MONTREAL: College Street, St.
 
force
of
the
vapor
temporaries
but
the devices
Frenchman, invented
added a
in one
forced
out.
successor,
Newcomen's,
condensation
by
a
practical
Papin's
bottom of the
the atmosphere.
engine
of
1705
consisted
the
water
kept
direct
of this engine
for the purpose of keeping
the
internal fire
of a
its
valves of
sixty
distinct
John
Allen,
in
1730,
bellows for
contemporaries, were followed
engineer,
James
Watt,
an
instru-
ment
Newcomen's engine, he
to which
either by the application
high
temperature
by
covering
it
with
a steam
vessels or
condensers by
means of
pumps, wrought
may
be
atmosphere is now
wax, resinous bodies, fat of
animals, quick-
until
he
became
associated
based.
In
partnership
describes
a
non-condensing
engine
the double acting
engine, that is, the use of steam on both sides of
the piston and
the use of
had made
but a
admitted.
He
of
principles
of
Until
the
early
part
to
be
1800,
of
Evans
high pressure steam in the United States,
a feature which for many years distinguished American from European practice.
The
and
constructed
to
withstand
heavier
of
every
step
in
The
water
entering
through
a
Hoboken, and is now
American
Society
to
well-defined
circulation,
turn connected to a steam space above and a water
space below formed
of larger pipes.
held
in
place
intermediate
connec-
and Stephen Wilcox,
is
boiler,
to
7th. A
8th.
A
combustion
the
currents
of
heated
This is a
safety
these
requirements
delivered
at
Cornell
STEAM
BOILERS
You
where it
perceptible unless there
most
other
substances,
expands
when
true
only
when
referred
have to do
3
inches
in
less
than
about
particles,
while colder portions
come to be
in
the
fluid.
boiling
point
about
7
grains
in
in
the
kettle.
So
a
toward
the
from the downward
very
? Why
we
have
seen
in
a
steam
boiler.
And
we
water
in
the
form
of
foam
that
ceased,
and
decreases
the
liability
impurity
to
incrust
in a
boiler is
to provide
3rd.
Safety
follows
in
the
same
point was
other.
If
we
could
by
the
sudden
generation
of
a
Florence
flask,
boiling
water
over
a
lamp
(Fig.
3).
If
at once set
action can
of the two columns.
weight
of
the
steam
being
columns
may
be
is 11
conse-
will make
exit
from
the
increasing
the
circulation
in
the
taken by itself.
will
notice
(Fig.
8)
velocities
it will
well that office
the
tendency
of
the
water
in Fig.
but
a
slight
degree
of
forcing
be
its
working.
in
one
to
the
great
damage
Montana and
life
and
treasure
not,
neglect in
the foregoing
Records of recent performances
land and
is
especially
adapted
the
in
have
available
for
causing
circulation
Wilcox
that
with
a boiler
is
increased.
36
and power
&
in
found wanting,
a
device
which
has
adherence
to
been built, other
ton, the
Smith, the
purchasing discarded ideas that
shown
in
the experimental
as a steam
most
was
safety,
to
reservoir, placed above
at
each
end
for
cleaning.
Internal
tubes
were
with
were
metal
as
leaving
stayed surfaces.
substituted for
temperatures, and the
were milled
and the
passages of the gases across the
tubes
and
the
the cost
by reducing
capacity.
direction
of
nest
of
the
the
circulating
small
the boiler
in
inside the water
cleaning
them.
No.
13
No.
14
No.
13.
two
rows
of
drum to throw
the
continuous
bored
holes.
No.
i6
No.
tried
of
triangular
boxes,
in each of which there were three tubes expanded. These boxes
were
alternately
reversed
circulation.
No.
17
No.
17.
Straight
horizontal
headers
were
same
as
those
to
the
requirements
raise
steam
quickly.
No.
18
No.
19
No.
20A
largely
with
excellent
results.
These
experiments,
as
they
may
tical
row
bolts or
screw plates.
desirable
features
drum
suspended from girders, like
known
as
the
 C.
boiler as it
designated
as
and at
of boiler,
is a
exclusively.
The
experience
of
the
Glasgow
it a most
of
the
demands
drum
iron dependent upon
and it is by
per section and the
To the
Where butt
hydraulic
steel
tubes
of
Forged-steel
tubes
in
a
staggered
posi-
tion
when
assembled
be either vertical
trations
shape,
machine
faced,
and
by ball-
of fitting,
joints are
steel safety clamps,
inside
and
the
of wrought nipples
these
being
closed
plates with
sufficient
thickness
to
give
drumheads, drum fittings and of riveting are the same in
the cross
drum
which rests
on cast-
iron foundation plates. They are suspended at the front from a wrought-iron
support-
or its connections.
independent
frames
lugs
on
door
frames
and
on
doors
with sufficient
furnace height.
rear headers, are
by their
expansion
sockets
for
side
walls.
expansion
sockets
the tubes.
