'.--),) }@Br-MetalSwrtch

Supersaver P/us


12/26

lamps are especral y recommended n dirtylocations of industriaL app ications where the flx-tures are dlificult to reach for cleaning. Otherappllcat ons rnclude coves, showcases andother systems in wh ch ref ectors are not practl-ca because of space im tations or poor reflec-tance. In some insta lations reflector lannps areused for ind rect lghting by alming the lighttoward the cel ing.APERTURE LAMPSThe Aperture lamp is sim ar to the Reflectorlamp, but there is a small clear w ndow in theref ective and phosphor coating. This aperture,whrch runs the fu length of the lamp, can have asurface brightness up to elght times that of astandard f uorescent lamp. These lamps areava lable with apertures ranging f rom 15 to 60degrees in various lamp sizes When used wlthrei ectors or lenses, Aperture lamps provide avery concentrated beam, projected ln one direc-r on. Appllcations include br dge lghting fromthe rarls, aircraft land ng strlps, highways andapproach ramps, billboard and sign lighting,wall washing and reprographic equipmentGRO-LUX'LAMPSGro-Lux fluorescent iamps are designed to produce radiant energy in the waveength bandsthat stlmu ate p ant growth. They provide h ghevels of red and blue radiatlon, which are bene-ficial for plant propagation, and enhance vega-t ve growth of many plants, tn home andcommercia use. There are bas ca ly two types ofGro-Lux amps; both are made in various sizes.The Standard Gro-Lux amp, known for its purplish light, promotes p ant growth, enhances theappearance of flowers and imparts a dramatlcappearance to tropical fish in aquar ums. Forcommercia growers, the type recommended isthe Gro-Lux Wide Spectrum f uorescent lampwh ch is espec a y ta lored to meet their needs.The output of the G ro LuxA/VS lamp is strong inthe wavelengths of rad ation wh ch promote twomajor photochemica reactlons photosynthesisand chlorophyl synthes s.BLACKLIGHT AND BLACKLIGHT BLUELAMPSBlacklight fLuorescent amps d ffer from stand-ard fluorescent lamps in the composltion of thephosphor used. This phosphor radiates themajor portron of its energy n the near ultravloletregion (peaklng at a nomlna 350 nanometers)10

rather than n the vis b e range. Since the Blacklrght lamp a so em ts some v sible b ue radlat onit is often used with an externa deep-b ue f ilter tosuppress the vis b e radlation. Black ight Bluef uorescent amps are ke B ackl ght lampsexcept that they have a special dark-blue bu bwhich absorbs a most a I visible ight while f reelytransm tt ng u traviolet radiatlon, ellm natlng theneed for a separate fi ter. Both lamp typesoperate in the same crrcuits and with the sameequipment as equlvalent wattage and sizestandard fluorescent lamps. These are numerous applicat ons tor Black ght amps n industryas wel as a broad range of theatrica and decoratlve ight ng effects. See Eng neering Bu letin0 306 for addltiona information concerningBlacklight Rad ant Energy.GERMICIDAL LAMPSGermic dal amps are nc uded in the f luorescentfamily a though the clear g ass bulbs are notphosphor coated NormaL g ass used for f uorescent amps fi ters out radiat on be ow approximately 280 nanometers. The Germlcida bu b isa spec a g ass that transmits u travlolet radiat onof 2537 nanometer wave ength generated bythe arc. Rad ation of th s wavelenqth k I s a w devar ety of bacterla and molds. lt s important thatskin and eyes be protected from germ c dalu trav o et radiation since over exposure w l irr -tate the eyes and redden the sk n. The bareamps should never be viewed d rectly. Additiona information concerning these amps r.taybe found n Eng neering Bu letin O 342OPERATING CIRCUITS FORFLUORESCENT LAMPSFluorescent lamps as wilh all arc dischargelamps, must be operated with a ba last wh chimits the lan-rp current and prov des the requ redstartrng vo tage. As the current n the arcncreases, the resistance o{ the arc decreases.Thus the arc in a f uorescent lamp would 'runaway wlth ltse f", draw ng so much current thatIt wou d destroy the amp (by burning upthe cathodes) f it were not contro led.Lim tinq the current s the most important function of the ba ast whether it be a choke coi areactor, a capac tor or a resistance Eachf uorescent amp type requires a baL ast that lsdesigned espec ally for its electrrcal characteris-tics, the type of circu t n whlch it operates, andthe nput voltage and frequency of the powersupply


13/26

TABLE IIReference Data on Sylvania Fluorescent Lamps

rRated nitlal lmens mean umensandrated learenot nc ucled nlhs I ndcaies engtfrot amp p us lwo slandard lampholdersbur elin beca!se lreq!enl mprovemenls in iamp-p1!]1T:" :-:111".. E eclncal r'a ues are s rgrrl y d lerenl ror pretjeal operat ofo , ob\o6a pror 'ooo, Dele ool ptd gi 66 lgb . o 5 Base p ns shorled inside base

'? T standsforrubularbulb number nd cales d ameler ol llbe neghths 6T-6andT-8S mlnerampsareasooperale.lat0l00amp

Lamp,Designation

NominalWatts

Nominal Length(inches), BaseLamp 0peratlrg

Amps. VoitsPrheat

F4T5F6T5FBT5F]3T5F14r12F15TBFt5Tl2F2Ar12F25r12F3OIBF90Tt 7F90T17/SS

Rapid Start Preheat'F40F4OT]2/8S1SS

Rapid StartF30T12F30Tl2/BS/SSF025F032F040

High 0utputF24I12tHAF36Tl2/H0F4BT12/NOF72112tNAF72r12hAF96Tt2iH0F96T12/N(]/SS

Very High 0utputF48T12,1VHOF72112NtAF96Tl2r!H0F96T12/VH0/SSCirclineFC6T9FCBT9FCl OT9FCl2T10FC] 6T] O

