Story of South Africa Story of South Africa

•It’s European Invasion It’s European Invasion

and Struggle with and Struggle with Apartheid Apartheid

16521652

• The The Dutch settled the Cape Colony in Dutch settled the Cape Colony in Southern Africa.Southern Africa.

• Over time they considered themselves Over time they considered themselves more African than European and more African than European and called themselves called themselves Afrikaners.Afrikaners. They They considered themselves superior to considered themselves superior to native Africans and used them as native Africans and used them as slaves until the early slaves until the early 1800s when the 1800s when the British took control of the Cape British took control of the Cape Colony and abolished slavery.Colony and abolished slavery.

Early 1800s in Southern AfricaEarly 1800s in Southern Africa• From 1816 to the late 1820s, From 1816 to the late 1820s,

Shaka Zulu organized the Zulus Shaka Zulu organized the Zulus into the leading kingdom in south into the leading kingdom in south Africa, north of the Orange River, Africa, north of the Orange River, and in southeastern Africaand in southeastern Africa

• They continued their dominance They continued their dominance in southeastern Africa until the in southeastern Africa until the late 1800s when they were late 1800s when they were eventually defeated by the British, eventually defeated by the British, but their dominance in South but their dominance in South Africa ended in 1838 after defeat Africa ended in 1838 after defeat to the Afrikaners (or Boers)to the Afrikaners (or Boers) in the in the Battle of Blood River.Battle of Blood River.

• The Afrikaners had migrated The Afrikaners had migrated north of the Orange River, known north of the Orange River, known as the Great Trek,as the Great Trek, due to the due to the British presence in the Cape British presence in the Cape Colony. They had settled in Colony. They had settled in Transvaal and the Orange Free Transvaal and the Orange Free State.State.

1899-19021899-1902• Large quantities of Large quantities of gold were found by gold were found by the Afrikaners in the Afrikaners in these two areas which these two areas which coincided with the coincided with the British discovering British discovering diamonds in southern diamonds in southern Africa in 1867.Africa in 1867.

• The riches, along with The riches, along with the colonial the colonial movement in general, movement in general, led to the British led to the British crossing over the crossing over the Orange River Orange River resulting in the Boer resulting in the Boer War of 1899-1902.War of 1899-1902.

3 generations of Boers

Boer WarBoer War

• Native Africans fought alongside the Native Africans fought alongside the British due to their abolishment of British due to their abolishment of slavery.slavery.

• The British won the Boer warThe British won the Boer war and and after a few years of negotiation with after a few years of negotiation with the Afrikaners, combined four the Afrikaners, combined four colonies (2 Dutch and 2 British) into colonies (2 Dutch and 2 British) into the Union of South Africa in 1910. the Union of South Africa in 1910.

AfrikanersAfrikaners/Boers/Boers

• Any South African of Dutch descent Any South African of Dutch descent whose native language is Afrikaanswhose native language is Afrikaans..

• The The AfrikanersAfrikaners were originally called were originally called Boers (“farmers”),Boers (“farmers”), since many Dutch since many Dutch settlers of the old Cape Colony settlers of the old Cape Colony (founded 1652) became frontier (founded 1652) became frontier farmers in the Transvaal and the farmers in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Orange Free State.

• They saw themselves as children of They saw themselves as children of God in a pagan wilderness. They God in a pagan wilderness. They established self-sufficient established self-sufficient communities, developed their own communities, developed their own language and were committed to a language and were committed to a policy of apartheid. policy of apartheid.

• They fought a bitter war with the They fought a bitter war with the BritishBritish (the South African War, or (the South African War, or Boer Boer WarWar, 1899–1902) , 1899–1902) over the right to over the right to govern the frontier territories.govern the frontier territories. Though Though defeated, they retained their old defeated, they retained their old language and culture and eventually language and culture and eventually attained politically the power they had attained politically the power they had failed to win militarily. failed to win militarily.

Afrikaners continued . . .Afrikaners continued . . .• They dominated South They dominated South

African politics for most African politics for most of the 20th century but of the 20th century but were forced to give up were forced to give up national power after the national power after the first elections based on first elections based on universal suffrage in universal suffrage in 1994. Today much of the 1994. Today much of the country's economic country's economic wealth remains in wealth remains in Afrikaner hands.Afrikaner hands. Queen Victoria's diamond

from the Transvaal

What is Apartheid?What is Apartheid?• The term The term apartheidapartheid (from the (from the

Afrikaans word for "apartnessAfrikaans word for "apartness") was ") was coined in the 1930s and used as a coined in the 1930s and used as a political slogan of the National Party political slogan of the National Party in the early 1940s, but the policy itself in the early 1940s, but the policy itself extends back to the beginning of white extends back to the beginning of white settlers (the Dutch) in South Africa in settlers (the Dutch) in South Africa in 1652. 1652.

• After the primarily Afrikaner After the primarily Afrikaner Nationalists came to power in 1948, Nationalists came to power in 1948, apartheid was implemented under law.apartheid was implemented under law.

How did the new government

enforce this new policy?

• The implementation of the policy, later referred to as "separate development," was made possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950, which put all South Africans into three racial categories: Bantu (black African), White, or Coloured (of mixed race). A fourth category, Asian (Indians and Pakistanis), was added later.