Aside from
as a
whole which
the
fuel
to
be
burned
accommodate
the stoker to be installed. The height of the nest of tubes which
forms
in determining
the furnace
sides
great depth
placed
55
any design
special
baffle
leads
downward through the central
bridge
pocket
to the illus-
as has not been
formed into steam retraces
boiler
with
as
the
of the steam outlet
It extends
the
whole
length
had to
steam dusting lance.
a patented feature
are
sup-
handhole plates makes possible
of
well-tried organization of
;
the energy
Thurston,
Dean
Society
of
Mechanical
Engineers,
estimated
as one pound
how
the
advent
rapidity with which
the
diameter
is
apparent
and
in
practice,
the thicknesses
as given
The
thinner
of
these
points
contribute
toward
making
they will be called upon
to endure.
in contact
with the
their escape
to the
area
in
a
boiler
is
an
in
ability to raise
on them.
in
order
to
eliminate
construction
scale forms
over-
heating
are often
to leave
result,
and
if
neglected
of mud and
accumulate
on
the crown sheet of such boilers and may cause the sheet
to
crack
and
the
tubes and
special form of
half filled with
the draft as
such heating
surface as
is not covered by soot.
Water-tube boilers in general are from the nature of their design more
readily
accessible
for
cleaning
than
such boilers.
where repairs are required.
necessary to cut such tubes
as
remove them through the manhole.
When
a
holes drilled
drive
rivets,
a
a
makeshift
at
best
and
usually
results
in
either
a
reduction of the safe working pressure or in the necessity for
a new
one
obtain room for
replaced.
In
the working pressure of
fire-tube
shifted
from
two types
diminution of the
boiler.
Where
the
boiler
is
Dr.
the admitted safety
of
its
danger
from
may explode
due to
such an
localized to a much
construction
presence of
part subject to continual strain,
the result being
an
allowance
presents
difficulties
of
the
against
that all
will be
placed
in
sendee.
Much
of
the
riveting
in
boilers
of
of
removal
in the design
of a \vater-tube
of
safety
becomes
determined
a
factor
is questionable
requirements
as
This
sectional
nature
of
is
lends itself
economy
again,
the
construc-
tion
made
possible
meet the
fuel conditions
of
the
many
boilers
as
affecting
fact
is
such
soot and
dirt to
collect on
such
certain
water-
tube
chamber without passing
over any of
the use
capacities
thus
obtainable
are
the high
300
water
than
in the
steam delivered
circulation
and
once
more
of the
&
disengaging point
to insure
generally
understood
of the
Such
dry and a boiler
be
not driers,
the steam
in
connection
any such objection.
made a
the
were
was no
such
proof
is
tube
boiler
12^
minutes
divided
hottest part of the
There is no part
heat of
with
water
of
overheating
—Where
sufficient
pressure
fluctuation.
steam, water capacity is of
greater
a gauge pressure of
the pressure will
will
to the radiating surface
the Babcock
All
in
order
to
cheapen
the
product,
sheets
of
beneath
such
crack and an
surfaces
can
be
be
cleaning
of
Front headers
may be
inspected through
designs
header designs
order to assure accessibility for inspection of the rear ends
of
atmosphere with resulting excessive
access
&
the
resulting
danger
of
leaks
and
corrosion,
the
hottest
tube
surfaces,
all
Babcock
be made
stock
need
get at
tubes must in some
cases be cut out.
&
been operated from
boiler that
the length
Babcock
the apparatus, is seen
the world
A feature that cannot be overlooked in the consideration of
the advantages of
of
recognized
ability,
produced
by
the
particles
or
molecules
will be
on a
liquid or
melted from ice and evaporated into steam, the various changes
are admirably
and
but the division of the scale between
these
two
points
varies
in
this
reason
point. There
the Centigrade
or Celsius,
In
the
u
II
-Freezing
Point
Each
use
at
temperatures
much
above
850
however,
the
the boiling
point, should
melting
the
boiling
Suppose
this
mean
this correction
submerged to the
expansion
per
one
degree
held
its
volume,
if
raised
undoubtedly some
a constant
is
constructed
new
scale,
in
magnitude
at
a
be in
the ratio
u.
one degree at 62
and is
in
thus:
I
ordinarily
given
per
778
foot
pounds
law
of
thermo-dynamics,
namely,
that
heat
and
mechanical
energy
of doing 1000
it requires
of
each individual
at
constant
pressure.
the
specific
32
sensible heat required
to raise its
The
heat
so
utilized
in
latent
heat
The
heat
and is
the heat
assumed to be
increase
in
Then X
approximate.