Cu rvalumeFB40/6"FB40/6/SS

lnstant StartiF40Tt2/ SF40T1//lS

Slimline'F 4216F64T6F72IBF96TBt4Br12F72112F96Tt2F96T12/SS

46B13t4

15152A253090B5

40343025

324460B5

10011095|5165215195

22324040

4040253B3B5139557560

6I1221l5181824333660604B483636

24364B7272969648729696

B"DAM12" Diarfl6" Diam

24

484B

426472964B129696

Mn.BipnMn BipnMn.BipnMn BipnMed. Bip nMed. Bip IMed. Bip nMed. Bip IMed Bip nM".d. BipifN,log B pinMo0. BlpilMed BipinN,4ed. Bip nMed BipinMed. Bip n

Rec D C.Rc D C.Rc D C.Rec D C.Rec D C.RC DCRec D.C.Rec. D CRec. D C.Rc D C.Rec. D C

4--Pn4 Pif4 PinlMed Bpn

Ir4ed. Bip IMoo B plnSirgl PlnSingle PinSifgle PlnSifgle PinSifgle PlnSingle P nSjnqle P nSlnole P n

0.1700 1600.1450.1650.3800.3040.3300 3804.4450.3501.500

0.430

0.430

0 8000 8000 8000 8001 0000 800

r.500L5001.500

0.3800 4300 4150 430

4.4200 4200.2000.2000.2000.2000.4250 4250 4250 440

294257953956,165664

10062

142

7B

4279

116105152

83124161

6082

r08100

104107145225218294r00149197157

and 0 300 amp


14/26

BALLASTSWh le limit ng the current in a fluorescent lamp sthe most important function of a ba ast, the ba -last must a so supply low vo tage to heat thecathodes in some systems and adequatevoltage for starting the lamp.Although fluorescent Jamps may be baliasted byinductance, capacitance, or resistance, thernost practical and widely used of the three isinductance. in most cases, the f uorescent amp

ballast includes an inductive dev ce such as achoke corl or an autotransformer to irnit the cur-rent. Use is also made of the series comb natronon inductrve corl and capacrtor.All magnetic ballasts produce an inherentsound, commonly described as a "hurn'. Thiswill vary with the type of ballast, from a nearlyinaudib e sound to a noticeable norse. Mostmanuiacturers give their ballasts a sound ratlngf rom A to F, as an aid in the se ection of ballasts.

TABLE IIIApproximate Watts Loss in Typical Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

LarnpDes onaton

Nom nalWatts

llB Vo ls' 217 UallsSnOeLamD

Iwo - Lamp Sin0 eLamo

Il.'i o - LamDSer es

Lead-Lao Ser es

Ll]ad-Lal]

PreheatF4T5F6T5F8T5F]3T5F14112F15T8F1sT]2F2Ar12F25112F3OTBF40T12F90Tl7

Bapid StailF30Tr2F40112

High 0utputF24r12F48Tr 2Ft2112F96Tt2

Very High 0utputF48T12/VF]0Ft2Il2iUtAF96Tl2iVf0

CrrclineFC8T9FCr 21 0FCt6T10

lnstant StartF40Tl2/ SF40Tt 7i S

SlimlineF42T6'F64T6,F72I81F96IB'F4BT]2.F72112"F96T12'

46Il3

14l515202530409030403260B5

110|5165215

2232404040253B3B51395575

222665566

10l02A

52'52',

74,B5,

135,140,r38,20023s.

29.45,56'2A2D

161717t9202626

75'94'

100,154'214.246'247,360'450,

2A2D

a2727

IIt01t1633

252516303030253333

l0

52'52.65,85,

135I40,r 40,2AA.230,

56,232316

12]B232525

100,150'210,246247.360'450'

2121

212626

h

7694'

242416

2530242727

Ba ast range 110125vors' Ba ast range 255 290 vollsri Tola nputwatts to ba ast nc ud nq amp and ba aslwalls" Operal ng amp al 200 mat Operal nq ianrp at425 ma


15/26

An "A ba last w Jl usua y have the least hum andshou d be used n quiet areas, such as off cesand homes. The most audible hum is producedby an F' ba last, wh ch shou d be sat sfactoryfor street I ghting and no sy factory areas.Because of the osses withln the ba ast, theyconsurne a smal amount of wattage which mustbe added to the amp wattage to obta n the totalwattage of the lghting system. Approxrmatewatts oss in typ cal fluorescent lamp ballasts arelsted n Table llllncreasing energy costs have encouraged theuse of energy saving ba lasts. Designed to haveower copper and ron losses. these ba aslsoperate amps while consum ng less systempower.CLASS P BALLASTSC ass P Ballasts, rneet ng Underwriters'Laboratories requirements, have a therma protector nthe ballast. This s an autornatic resetting (ther-mostatic) type, des gned to rernove the bal astfrom the circuit whenever the ba ast case tem-perature reaches I 10"C + 5"C. After the bal asthas cooled, the protector recloses the circuit fornorma operatron, and the lamps wi I rellght.There are four general types of operatrng c rcu ttsfor f uorescent lamps: Preheat, lnstant Start, Trlgqer Start and Fapid Start.ELECTRONIC BALLASTSE ectronrc bai asts are now avai ab e to operatesome types of f uorescent lamps. These devicessubstllute so d state c rcuitry for some of themagnet c components used n convent ona balasts Electronic ballasts usua ly operate theamps at an e evated frequency rather than the 60hertz avai able f rom the ut lty. Operating f uores-en d'rpS al l^igl-e' r'aque,le re n d\ in pro\ alamp efficacy by severa percent while reducinginterna ballast wattage osses compared withmagnetlc bal asts.

PREHEAT CIRCUITSThe s mple bas c preheat circuit is shown in Figure 15. When the amp on/off switch is closed,the preheat circurt ls completed and the heatlngcurrent flows through the e ectrodes at each endof the lamp. Afte{ the short preheat tinre (usua lyabout one second) the switch is opened. Thisimpresses a h gh vo tage pulse across the lampand causes an arc to strike between thecathodes. The switch can be operated manual y,as ln some desk lamps where a button is pushedto c ose the starting c rcu t and then released toopen the starting c rcuit and str ke the arc. Morecommonly, the switch is an automatic switchca ed a starter. Starters will be described inmore detail ater in thls bu letin.

