Steve Moorman Mgr Business Development, Advanced TechnologiesBabcock & Wilcox

CO2 Emission Reduction from Coal Fired Plants

FutureGen 2.0 CO2 Capture Project

Relative to NOX, SOX, Hg, and Particulate the scale of CO2 emissions control is enormous

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A 600 MW Pulverized Coal plant firing low sulfur coal generates

< 1000 lbs/year of Mercury 8,000 tons/year of NOX 27,000 tons/year of SO2 150,000 tons/year of Ash 4,500,000 tons/year of CO2

Large Scale DOE Sponsored CO2 Capture and Storage Projects

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Project Name Leader FuelSize MW

Estimated Cost

DOE Cost Share

Capture Process

CO2 Use

Start-up Location

Texas Clean Energy Project Summit Power Coal 400 $2.5B $450M IGCC/Polygen EOR 2017 TexasKemper County Southern Company Coal 582 $2.8/$5.6B $270M IGCC EOR 2015 MississippiHydrogen Energy California SCS Energy Petcoke 405 $4.0B $408M IGCC/Polygen EOR 2017 CaliforniaFutureGen 2.0 FutureGen Alliance Coal 170 $1.7B $1.0B Oxy-combustion Geologic 2017 IllinoisWA Parish NRG Energy Coal 240 $1.0B $167M Post Combustion EOR 2017 TexasBoundary Dam SaskPower Coal 160 $1.0B NA Post Combustion EOR 2014 Saskatchewan

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750 ft

First Ultra Supercritical Steam Electric Plant in the U.S. – 675MWgross/625MWnet

Commercial operation in early 2013

~ $2800/KWnet Plant Cost ~$1.8 Billion

Plant Efficiency ~38.5%

EPA’s Clean Power Plan for Existing Plants

EPA has identified reducing CO2 emissions from existing power plants through heat rate improvement as the First of Four major building blocks of the Existing Plant GHG Rule. EPA projects the potential improvement in heat rate across the fleet of existing units to be 6%.

While the potential for efficiency increase and emissions decrease from any given plant is real through improvements in plant operations and equipment upgrades it is in no way a given for the entire fleet of coal plants in the US. The age of a plant, the physical condition, generating capacity, maintenance practices, previous upgrades and plant operating mode can all impact what level of efficiency improvement can be achieved by any given plant.

EPA cites the January 2009 Sargent & Lundy (S&L) report “Coal-fired Power Plant Heat Rate Reductions” as a basis for these potential improvements. The plant modifications discussed in the report may be feasible for any given plant, but they are not necessarily additive i.e. not every improvement identified will be applicable to every plant.

Building Blocks 2 & 3 negate the positive effects of Building Block 1 as they suggest that coal boilers be relegated to a lower position on the plant dispatch list in favor of more natural gas fired generation, added nuclear capacity and more wind and solar power. Coal plants are most efficient when they can operate at or near their full rated capacity. Low load and or cycling operation results in higher CO2 emission per MWhr generated.

Replacing aging coal plants with more efficient Ultra-supercritical plants would allow for a significant reduction in CO2 emissions from the power generation sector. Ultra-supercritical plant designs are commercially available today at reasonable cost. These designs could be deployed in a CO2 capture ready condition.

We can reduce CO2 emission now while we wait for cost effective CO2 capture technologies to be developed.

Given the present cost to capture CO2 no coal new coal plants will be built if CO2 capture is a requirement. Our valuable energy resource, coal, will be lost to the U.S. or exported to other countries when it will likely be used in less efficient and less environmentally friendly plant designs.

If we are truly interested in our energy security and independence from foreign energy sources we cannot abandon coal as a power generation option.

Another Option

Comparison of CO2 Emissions Based on Plant Steam Cycle Design

(PRB coal, Midwest Location, Wet Cooling, Peak Operating Conditions)

Plant Design Heat Rate BTU/KWhr Efficiency CO2 Emissions Reduction in

CO2 from Base

Subcritical 10,700 32% 2105 lbs CO2/MWhrgross Base

Supercritical 9500 36% 1869 lbs CO2/MWhrgross 11.2%

Ultra-supercritical 8980 38% 1767 lbs CO2/MWhrgross 16.0%

Advanced Ultra-

supercritical(still in

development)

7500 45.5% 1476 lbs CO2/MWhrgross 30.0%