Thermo-electric
Pyrometers
the
careful
them
from
gases.
tubes is called
conditions.
expose
depends only
closed
end
the length of
the
wires leading to it simply alter the resistance of the circuit, for which
allowance may
be made.
a wide
cost and,
in some
cases, extreme
a
furnace
or
flue
of
approximate
readings
be used for determina-
constructed is
exists in
a
better
ice to
283
of
315
degrees
again,
of the sea). Here we find another
critical point. However much
the
water,
as
changed since it
became water), that
to change. Thus
our instruments.
It follows
that if
stored within
than melted steel
as they respectively are
which
it
becomes
a
determinations
and
in
it
resides
mainly
the
ability
of
the
steam
would be
doubtless
you
have
heard
lowest
and burn
it at
heat
generated.
be expended.
3rd.
Another
portion
is
dissipated
by
a
practice.
combustion
passed
through
the
being H^O.
The weight of
10
pounds.
a
WATER AT
purposes may
be considered
The weight of water at the standard
temperature being taken
be
computed
as
follows
square foot
The pressure in pounds per square
inch
-r-
0.43
3.
VARIOU5 ALTITUDES
Boiling Point
measurement
raise
one
with the
Table
1
3,
which
view of
use
over-estimated.
Ordinarily,
when
water
of
to be considered.
With water in
the interest
units must be taken into consideration.
Again there
is a
into the effect
it is
large has
been thoroughly
true that practically any cost of treatment
will
pay
a
return
fact must not be overlooked
that
there
overcoming
the nature
that water
loses its
soluble power
sufficient to cause
a deposit of
the
getting
to a
of
the
into the
where
calcium
or
magnesium
sulphate
: i
water,
it
another. This
chloride of magnesia
and
temperature.
102
treatment,
hydrates
whose
general
processes
either
sulphates
of
lime
and
(caustic
sulphates
to
form
presumed
Such a
When properly treated, alkalinity, hardness and causticity should
be in the
the causticity
in
excess
of
lowered
and
the
soda, the
sulphuric
acid.
A
color,
which
shows
quickly,
disappears
on
shaking
the
mixture,
soap
bubbles
is stopped.
This table
IMPURITIES*
From
this
table
to form
the
products
gelatinous silicate of lime and carbonate of soda. If calcium
sulphate
the above reaction,
as
only this property
be readily
removed by
because
of
and cause pitting
just
oil,
only
the
using
Such
of
free
the
its way
into a
water which is sucked in by the feed
pump
io6
is
above the water line.
known
of
such
action
aside
from
boiler
metal.
In
at the
except for
such
plates
have
the
liability
of
air
in
readily oxidized by
of the boiler.
suspension, it may be
connection with
with
required,
ordinarily
substituted on account of the time element and the large area
necessary
as the result of overtreatment of the feed water, the
obvious
remedy
excessive
concentration
of
salts
largely
with
only by
tendency toward looking
to the
it
as
from the
the
presence
of
to the
be introduced
with the
to
371
degrees
heat from some
source that would
otherwise be wasted,
to the
that
would
otherwise
be
heating,
t^
CENT,
BY
divided
passes
through
tubes
sur-
water free from scale-forming
and
them
precipitating
perma-
nent
hardness
in
portion
concentration to
have such
that of
are
at
a
 
investment,
all
that
scale
it is
by the
depreciation,
maintenance
draft,
and
if
the
the
feed
due
to
condensing
consideration the plant as a whole, it would appear
that
the
saturated
state,
can
exist
in
which
will
of
such
portion
as
will
the evapora-
it is
in contact.
it,
either
percentage
constant,
or
perfect
gas.
As
pointed
necessary
to
heat
of
the
liquid.
The
dissociate
make
up
the
latent
heat
of
evaporation
pressures are
water at
in
trials.
adopted for the reduction
corresponding
to
atmospheric
pressure
at
degrees.
actually into steam
existing in the trial, to the
equivalent
steam in heating the water
from
temperature
corresponding
to
the
pressure
existing
in
the
fed in
160.3
pounds
gauge
pressure
or
175
pounds
pound
of
28.08 B.
at
at
the
pressure
corresponding
to
a
temperature
super-
heated
(Cp-4t)
values may
is generally
between
to which the
gauge is attached.
at
which
mercury
gauge in
(30
steam for
varying amounts
shown, for the
as
pressure, will
increase of
BETWEEN
high-pressure
steam,
the
fuel
required
to
impart
a
given
that a variation in
mental data,
above
32
pressures.
Table
24
temperatures.
 
AND
DIAGRAMS'
(Copyright,
1909,
by
of
the
steam,
the
passing. If
heat of superheated
latent
heat
of
steam
the
degree
of
superheat
for
other
percentages
below.
steam main by
follows:
Assume
a
from the scale of temperatures as
shown
calorimeter thermometer and the horizontal line from the scale of
gauge
pressures
will
its use
will be
the fact that
heat through radiation from
Society of
with
the
steam
with
the
steam
pressure
maintained
as
nearly
as
possible
main
with
the
of
of
water
in
an amount equal to the loss by radiation.