Figure 15. Simple Basic Preheat Circuil.Preheat amps may be operated on either singleor mu ti-lamp ba lasts. The sing e lamp ballasthas a slmple choke coil of choke with autotrans-{ormerto supp y the voltage required to start andoperate the lamp. The two lamp ba last s usual yof the lead'lag type.Except for a few special appllcations pre-heatamps are now seldom used ln sizes over 20watts (24 inches length). The pre-heat tampoperated on a s mple choke type ba last iseconomica ly desirable in the sma I sizes slnce rtis read ly started on 120 volts wlthout the neces-sity for an auto{ransformer as a part of the ba -last crrcu t.Eariy fluorescent ighting instal at ons madewlde useof the f ou r-foot, 4o,watt, ead- ag bal astcircuit for general lightlng. Today, use of this c rcuit is found only in older installations.


16/26

STARTERSThe principal functions of a starter are to closethe starting circuit of a preheat amp whlle thecathodes heat up, and then to open the circuit tostart the lamp. lf the arc iai s to strlke, the starterkeeps lrying unti the lamp stafts. A further func-tion in protectlve starters is to disconnect a lampfrom the startlng circuit when lt falls to start afterseveral attempts. Starters may be of the thermalor the g ow-switch type, with the latter belngmore common.GLOW-SWITCH STARTERSA sma I g ow amp, cal ed a giow switch, is usedas the heart of a glow-switch starter. ln one type,one electrode is a stlff w re and the other ls abimeta strip, both enclosed ln a sma I glass bottle filled with an inert gas such as argon or neon.When a vo tage is applied across the lamp, thesame vo tage is impressed across the starter, asshown in Flgure 16. This causes a glow discharge and a smal current fow between theelectrodes. The heating efJect of the currentcauses the bimetal strip to expand and to makecontact wlth the other electrode. Thts momentary delay allows the preheating current to ilowthrough the lamp cathodes for the short timewhile there is enough residual heat in the switchto keep it c osed. As the bimetal strlp coo s, itbends in the other directlon opening the con-tacts with a resu tant hlgh-voltage pulse thatshould start the lamp.

Figure 16. Glow-Switch Starter and lamp circuit.

lI the lamp fails to start, the starting cycle lsrepeated. Once the fluorescent lamp hasstarted, the voltage across the lamp and thestarter drops to a point where t is not suif lcrent to

operate the g ow swltch. Thus the glow-switchstarter consumes no power when the amp soperatlng and ls availab e for immedrate restart-ing when the amp s turned olf .MANUAL-HESET CUTOUT STARTERSWhen a f luorescent lamp reaches the end of itsife, repeated attempts wil {ai to start lt. Withelther a therma -sw tch starter or a g ow-switchstarter. the cathodes wi I continue to flash on andoff unti the starter fai s or the amp rs replaced.This type of operatlon may a so damage the balast from overheating. A manual reset starterprevents thls repeated cycl ng. F gu re I 7 showsa sketch of the mechanism of such a starter, andFigure 1B dep cts the circult d agram.

RESET BUITONBIMETAL LATCHPHOSPHOR BBONZE WIREBRASS CLIPCEBAMIC SHIELDNICHROI\,4E WIBE HEATERBASE

Figure 17. Mechanism of ManuaFReset Starter.

MANUAL.RESET

14

Figure 18. Manual-Reset Slarier and lamp circuit


17/26

In addition to a g ow switch, the stafrer c rcuitincludes a sma n chrome-wire heater enc osedin a ceramic shield which tn turn, is surroundedby a brass c ip. The clip is fastened to a bimetalstrip which serves as a atch over a spring. Theceramic shre d s ows down the transf er of heatfrom the n chrome-wire to the brass clip so thatthe brmetal latch does not receive enough heatto affect lt when the starter needs on y a fewattempts to start the amp. However, f the ampsfai to start after repeated attempts enough heatwill reach the bimetai strip to pu I t away from thelatch, thus open ng the circuit The clrcuit wllthen remain open and the iamp off unti the resetbutton is pushed. This type of starter not onlyprotects the bal ast but prevents the annoyancecaused by a cycllng lamp.AUTOMATIC.RESET STARTERSThe manual-reset starter offers protection to thecircuit n cutting out a fai ed lamp, but t is poss -ble for a manual-reset starter to cut out when thelamp has not farled. ln an ndustria p ant, forexample it is possible that a perlod may occurwhen the ine voltage s abnorma ly ow or thevoltage is somewhat low and the hum dity sh gh, and some lamps will not start. These lampswll be cut out by manual-reset starters and wi Inot start again until the reset button is pushedThe answer to this type of s tuation is theautomatic reset starter.lnstead of a manua push button for resetting,the automat c reset starter has an extra heaterwhich holds the contacts open as long asvoltage is supplied to the lamp. The heaterdraws power on the order of 1 watt. lf the lamphas not failed but has been cut out by a conditionsuch as the one lust descrbed, the amp wlstart aoain as soon as the starter has cooed.This coo ing takes about one m nute. n the usualcase, however, the lamp wou d start the next timethe circuit was switched on after an off oeriodINSTANT START CIRCUITSlf enough voltage is applied across a f uorescentlamp the arc wrl str ke without preheating of thecathodes. Since no preheating time is requireda c rcu t with such a high vo tage is cal ed aninstant start clrcuit. Because a preheat circu t isnot required, Sllmline (lnstant start) lamps haveonly a single pin base at each end.