Afrikaner Nationalists’ Afrikaner Nationalists’ policiespolicies• The system of apartheid was enforced by a series The system of apartheid was enforced by a series

of laws passed in the 1950s: the of laws passed in the 1950s: the Group Areas Act Group Areas Act of 1950of 1950 assigned races to different residential assigned races to different residential and business sections in urban areas and business sections in urban areas

• The Land Acts of 1954 and 1955The Land Acts of 1954 and 1955 restricted restricted nonwhite residence to specific areas. These laws nonwhite residence to specific areas. These laws further restricted the already limited right of further restricted the already limited right of black Africans to own land, entrenching the white black Africans to own land, entrenching the white minority's control of over 80 percent of South minority's control of over 80 percent of South African land. African land.

• Other laws prohibited most social interaction Other laws prohibited most social interaction between the races; enforced the segregation of between the races; enforced the segregation of public facilities, including educational; created public facilities, including educational; created race-specific jobs; limited the powers of nonwhite race-specific jobs; limited the powers of nonwhite unions; and minimized nonwhite participation in unions; and minimized nonwhite participation in government. government.

More Restrictions!!!More Restrictions!!!• The Bantu Authorities Act of 1951The Bantu Authorities Act of 1951

and and the Promotion of Bantu Self-the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959Government Act of 1959 furthered furthered these divisions between the races by these divisions between the races by creating ten African creating ten African "homelands"homelands“ to be “ to be self-governed by the various “tribes.” self-governed by the various “tribes.”

• The Bantu Homelands Citizenship The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970Act of 1970 made every black South made every black South African a citizen of one of the African a citizen of one of the homelands which eliminated black homelands which eliminated black Africans from South African politics.Africans from South African politics.

A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982.

A Black South African shows his passbook issued by the Government. Blacks were required to carry passes that determined where they could live and work.

Houses in Soweto, a

black township in

the “homelands.”

A girl looking through a window of her shack in Cross Roads, 1978.

Segregated public facilities in Johannesburg, 1985.

Young, black South Africans looking in on a game of soccer at an all-white school in Johannesburg. Government spending, about 10 times more for white children than for black, clearly showed the inequality designed to give whites more economic and political power. Poorly trained teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate recreational facilities were normal for black children, if in fact they had any schooling available at all.

Young coal miners in South Africa in 1988.

A number of black political groups, often supported by sympathetic whites, opposed apartheid using a variety of tactics, including violence, strikes, demonstrations, and sabotage - strategies that often met with severe consequences from the government.

Grave of the young Black leader, Steve Biko, in King Williams Town, South Africa. Biko died while in prison in 1977. During the investigation into his death, strong evidence was presented that Biko suffered violent and inhumane treatment during his imprisonment.

Key word is “selective”Key word is “selective” Apartheid was also denounced by the Apartheid was also denounced by the

international community: in 1961 South international community: in 1961 South Africa was forced to withdraw from the Africa was forced to withdraw from the British Commonwealth by member British Commonwealth by member countries who were critical of the countries who were critical of the apartheid system, and in 1985 the apartheid system, and in 1985 the governments of the governments of the United States and United States and Great Britain imposed Great Britain imposed selectiveselective economic sanctions on South Africa in economic sanctions on South Africa in protest of its racial policy. protest of its racial policy.

Reform!!!Reform!!!• As antiapartheid pressure mounted within and outside As antiapartheid pressure mounted within and outside

of South Africa, the South African government, led by of South Africa, the South African government, led by President F. W. de Klerk, (white) began to dismantle President F. W. de Klerk, (white) began to dismantle the apartheid system in the early 1990s. the apartheid system in the early 1990s.

• The year 1990 brought a National Party government The year 1990 brought a National Party government dedicated to reform and also saw the legalization of dedicated to reform and also saw the legalization of formerly banned black congresses (including the formerly banned black congresses (including the ANCANC—African National Congress—African National Congress) and the release of ) and the release of imprisoned black leaders. imprisoned black leaders.

• In 1994 the country's constitution was rewritten and In 1994 the country's constitution was rewritten and free general elections were held for the first time in free general elections were held for the first time in its history, and with its history, and with Nelson Mandela's election as Nelson Mandela's election as South Africa's first black president,South Africa's first black president, the last remnants the last remnants of the apartheid system were finally outlawed. of the apartheid system were finally outlawed.

Nelson Mandela

The numbers don’t lie . . .

Population

Land allocation

Share of national income

Minimum taxable income

Doctors/population

Infant mortality rate

Annual expenditure on education per student

Teacher/student ratio

Blacks Whites

19 million 4.5 million

13% 87%

<20% 75%

360 rands 750 rands

1/44,000 1/400

20%-40% 2.7%

$45 $696

1/60 1/22

Information and photo Information and photo credits:credits:

The United Nations The United Nations http://www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/http://www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/apartheid.htmapartheid.htm

Alonford James Robinson Jr. with Alonford James Robinson Jr. with Africana Encyclopedia Africana Encyclopedia http://www.africanaencyclopedia.comhttp://www.africanaencyclopedia.com/apartheid/apartheid.html/apartheid/apartheid.html