Then,
thermometer
under
method
therefore
radiation,
and radiation
a thermometer
to the instrument
temperature and normal
for
dry
steam
as
found
the
calorimeter,
all
of
which
concentric
metal
cylinders
ing
a
thermometer
C.
To
prevent
as
far
as
collects
it
in
a
reservoir,
total amount can be
a
cases where
the percentage
objections to such a
calculation, however, in that
such
small
orifices.
method
of
determining
of water on a
case, the weight
the
a
sufficient
are to be noted
represent the weight
the following
weight
calorimeter
determi-
A
sampling
nipple,
would allow the end to be placed at any point
across the
steam,
V
and the
should
be
above junction
flows back
of the
for
sampling.
calorimeter
is
with
0.48.
and
with
recent
investigations
have
shown
with
both
pressure
and
the
temperature.
A
and Henning's
tabulated
form
in
Table
25.
These
Marks and Davis Steam
degrees
degree
and
temperature
and
pressure
given
in
the
table
give
saturated steam
a
will
smaller
the
be
obtained
The thermal conduc-
heat
to
surrounding
bodies,
walls of the pipes as when saturated steam is flowing
through
the
pipes.
high
at
the
boiler,
will
deliver
that the advantages of the
use of superheated
during the previous stroke. The heat necessary to warm the
cylinder
walls
entering the cylinder.
temperature
equivalent
to
the
quantity
pressure
to
enter
up in
the
change
a
maximum.
best
shown
number of heat units required
140
of its
of
heat,
expansion
then
must
140
degrees
the
economy in
the former
case would be greater than in the latter, since it would
be
temperature.
be
of fuel
use
of
the steam cylinder, leaving
prevented
while
the fuel consumption per
to
economy
action
or piston
effect of this moisture
to a
greater extent
approximately
somewhat over
of a
containing
a
few
5
turbine
work.
The
less
steam, the
the
An
by
Journal
1909.
142
being
with
the
from the boiler to
In
of the
saturated
steam
from
the
hot
results
to show
is given
horse power
the
stated, these are
This
maybe
(computed) ....
steam in
but
additional
first
cost,
will
more
ment in
the
water
power is
consumption
is
saving
possible
but,
broadly,
it
to
25
per
cent
for
100
degrees
of
over only a part or in some cases none of
the boiler
heating surface.
The
steam
has
been
widely
discussed.
quality of
bearing on
for
this
service.
are
The degree of
which the
prospective
considerable
fluctuation
in
proportion
values are
Being
volume
high
upon the pressure
^=the volume in cubic feet of one pound of air,
T=the
reciprocal
air under atmospheric
with the
which
combustible.
one atom
and combustion
raised
to
perature
point. Table
fuels
indicated
at
32
present
in
combined
form,
tion of
when in
pressure contains
of
in
Table
31,
gives
certain
data
on
the
of oxygen.
amount
through the
fire in
burning
50
pounds
firing.
If
less
com-
bustion
to
gling with air after
furnace
from
is
best
illustrated
.
pound of
is
equal
to
the excess of
increases. The
actual volume
of oxygen
increases
in
supplied,
that
is,
20.91
to
79.09.
When burning coal, however, the percentage of nitrogen is obtained by
subtracting the sum
the only
need
:
the
apparent
fact
For
known, the total
from the
latter
that the entire
If
the
80 per cent
correct figure to use
coal
will
pound of coal,
the amount
The
weight
analysis.
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Heat
loss
the stack in
the form of
carbon
and
the
the
ultimate analysis.
to
protect
the
solution
drawn
up
to clean
the bottle F
cock
G
//,
and the excess
gas expelled until
/' and
in
thereto.
the gas
by lowering
a constant
The
next
operation
is
cuprous
chloride
solution,
which,
especially
if
thus increasing
solution
will
also
absorb
oxygen.
described
for
filling
the
apparatus,
but
this
the heat
80 per
burned will
from
formula
per
there
is
unconsumed
carbon
of
increases, there is a tendency toward the presence of CO,
which, of
is
represented
chiefly
by
petroleum,
them
generally used of
all fuels, this
of
constituent
is
combined
with
that
portion
tile
matter
are
not
combustible,
but
custom
has
and the refractory
APPROXIMATE
CHEMICAL
CHANGES
A large per-
of the fuel,
a
former have
an average
in ordinary furnaces.
The distinctive characteristic
when burning.
1.3.
Bituminous
coals
are
either
;
atmosphere.
The
surface
moisture
can
be
removed
by
and is exceedingly valuable as a gas coal.