A safety circuit is used with instant start amps toeliminale the possibllity of an electricai shockw th thls circuit design. When the amp is re-moved, the base pin acts as a switch, breaktngthe circuit to the ba last as shown n Figure 19. Inorder to get a lamp rnto the lampholders, tt mustflrst be pushed into a spring lampholder at thehigh-voltage end and then inserted rnto the rigidlampholder at the low-voltage end. Both lampends must be in place to close the circurt, per-m tting the flow of current through the prrmaryballast winding.

TA C L]NE IL--________J

Figure 19. Slimline (lnstant Start) lamp. tampholders andcircuit.

Most instant start lamps are operated wlth ser essequence ba lasts in the circuit shown in Figure20. The two lamps are actual y started in se-quence, a few thousandths of a second apartand operate in series.

Figure 20. Typical Two Lamp Series - Sequence instant-sbncircuit.

-'I I

l.- \oMrNAL LANrp I tNGrH----I pnrvnpv crRCUn rsopEN II wt'f\ ravD ts REi.4ovED I

15


18/26

ln the circuit dragram lt wll be noted that the auxi iary winding supplies the voltage to start LampNo. 1. Before the first amp lights, the voltage ofthe auxrl ary windlng substracts trom the primaryand secondary voltages, thus resultlng in lnsuffi-cient stadlng vo tage for Lamp No. 2. However,when Lamp No 1 llghts, the current flow throughthe capacitor shlfts the phase relat onshipbetween the aux lary wlnding and the second-ary wind ng, causrng the two vo tages to add.This causes the vo tage to be suff icient to startLamp No. 2. The lamps then operate in serieswith the auxi iary wlnding contr but ng nothing tothe circuit.There s a so a lead-lag ballast crrcu t avai -ab e for speclal applicatlons. Because it isheavier, and more expensive, its use s generally imited to low temperatures or other specialapplications.TRIGGER START CIRCUITSThe tr gger start clrcuit is sometimes used foroperating preheat { uorescent lamps up to 20watts n slze. This clrcuit was developed pnor tothe rap d start clrcuit and is quite similar in that itprovides contlnuous heatlng of the cathodesand does not requlre a starter. To minimlze thepower oss of the cathodes during amp opera-tron, the rapid start circu t was introduced.RAPID START CIRCUITSAs exp ained n the section on Rapid Startlamps ba lasts for rapid start circu ts have sepa-rate w ndings to provrde contlnuous heattngvo tage forthe lamp cathodes as shown in F gure21 Unlike the preheat circuit whtch has nocathode heating after the arc strikes, the rapidstart circu t provides the amp with a smal heatng current even when the amp s burning.Under normal cond tions, the rapld start bal astwill start the lamps ln ess than one second.Two lamp rapid start ballasts starl the lamps rnsequence and then operate them in series.When the circult ls turned on, the f irst operation sthe heating of the cathodes to aid in start ng thelamps by reducing the starting vo tage require-ments. The capacitor shunted across Lamp No.2 ards in starting Lamp No. I first by momentarilyapp ying neary all of the ballast secondaryvoltage across Lamp No. 1. Slnce the voltagedrop across Lam p No. '1 is very low after start ng,practica ly all of the ba last vo tage is avallab e to

th

start Lamp No.2. The two lamps then run nseries with rapidly rncreasing current untilstableoperation at rated current is achieved. lt isessentia that proper cathode heat be majntained during lamp operation to nsure normalamp life.To nsure dependab e starting, lt s mportant thatlamps operated on rapid start ba lasts bemounted withln one rnch of an electricallygrounded metai strip extend ng the ful engthof the amp for HO and VHO types and one-ha f inch for lamps be ow 500 ma. ln most casesthe reflector or the w rino channei serves thispurposeINTERCHANGEABILITY OF 4O-WATT LAMPSFor satlsfactory performance, fluorescent ampsshou d always be operated wlth the proper balast type Table lV descnbes the lamp performance to be expected when amps are nadvertent y nterchanqed.

L-------------JFigure 21. TypicalTwo Lamp Series - Sequehce rapid startcircuit.


19/26

TABLE IVLamp Performance When 40-Watt BipinFluorescent Lamps Are lnterchanged with Typical BallastsBailastTvPe B pin-Lamp Type Lamp Performance

Preheal

Preheatlnstant Sta

Rapid Sla OK

OKNG

Norma rated life.WOf't starl. F lement is shod c rcuited fside arnp base.Starter w I keep trying t0 slrike an arc until failure occurs 0rthe lamp is d sconnecled.Norma raled fe.

hslant-Slart

Preheat

lnstanlStartRapid Start

NG

OKNG

[,4ay start Very sh0 ile becaL]se prlmary current llows through0ne fi ament, causlng early darken ng and ear y fa luteNormal rated lel\4ay start. Very short le because ,rg, pr mary curlent llowslhr0!gh 0ne filament designed for ow heating c!rrent.

Rapid-Start

Preheat, of ly

lnstanl-Starl

Bap d-Slart

NG

NG

OK

NOt recommended. N/ight sla wlth best grounding and highne v0 tage but starting s doubtful and unreliable under

usua fie d condit ons.Will n0t start. Short-circltited lilarnent across heater winding wiloverheat ballast and cou d cause burno!t.Norma rated life.

LAMPHOLDERSMany types of f uorescent ampholders areavailable for the varlous types of f uorescentlamp bases and to meet dlfferent mount ngrequirements. Lampho ders are required to sup-port fluorescent lamps and to prov de electricalconnectlons. The one that is most commonlyused for Preheat and Rapid Start b pln amps isthe twist{urn type. Also avai able for b pin baseamps are spring pressure push-pu I amp-holders. Specia circult-interrupting blpin lamp-holders are used with single lamp ba lasts andd mming bal asts.For the support of the Sl ml ne sing e p n amp,the spr ng ls in the hlgh voltage ampholder,while the low voltage s rigid and has a circuitinterrupting feature. This type prevents voltagefrom being applied to the pins of the lamp untithe lamp rs firm y seated in both lampho ders,thus reduc ng the possibil ty of shock when thelamp is being nsta ied.Typlca lampholders for fluorescent arnps arepictured in Fiaure 22.