It has a dull resinous luster
and
burns
with
a
semi-bituminous coal where
the
earlier
stages
of
includes all
tion. Its specific
1.23,
contain
as
high
as
50
per
cent
the best varieties. It
bright
but
not
disintegrate, which will
Its composition
almost entirely
its
cheapness.
found
practicable
bed in New
States Mining
 
north
and
Loyalsock
Creek
on
the
in
the Lykens
extends
southwestward
through
Field, but the
of
the
upper
northern
portion,
are
states
fields
of
Field, near Controllers Bay,
head
fields
few
of labor diffi-
culties at the
facilities.
169
cite coals where
most
power
coal
supply
from
an
along these lines.
for
storing.
It
is
not
subject
unlimited
of the organic
matter of the
zation of the coal
that
the volatile
the nature found
storage from
objection to
ignition in storing coal,
cent of its
from a
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen,
degree of accuracy.
volatile
the ultimate analysis
found in any standard book
on
elementary
been combined in
a
direct
effect
upon
their
calorific
difference, however, is slight, and
very
close
approximations
Ultimate
analyses
of
data,
which
reporting the
moisture content
of dry fuel
this
nearly identical with those
solid fuels except
is
heats
of
apply
the
heat of the
uncondensed.
This
fact
determined
by
the
of Mechanical Engineers.
There is no absolute measure of the lower heat of combustion, and in
view of the
analysis and involves
employment of
lead
the
the
efficiency of
of
computing
calorific
values
from
an
ultimate
solid fuels,
with the
carbon monoxide
simple
weight of fixed carbon, combustible matter,
moisture
and
ash.
This
sample
should
be
can
sample
of
such
volatile matter has
been driven should
be
used
in
the
determination of the percentage of ash. This percentage is obtained by burning
the
burner or in
a
platinum
rod.
The
weight
of
has been
from a
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000.0
C
Where
the
efficiency
a
boiler
to
be
results is that
current
from
which
pulverized dried coal
the calorimeter. There is
be
use
of
taken to admit
The
combustion
of
about
iron wire used is
weight of such
of
which
weights and
results. The
stant rate of
termine the
firing, such
readings, however,
tional
R
computed,
T'
determining
the
final
and
at
other
times
the
maximum
temperature
by
the
final
rate
of
radiation.
the end ordinates
radiation.
Therefore
to
Mr. E.
conditions,
per
maximum. A plotted chart
the
assumed
to
be
nitric
acid.
must
so
method of firing which will
give the best
be
burned
from excessive draft,
in
in
Table
40.
Anthracite
in
fire gets
of
course, depend upon the nature of the coal and the rate
of combustion. With
will have
front part
or overlapping
in
the
grate
avoid
blowing
holes
in
that
introduced
steam should be
assist
in
proved of advantage in
by
required will increase
of the heating surfaces
Economical
disposal
of
dust
the mine.
larger
figure
and
over
an opening
and with little
is
essential
the coal. The fixed carbon will
take
care
of
itself,
provided
the
coal after
to
with highly
generated
time
soot
is
being
deposited
on
is necessary that
point.
The
air
drawn
through
the
fire
by
and
proper
mixture
of
the
place,
in its
fire
brick
way maintain
the heat
that must
give
this
in
addition
to
the
most
satisfactory
results.
be
considered
in
fired
at
intervals
of
10
to
20
uniform
thickness.
Tennessee, Ohio
and Illinois
coals require
depth of
should be made
tendency
to
clinker
will
increase
spreading method;
than one
193
carbon at the
horizontally
work bituminous
coal fires
either
method
of
maintained,
Smokeless-
a
Stokers
care of itself, and it must be thoroughly
under-
stood
not
higher
hand
firing,
It
coal and
ash, as
large,
or
where
the
smoke
question
than
for
a
furnaces.
of stokers, provided
and making
Mechanical
types :
furnaces.
completing the combustion
burned
in
their
mixed with
the hot
The fuel is
coal, the
screw
the
mechanism as
the stoker
by
gravity
onto
hoppers,
grate toward the rear of the furnace
as its combustion
less smoke
than either
are
no
cleaning
periods
necessary.
Such
periods
combustion. With
overcome
bridge wall
in any way
properly
constructed
and
relative
to
the
quantities
one.
There
that
no
plant
will
a plant in
intelligence
quickly,
the
operatives
in
handling
certain
the
very
best
fired
evenly,
quickly,
over
the
fires
and
lessen
smoke
as the coal is
heat from the
acted
in
and
dependent
fuel
and
the
furnaces
Wood Refuse
those
compact
substances
familiarly
known
as
tree
than the
on air-dried wood, the moisture
content is still about 20
per
cent
of
the
will
the formula
moisture
in
2nd,
the
and
removing
the
refuse
after
combustion.
readily be
typical sawmill
refuse from
are
to
the
floor
line
and
doors
a
quantity
of
fire door
under the grates
of
prevents cold air from
or
the juice
but
open
air
an
important
bagasse
that
might
be
readily
burned.
The
primitive
a shower
or less clever, and about
the
of
extraction
improvements, however,
the steam
installed
considered
the
were
the
problem
with
the
results
enabled
the
boilers
to
develop
their
Southwood
in Cuba, one on the
plantation
done away
could
in turn by
was carried
to the
compelled
to
mill apparatus left few in a financial position to make
costly
installations
of
to
numerous
furnaces
in
The
Babcock
hurting
a series of
experiments were started,
their customers'
expense, with
would
it
considering
—
cane,
its
physical
condition
8550F+7119S+6750G —
is, the
gases.
matter. From
will be evaporated
distillation,
content, such
The
of
been
evaporate the moisture.
of
other
fuels.
TABLE
44
hearth rather
time enable other fuel to be
burned
probably
the
better
from
a
commercially
by a blower.
surface
per
hour.
as
fired
containing
approximately
50
per
cent
of
moisture.
It
would
a
combustion
draft is
available sufficient
to give
be preferred
to a
results
have
modified somewhat
ordinarily
elliptical
the furnace
an opening
in the
from the
content,
a
total
2.13
percentage of
2.13 as
great as
the weight
of the
an
The
and draft
value
and
the
excessive
moisture
content.
686
Horse-power
Babcock &
Wilcox
Boiler
many
advantages
over
coal
To the
Middle West
of the
United States.
brown to
petroleum
flash
point,
handled.
:
the
two
moisture
value and
made
gravity of
the
flash
point
degrees Fahrenheit. There are, however, many exceptions to this rule.
As
the
flash
of ignition or explosion becomes greater, and
the utmost
coal.
distance
from
with
coal.
The
for cleaning or
cleanliness of
any difficulties arising
property
a
conditions relative
a view
on a
constant calorific
value for
nature, while
This is
there
are
numerous
which
affect
the
heating
them,
and
by
controlling
so
designed
to
maintain
a
Vapor
burners
have
and
the
simplicity
of
for the
contact
within
the
cut. It will be
case of wear, or
boiler to
installed
between
the
steam
or
blowing
Strainers
should
be
provided
so
located
time
in
European
countries,
but
their
introduction
This
be
atomization has been
plished is one by which the oil is given a
whirling motion
by delivering
the make
The
effects on
Early experiments
with these
they
oil burner and with
radial metal strips from
219
the oil
pressures
operation,
increased
though
at
low
point it
fell off
burners that may
of
apparatus
toward
developing
a
successful
performance of the burners
the steam
consumption, though
to a
of
the
total
steam
generated
as to be practically
to be
a
well-designed
oil
of
the
proper
relation
between
the
number
while
regu-
lating
brick
supported
in which the
may impinge directly
arise, particularly where
heating of
actual
erosion
of oil
the
direction
lighting
to give good
approximately
500
an
allowance
of
2
per
cent
such
efficiencies
is
a
best
5
to
10
reached
plants
burning of
TABLE
48
water gas. It
has
a
comparatively
should be
gas furnace
per ton
iron
produced.
down,
a
small
quantity
on
the side of
the boiler. An
position that
it mini-
on
the
re-ignition
of
gas
after
and
which
is
difficult
grates,
not only
proper,
enable
a
boiler
to
develop
will
are
introduced over
large
175
draft
is
increased
remedied
and tied.
Natural Gas
50
a considerable
decreasing. It
are
used.
Ordinarily,
pressure
of
about
8
ounces.
For
the
purpose
of
comparison,
all
and
pressure
corresponding
to
meter
gas
temperature
of
the
gas
at
be evenly
large
combustion
will
be
design which give the
no grates
pipe, cooled and
gas
product
illuminating or
Table
5
its heat
value than
proper methods
features
The
sure
under
for
saturated with moisture
burners
and
is best
being given
meet
the
peculiar
characteristics
satisfactorily.
the departure
to obtain
a heat
transfer rate
ordinary boiler
in
their
passage
over
the
heating
surfaces.
Where the
temperature and volume of the gases are in line with what are
found
in
ordinary
With the
draft
enough
for
maximum
capacity.
Where
the
temperatures
are
be
too
great
maxi-
mum
furnace may produce,
fans for this
remembered that a fan of ample size may be run
as
economically
is operated with
gases,
use. Furthermore,
the installation of such a fan will frequently increase the capacity
of the industrial
furnace, in connection
of
heating
surface.