BIPIN LAI\/PS

SLIN,4LiNE LAMPSs0 sOUBLE CONTACTIGH LOWVOLTAGE VOLTAGEEND END

@RECESSED

HIGH VOLTAGE END LOW VOLTAGE END..PLUNGER TYPF"BUTT-ON MOUNTING

SLI[,4LINE LAMPS%

@MOGUTq

I\4ED IUMBUTT,ON

&MINIATURE&ilEDlUM HIGH OUTPUT LAMPSAND VERY HIGH OUTPUT LAN'PS

CIBCLINE LAMPCONNECTOR

Figure 22. Typical lampholders lor fluorescent lamps.

17


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OPERATING CHARACTERISTICSOF FLUORESCENT LAMPSLAMP LIFECompared with incandescent amps, fluores-cent amps have extremely ong average ratedlives, but the shape of the ll{e expectancy curveis quite similar, as shown in Figure 23. Becauseof slight variatrons in lamp mak ng operationsand lamp materla s, it is impossib e to have eachlamp operate for exactiy the life for which it wasdesigned. For this reason, lamp li{e is rated asthe average life of a arge group of lamps, operated under contro led aboratory condttlons.Average rated i{e is the point at whlch approxi-mately 50 percent of the lamps in a large testgroup have burned out and 50 percent remalnburning as shown by the llfe expectancy curve.During the operation of a fluorescent lamp, theemissive material s gradually depleted from thecathodes. The norma end of life is reachedwhen there ls insu{f cient emissive materialremaining on either cathode to strike the arc.EFFECT OF BURNING PERIODS ON LIFES nce published average rated lrfe figures aregeneral y based on a three hour burningcycle, these ratrngs reflect the effects of bothstarting and burnrng. Changes in the burningcycle will affect life in servrce. Shorter burningcyc es (more f requent starts) shorten life and

20 40 60 B0 100 120 140 T60 180 200PERCENT RATED LIFE

Figure 23. Typical Lile Expectancy or Monalily Curve lorFluorescent Lamps.

longer burning cycles (ess f requent starts)increase life. Figure 24 shows typica mortaity curves for the 4o-watt rapid start lamp ondifferent burning cycles.

\. N" \z\'"\,- &t-\";TYt\XdV;---ls,l.:r- (urc{\-F\12 18 24 30 36LIFE.THOUSANDS OF HOURS

Figure24. Typical Mortality Curves as a function of burningcycles tor o-watt Bapid Start lamps with a raled lileot 20,000.r hours.Tab e V ists the average ife n hours of fluores-cent amps at varlous burning cycles.

100o9o4aa?zoq60cD 50>403soEtnr 10

0

,\ 100>90>80>705ooco502qout 30?zoHiqU

TABLE VAverage Life in Hours of Fluorescenl Lamps at Various Burning Cycles

Lamp TypeHours Per Start

3 6 10 12 18 ContinLro!s40W Preheal 15,000 1/,500 21.250 22.500 25.000 28.12540W Bapid Slart 20.000 + 24.420 2t 150 28.860 31.600 37./00High 0utput (H0) 12,000 14.000 17 000 18,000 20,000 22.500Very H qh 0ulput (VH0) 10 000 12,500 14.990 r 5.980 17.980 24.980Slimline (96T 12) 12 000 14.000 17,000 18,000 20.000 22,500

18


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GROUP RELAMPINGFluorescent amps in a lightlng system can bereplaced either individual y as they burn out or ina group at one ttme, thereby sav ng considera-b e abor. The mortal ty curve in Frgure 25 indi-cates that fluorescent lamps begin to fail fasterafter reachrng 70 percent of rated lfe. ln addi-tion, light output fal s off as the total burninghours of the lamp increases. For most fluores-cent instal ations, the best time to group reiampls between 65 percent and 75 percent ofaverage service ife. However, the mosteconomlca relamping schedu e should bedetermined by considering the lamp and laborcoslc'or eacn spec'ic nsialiar 01.

\ S 'F 40 AND SLII\IL NEI.EVHO

HO

0 4000 8000 12.000 16.0002000 6000 10 000 rr',000 18,000HOUBS BURNED

Figure 25. Approximate lumen maintenance ol various types olCool White fluorescent lamps.LUMEN MAINTENANCESince a fluorescent larnp drops n ight outputmuch more rapid y during the f irst 100 hours ofife than it does ater, the pub ished "initiaumens" value is the figure measured after thef trst I O0 hours of burning. Dur ng th s '100 hourper od the lumen depreclat on may be as muchas 1O percent. The drop off is much more grad-ual durng the rest of amp life The two princ palcauses of th s deprecration are (1) a gradualdeter oration of the phosphor coating and (2) ablacken ng on the nnersurfaceof the bu b fromthe emissive material given off by the cathodes.This is particularly noticeab e at the ends cf the

lamp. The sma ler diameter amps, with T-5, T-6and T-8 bulbs, show greater end darkeningbecause the cathodes are closer to the bulbwa Lumen maintenance s not appreciablyaflected by the number of burning hours perstart.The lumen maintenance is better wrth standardT-12 Rapid Start and Slimllne lamps than withHigh Output and Very High Output types. What'smore, some phosphors have better maintenance than others. Figure 25 depicts thelurnen maintenance of three types of cool whitefluorescent lamps.EFFECT OFTEMPERATUREThe light output of a f luorescent lamp varies con-siderably w th the temperature of the bulb wa LThe temperature affects the mercury vapor pres-sure, which depends upon the coolest point onthe bulb wa L Variations in the mercury vaporpressure change the light output of the lamp.Since changes n ambient temperature areaccompanied by simi ar changes in bulb waltemperature, the light output is affected by vala-tions n ambrent temperature, as shown in Figure26. Rated umen output values are measured ata standard industry test ambient temperature of77"F (25.C)

0 20 a 20 40 60 80 100 12AAMBIENT TEMPEBATURE-DEGREES F

Figure 26. Changes :n light output with ambient temperaturetor bare fluorescenl lamps in stillair