The
for
producing
a
flow
of
each
due to the weight
pressure, like the difference in head of water, will cause
a flow
of the
its
stack
or
difference
in
the
temperature
of
the
gases
in
flue gases
=
its cross
and
flues
particular character
of the
without
the
flue
Any error
to an
is
convenient
to
tabulate
be observed with
at
the
stack
the gases
ashpit
a gauge.
gases,
the
readings
grow
they are taken are farther
from the stack,
The
breeching,
passage of
offered
over
the
fire
it
may
the draft
baffling.
to force the air for combustion through the bed of
fuel
its measure
available
draft,
of the stack.
it
to
produce
a
certain
.0015
the frictional
the methods of
POUNDS
the available
per hour for each
boiler horse power, which
poor coal,
{28)
usually
made
about
one-third
which
for
the
cooling
of
the
gases
in
formula
(25),
d
in mind
The
retarding
effect
of
a
square
flue
is
1
2
resistance
of
value
of
the
con-
stants
given
to increase
Short
right-angle
turns
reduce
of the
more turns where
which
to
decrease
the
area
of
35
though the cross sectional
Loss
IN
Boilers
the gases
extent of
use
of
poor
coal.
and baffling and
per cent of its
accumulate
on
certain
portions
uncovered
with
the
sizes of anthracites.
of this area to the
boiler
heating
and the stack
rate, from
advanced*
from sea level
head
gases
flowing
per
second
with
the boiler
passes, breeching
the
height
inversely
as
the
barometric
pressures,
instead
higher
flues must be the
same size in each
altitudes, and
readings
falls midway between
the two formulae,
therefore, appear that
height
as
those
if
desired,
pressure.
Table
54
reducing
the
draft
horse power of boilers
for
of
the
in
the
table,
the
values
should
be
multiplied
by
5.
A
over,
per
1000
of
stack
sizes
amount
of
experimental
the fuel
practically no
new,
is present
in
the
volume
of
the
coal is used,
of a
they
gases from oil-fired boilers
fuel will be
as approximately
where
intervals. The
aside from
a slight
due to careless
rate of operation,
loads.
With
excessive
to be
While
great
care
must
off the pro-
ADAPTED
FROM
C.
A.
R.
an
excessive
draft,
will
decrease
economy,
parts
to base
for in this
methods
of firing. In general,
it may be stated
in
designing
a
stack
for
fuel are
where
the
stack
is
base
point
at
which
the
reason
gauges
used.
An
instrument
Fig.
35.
U-TUBE
which
are
of
permitting
extremely
small
the
atmosphere.
to
the
inch,
is
known
as
the
Peabody
gauge,
legs
work they are
the
ash
and,
remaining
unburned,
produces
no
heat.
Obviously,
this
way.
grate, and
0.97
coal x
combustible
portion
fired
may
be.*
This
fact
f,
namely.
Efficiency
of
boiler
of fuel
liquid and gaseous
almost identical.
be
so
t
As
{
through incomplete combustion will
to the boiler. This, however, does not eliminate the furnace
as
operation of the furnace.
ordinarily
taken
as
com-
bination
of
the
complete
apparatus.
Attempts
have
been
made
away
ciency
is
used,
its
exact
meaning,
as
steam,
0.5
per
cent.
Heat
15,359.
The
steam is
and the
will
be
165,516^
{j2)
take the place
draft,
1
2
degrees
carbon is not
8th.
Obviously a
very elaborate
of
in
each
instance
by
in
in
room, in one
water from
the temperature
2 1
2 degrees,
970.4=6.
atmospheric
temperature T.
away
in
the
steam
9
carbon
to
CO
instead
of
CO.^.
burning
CO^
all the combustible
C
To compute
this item,
the
the
bulb
thermometer
readings,
of evaporation is 1.
Combustible in Ash by
carried
up
=
dry
the
proportion
1.71
x
970.4^
1
1,363
B.
losses,
or
4.
15
Moisture in Fuel
Hydrogen
in Dry Chimney
Carbon
the chimney gases,
CO
instead
of
suction
for
good
400
and
450
degrees.
Capacity
be
referred.
so-called boiler
use
among
steam
at
the
present
time
rated
in
done
per
in mechanics.
a medium to convey the
energy of
in
power, dependent
upon the
exact
capacity
required
to develop a
of
rating,
wide
limits.
boiler
horse
power,
the
used in
stated,
with the horse power
horse
power,
therefore,
is
clearly
a
measure
of
A
power
34.5
pounds
hour has
capacity
a boiler is a measure of
the power
as its normal rated capacity.
The
efficiency
the quantity of
water they are
the Committee on Power
whole.
265
this
of minor importance.
and reliability must
together with any
Determine
interior deposits
result
unfavorable
should
first
whole put
be considered
New
River
(W.
Western
should
of
glasses.
(C)
Tanks
and
consists
being
connected
used the
used
the
burn
the
of the test, whether
be less
the
steam
pressure,
should
be
Note quickly
the thickness
condition
is
reached,
ning,
*One to two
erroneous indica-
tion may
clean
them
simultaneously,
the
fires
should
closing
the
to
starting
and
stopping
in
be
plate,
note
quickly
the
depth and condition of the coal on the grate, the water
level,*
the
steam
pressure,
test.
When
of
beginning. When this
pressure,
and haul
the ashes.
be
maintained
for
the same during both of these periods.
8.