100

z80Lr.llr60tz;40zOfraoI

5 100dFlo+80I(tXooLJ0-zL]JOcc

HO 7 \F40 \


22/26

Fluorescent lamps used indoors at normai roomtemperature provide the most ight when theyare operated in Lightlng equipment which lsdesigned to allow proper ventiliation and to pre-vent overheating. lt wi I be noted in Figure 26 thatthe Light output decreases as the ambient tem-perature increases above 77'F. Heat-removalair-handling troffers lmprove light output by con-trolling lamp bulb wall temperatures. lt shouldalso be noted that bare iamps exposed to exces-sive cooling from air conditioning may showreduced light output.When fluorescent lamps are used outdoors,starting may be a problern at ow temperatures,and higher starting vo tage may be required.Standard ballasts wi I start lamps reliably downto 50"F Low temperature bal asts are avai ablefor certain lamp types to provide starting down to0'F and also down to -20'Fonothers.Afier the amp has been started, the effectivelight output depends on the temperature thebu b reaches. Slnce this optlmum temperaturevarles with the lamp type, the selection oi theproper amp for the appllcatron (ambient) tem-perature range to be experienced is quite important. The relative light output versus ambienttemperature curves for several types of fluores-cent lamps cornmonly used outdoors are shownin Figure 27. The ambient temperature at whrchpeak light output occurs depends on the amptype, the design of the fixture and the windspeed.

200

RELATIVE LIGHT OUTPUT VS. AMBIENT TEIMPERATURE--- vHo--- - VHO LTi -1.-,f I t I L ] l-I l-1.:./ rt"tc,a, srx FouF LArvo l Ncr osED rrx IJRF- i5 ANGLE FBo[.4 HoR /oN rAl I - ]5I\,4'I F PEF] FOLR WIND I

2A 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100AMBIENT TEI\,4PERATUFE ( F)

EFFECT OF HUMIDITYTo assure rellable startlng under condltions ofhigh humidity, the surface of Rapid Start andInstant Start lamps are coated with a si iconematerla. When the bulb is dry, there ls an elec-trostatic charge on the outside of a f uorescentamp which reduces the starting voltage require-ments. High humid ty can produce a f lm of mors-ture on the bulb that makes much h gher startlngvoltages a necessity. The s licone coatingcauses the moisture to form in minute dropletsinstead of a continuous fi m, thus ensur ng re i-ab e startlng even when the hum dity ]s high.Wlth preheat clrcu ts, starting s no problemunder any hum dlty cond tion since the preheatcircuit furnishes a hlgher starting voltage pu se.EFFECT OF VOLTAGEAlthough the fluorescent amp is not as sensitlveto voltage changes as the ncandescent amp,the voltage at the fixture should be kept withinthe specifled bal ast rating shown on the abe.Both hroh voltaqe and low vo tage wi I shorten ifeand reduce effrciency. Wh le standard incandes-cent amps, operated under rated vo tage, wi Iextend ife but, reduce efficacy, ow voltage maycause starting dlfiicultles wlth fluorescent lampsas well as reduce efficiency. The effect of varia-tions in line vo ts on lamp vo ts, amperes wattsand lumens is shown in Figure 28.A ru e o{ thumb is that a 1% variation n the linevoltage changes the lumen output by about 1%.

RECO[,4MENDED OPERATING RANGEBEST PERFORMANCE ./LAI\4P VOLTS /,/ LAIVP WATTS

LUI\4ENS

4 LAN,4P CURRENTPERCENT OF RATED BALLAST VOLTAGE

Figu.e 28, Eftect of voltage on lamp volts, amperes, watts andlumens with 2-lamp series rapid start ballast.

FlIFfoFIoLll0-tIoFzLIJOELIJ

1151000

Fzlr..lE(lI rzoa! 110utt rooE9eot!l-r 80Fzul870Lrlo-

Figure 27. Curves showing relative lighl output at variousambienl temperatures for VHO tluorescent lamps.

20


23/26

Low ine votage may reduce the preheat cur-rent with Preheat lamps and this may result infrequent flashing of the lamps during starting.Sho"e' a'np r'e w I resu,L DecaLSe mo.e e'nis-s ve material is dr ven f rom the cathodes. Rap dStart lamps operated at low voltage will bebothered with reduced cathode heater currentwhlch can adverse y affect starting, ncreaseear y end d sco orat on and shorten lamp ltfe.Even dur ng burning, Rapid Starting amps musthave adequate cathode voltage.lf sublected to a iarge drop in line voltage,fluorescent amps may go out, momentarily oronger depending on the durat on of the reduc-t on. The maximum al owab e voltage drop varieswith the amp type and the characteristics of thebaliast.Approximate percentage of ine vo tage d ropsthat wi cause 4o-watt T-12 lamps to go out areas fol ows:Preheat. .... .25"/.Rapid Start Series Sequence. 20%lnstant Start Serles Sequence ...... 50%lnstant Start Lead-Lag 40%EFFECT OF FREQUENCYThe effectiveness of a bal ast in im t ng currentdepends on the frequency of the power supp y.For th s reason, a bal ast shou d be operatedonly at the f requency for whrch it is designed. lf a60 hertz ba last, for examp e, s used on a 50hertz c rcuit, the current to the lag lamp isncreased Thls causes shorter amp life and anoverheated ballast A frequency higher than thatfor which the bal ast was desrgned wi I reducethe current to the lag amp. With the lead lamps,changes in frequency have an oppos te effectThere are some insta lat ons which operatefluorescent lamps at frequenc es h gher than 60hertz, such as 400 hertz or B40 herlz. These usea special bal ast which is sma ler n stze and hasless wattage loss than a 60 hertz ballast. The efJicacy and lght output oJ most f uorescent ampsincreases when the frequency ls increased.lnstallatlons of high frequency systems are lim-ited primari y by the cost and eff c ency of theequipment required to convert 60 hertz powernto higher f requenc es. Some of the high fre-quency systems currently in use have a centralrzed statlc-converter power supply and operateat frequencies of 3O0O hertz or more.

STROBOSCOPIC EFFECTThe mercury arc in a Jluorescent lamp operatedon a 60 hertz alternat ng current goes on and off120 times per second (every half cycle). The llghtf rom the lamp wou d go out completely exceptthat the phosphors have some phosphorescentor 'carry-over" action. That is, they continue tog ow {or a short per od of time after the existingradiations are cut off. However, there sti I is araprd variat on in ight output which rs unnoticedby the human eye, except possib y as fllcker atlhe erds o'lhe arrp. Lrder sorne circum.stances, th s variation in light output may produce what is ca ied stroboscopic effect.Because of the stroboscopic effect, an objectthat is moving at a unifoi'm speed may appear tomove jerk ly. Under the rrost extreme conditions,a rotat ng object, such as a f y wheel, may seemto be standrng sti lor even rotating Ln a reversedirection. Today stroboscoplc effect rarelycauses any difflculty with fluorescent ampsbecause modern phosphors have relat vely longcarry-over perods. Sirould this stroboscopiceffect be a prob em, the staggered use of ba -asts on three phase circu ts will reduce thestroboscop c e{iect by operating the lamps outof phase, so that they reach their maximum ightoutput at different times.DIRECT CURRENT OPERATIONSFluorescent lamps can be operated on directcurrent, provided a resistance is used in serieswlth an induct ve ba last and there ts a suffi-cient y high vo tage. A sing e lamp d c circuit isshown in Figure 29. The choke type of ballastmust sti I be used n a d-c circuit to supply theinduct ve "kick" needed to start the lamp whenthe starting switch is opened. Since the chokehas no imiting effect on the direct current f lowingthrough the arc, a resistance must be used inseries with the amp and choke to limit the cur-rent. The number of ohms resistance dependson the size of the amp and the clrcuit voltage.The eff icacy s reduced, as compared w thalternating current operation, because theresistance consumes approximately as muchenergy as the lamp. Lamp life wrl also bereduced.


24/26

med. The dtmming e ement that contro s the arccurrent may be either a variab e vo tage auto-transf ormer, adjustable reactor, thyratron,silicon controlled rectifler or other solid-statedevrce. Some dimming systems offer smoothcontrol without f icker trom fu brightness tonearly total darkness with a d mm ng rat o ofapproximate y 500 to 1. Rated amp I fe is notusuaily affected by normal dimmlng servlceprovided the lamp current crest factor s notincreased or coil heater voltage is notdecreased. Figure 30 shows a typical dimmingcircuit for a 4o-watt Rapld Start lamp

Figure 29. Typical c ircu it lor diject currenl operalion oltluorescent lamPs.Another problem results f rorn the steady Ilow o{direct current in one directton. This causes themercury to drift toward the negatlve end of thetube. As a result the posit ve end becomes dimafter several hours of operation A po arity-reversing switch is recommended for all lampsof 6 watts and over to reverse the functlons oi theelectrodes every few hours and thus eliminatethe tendency to burn dim at one end. For theshorter lamps, which are not bothered with mer-cury migrat on, it is a good Ldea to use a revers-rng sw tch to even the wear on the cathodes byreversing the direct!on o{ the current Thecontrolswitch should be the type that will automaticallyreverse the current each time the lamp ls turnedon.INVERTER BALLASTSSometimes it is desirable to convert direct cur-rent to alternating current {or using fluorescentlamps with battery powered equipment' such asautomobiles, boats, campers, hand lanternsand other portable applications This can bedone with an inverter ballast, which is a com-pact, solid-state devlce that converls low voltaged-c to high frequency a-c. lts use opens up afield to f luorescent larnps that was former yreserved exclusively for incandescent lampsDIMMINGThe dimming of Rapid Start {luorescent lamps ispractical when they are operated on dimmingballasts and specifically designed clrcuits Thedimmrng ballast keeps the lamp cathodes sup-plied with the proper heating current regardlessof lhe extent to which the lamp may be dim-

CIBCUITINTERRUPTINGLAMP HOLDER

L--JFigure 3O.Typical dimming circuitlor 4o-Watt Rapid StartLamP.FLASHINGWhen fluorescent lamps on ordinary bal asts areswitched on and off f requently, the ife s great yreduced (Refer to Effect of Burn ng Periods onLife, page 1B). However, the use of a specialflashing ba last permlts Bapid Start lamps to beflashed mi lrons of times with normal ife expectancy. Flashing ballasts are similar to dimmingba lasts in that they provide continuous heatingcurrent for the lamp cathodes, even when thelamp is in the off section of the f ash cycle. Theflashing does not turn ofJ the entlre circuit butopens the lamp arc circuit on y The flashing clr-cu it is like the dimming clrcult in Figure 30 exceptthat the dimming element is replaced with a spe-cial flashing device. F ashing fluorescent lampsare widely used by plastic sign manufacturers.

(THERN,4AL OR MANUAL)

INDIICTANCERESTSTOR ;-=-- - =-

?2


25/26

RADIO INTERFERENCEElectromagnet c radratron that may cause abuzzing sound n nearby radro receivrng sets semitted by lhe mercury arc of a fluorescentlamp. This interference is usually lmrted to thestandard AM broadcast band because of thefrequenc es generated by the arc. Radio inter-ference is greatiy suppressed by the use ofcapacitors in rapid start and instant start ballastsand in starters for preheat crrcuits.It is possib e for a f uorescent lamp to causerad o nLer'o'erce in ll ree ways

1) through broadcasting" rad ation d rectlyf rom the lamp to the rad o

2) throuoh radiation from the electrlc w resnear the fixtu re and3) throuqh "feedback' alona the electric wlres

to the rad o.lf the rad ation is d rect mov ng the radio at least1O f eet away f rom the amp w l general y e imi-nate the noise. lnterference that s conducted tothe radjo nnay be suppressed by connect ng af lter in the llne at the fixture This type of fi ter sava lable from radlo parts stores.

TROUBLESHOOTINGS nce this bul etin is not intended to be a servicemanual, it does not rnclude any troubleshootingprocedures. For comp ete information on this,see Engineer ng Bu letin 0-330, Troub eshoot ngFluorescent LightingOTHER BULLETINS ON FLUORESCENTLAMPSFor more deta led information on some of thetypes of f uorescent lamps descr bed ln th s bu -etin see the fo lowing engineer ng Bul etins:a 262 Ihe Standard Gro-Lux FluorescentLamp0-285 Gro-Lux Wide Spectrum F uorescentLamp0 315 Sy vania 96" VHO L f el ne Lamps0 328 VHO Outdoor Fluorescent Lamp0-333 F uorescent Lamp Performance Data0-338 Contro led Fluorescent Light ng0-342 Germicidal Lamps0-362 Octron Lamps


26/26

SYLUAN'A

Location SalesOffices(TO OBTAIN SALES ANDTECHNICAL INFORMATION)DistributionCenters(TO ORDER LAMPS AND TO OBTAIN SHIPPINGINFORMATION} WAR EHOUSE STOCKSMAINTAINED IN THESE LOCATIONS zip Codeip Code

Atlanta, Ga. 2'l 15 Sylvan Rd., S.W404 -7 62 -17 A1 21 15 Sylvan Rd., S.W.404 762-1781 30344Boston, Mass, 60 Boston Street, Salem, MA617 777 lgOO - X3473 'l05 Andover Street, PO. Box 377, Danvers, MA01970 617-777-1900-X2A66 01923Bulfalo, N.Y 25 Dewberry Lane, Gardenville lnd. Park716 668 7559 14224 25 Dewberry Lane, Gardenville lnd. Park716,668-7555 14224Charlotte. N.C. 381 1 North Davidson St.. P.O. Box 52467o4-334-4671 381 1 North Davidson St., P.O. Box 5246104-334 46718225 28225Chicago, lll. 800 Devon Ave., Elk Grove Village, lllinois312,59s-3400 60007 8O0 Devon Ave., Elk G rove Village,

lllinors312-593-3400rove

Cincinnati. Ohio 5480 creek Road513-793-6440 5480 Creek Road45242 513-793 64406000745242

Cleveland, Ohio 4848 West 130th Street216-267-6800 4848 West 130th street44135 216-267-6800 44135D"ll""J"r* 2040 l\4cKenzie Dr., P O. 8ox 501 8, Ca rrollton, TX 2040 McKenzie Dr, P O. Box 501 8, Ca rrollton, TXi-c"li"rit..i-- 214-247-'1800 75011 5018 214-247 78oo 75011-5018oenver, Colorado 4675 Holly Street303-399,1760 4675 Holly Street80216 303 399-1760 8021 6Dotroit, Michigan 10800 Ford Road, Dearborn, IMI313 542-4754 10800 Ford Road, Dearborn, Ml313-582-87544126 4A126

01923artlord. Conn. 100 Constitution Plaza203-249-5423 611-177 1900105 Andover Street, P.O. Box 377, Danvers, MA06103Honolulu, Hawaii 770 Kapiolani Blvd. Suite 513808,536-5267 181 1 Adrian Road, Burlingame, Calif.415 697,35006813 94010Houston, Texas

1440 Greengrass Dr713 869-8671

1440 Greengrass Dr.7'13-869-86717008 77008

Kansas City, Kansas 450 Funston Roads13-371-3773 450 Funston Road913-371-37736115Los Angeles, Calil. 6505 East Gayhart St.eet, P.O. Box 2795213-726-1666 soo51 6505 East Gayhart Street213-726 1666 s0040Minneapolis. Minn. 5330 lndustrial Blvd. N.E., Fridley, Minn. s33o_lndusir'ral Blvd. N.E., Fridley, Minnie.'Jr"'i' 612 571-9400 55421 612'571-9400 55421New Orleans, Louisiana 55l0Jefferson Highway504-733-6970 55l0Jefferson Highway70183 504-733,6970 70183New York, New York 237 Park Avenue, gth Floor212-503-1010 1000 Huyler Street, Teterboro, N.J-212-244-44200017 07608Orlando, Florida 7492 chancellor Dflve. P.O. Box 13327A.305-859-6220 7492 Chancellor Drive, P.O. Box 13327A32859 305-859-6220 32859philadelphia, penn. 465 Devon Park Drive, P. O. 8ox 500, Devon, PA - - - 465 DevonPa rk Drive, P.O. Box 500, Devon, PAidillil'""'-' ' """ iii-ze3:ei3o'- '-' - --'---'-- - iriegs zis-zgs'gsgo tssgsPittsburgh. Penn. 450 Butler Street, P.O. Box 9544412-781-4533

450 Eutler Street, P.O. Box 954415223 412 7A1-4533St. Louis, Missouri 5656 Campus Parkway, Hazelwood, MO314-731-5515lH"t"t*obO) gt+-zgt-s5ts 6soaz :t+ ugt-ssts ogo+z5656 Campus Parkway, Hazelwood, MOSan Francisco, Calil. 1811 Adrian Road, Burlingame, Calif 1811 Adrian Road, Eurlingame, Calif.re,iiri.",-.i 41s-697,3s00 - 94010 415-697-3500 94010

Seattle. Washington 750 So. Michigan Street206-763-2660 750 So. Michigan Street98108 206,763 2660 38108Teterboro, NewJersey 1000 Huyler Street201-288-9484 1000 Huyler Street2r)1-2AA-94447608 07608Mshinoton-D.C. 6610 Electronic Dr ive, Sprinqfield, VA 6610 Eleclronrc Drive Springfield,VArspiinsilh.vi.t 703-354.3100 22151 703-354'3100 22151

sylvania engineering bulletin - fluorescent lamps 1985

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