RECORDS
This should be done in such manner that the test
may
be
leading
data
obtained
sudden
and
The coal
should
be
weighed and delivered to the firemen in portions sufficient for one
hour's
run,
thereby ascertaining the degree of uniformity of firing. An ample supply of coal
should
be
maintained
on
and
thereby
determine
the
degree
steam the
portion
perforated
non-return
valves
be
blown
upward
in
a
spray
which
will
inclination is
momentarily decreases the water flows back to the lower end
of the
an
drops
of
end of a
as
locations
should
be
as
at both
data
at
either
10. SAMPLING AND DRYING
coal
should
purpose
in
the process
pan
The moisture
pursued is
or
other
suitable
crusher
50
grams,t
weigh
a
heat and
has
The
sum
surface
from
the progress
serve
sampling coal
employed.
a
case
5
minutes (or if necessary every minute), noting at the same time
the furnace and
calculating
The
pound of combustible
pound of
combustible. This
another, when the losses
ash and
including
ash
carried
The
per
pound
of
short
form
data
17.
CHART
object
the
determination
and
should
and
represented
graphically.
the  flying
vaporizing and quantity of steam used for both vaporizing and
for
heating.
TABLE
or degrees
TOTAL QUANTITIES
cent
16
17
to the
boilerf pounds
pounds
25
pounds
26
Equivalent
evaporation
per
21-1-
Item
16)
pounds
35
212 degrees per
-^
dry
coal
41
Cost
of
end.
t
and end.
a
whole
simple in theory, is
perhaps
most
might be
as
relation
of the
from
the
aspect
of
reliability
and
taken
efficiency of a boiler plant is to be judged is
the cost
nearness with
which practical
operating
crew.
The
size
of
securing
horse
power,
amount
ration
of
34.
5
surface is
the boiler.
understood
the boiler
horse power
boiler. While
question
making
an
arrangement
by
factors
be a decrease
to
of draft
available or which may be secured by mechanical means. Such being
the case, it is
evident that
with this maximum combustion rate secured, the only method of obtaining
added
a certain maximum
unfeasible.
3rd.
water
capacity
capacity comes
an added
concentra-
tion
of
such ingredients in the feed water as will cause priming, foaming or rapid
scale
formation.
no
with the
difficulties
at
desired, the type of
range
added
steam
with
a
the
would have
than one.
heating
the added
two factors
1^00
133
jj
34Enbs
VO VO
VO VOS
t3
u
u
4)
<U
4)
<U
p
r>.oo
OnvO
m
ti-
N
- d-OO
I0l0l0>0l0>0>0l0i0t0
reason
boiler considered
alone will
at
the
Detroit
Edison
Company.*
were run
made it
capacity of the
greater
than is the
the result that
the
efficiency
different ratings
what
would
determining
The
economical
the nature
can
be
determined
only
from
trial.
may be
thrown on
the plant
under any
noonday
over
night,
the
capacity
at
to
a
character,
there
leads
at all times
as
some
the
maximum
capacity
in view of
the first cost
maximum
boilers
and
either of
obviously not warrant
carry
an
the fluctuations and
tabular
information
that
can
be
enough to
the
next
the feed
bearing on
units are
be, the
number of
units or
regular boilers must be
two
of some
In
cleaning and
daily
operation.
290
balance of
assurance
that a
the theo-
regardless of operating conditions.
plant
degree with which operating
the
the plant
conditions,
and
losses in the plant.
and the fuel consumption increase,
such a check
is
small.
The
and
reliability
may be secured. Much
of, say,
of
the
generated
and
fuel
con-
some other method
weight
operation, can be
fire room and
used, it is often advisable
to keep other
like, for the
used
by
the
results
for
checked
against
ash
the
permissible
with
the
falling
off
form
are of
constant.
293
a steam flow
possible to
have already
been pointed
checked
from
on individual
reached
a
the
operators
know
the
limitations
of
Another
feature
in
stoker-fired
plants
cleaned they
done at a
the best
in
each
individual
plant
losses
baffles
as
originally
140
degrees.
The
amount
wasted
was
at times, there may
valves, the
of
many
plants,
are
obvious.
There
labor in the
plant increases.
mendations
as
in considering this
be
be
so
constructed
that
without
interfering
with
up
become thoroughly
warm after
to
insure
the
as waste,
sometimes
normal level
and a
and
washed
out
thoroughly.
to
a
brick
boiler
settings.
A
boiler
the pressure
within it is approximately that in the steam main. The
boiler stop valve should
be opened very slowly until it is fully opened. The arrangement
of piping should
and the main, from which it can be carried over
into the steam
cut in.
valve and steam gauge
be raised
at
which
the
be
and any error at once
rectified.
to be
are
ordinarily
valve against
bottom
blow-offs
at least once daily
determined by the
unforeseen
condition
the covering of
A
boiler
so
line
after
such
an
has
been
with which all
parts of the
within
the
boiler
setting.
within
interior surface
to
keep
the
cutting
head
cool
and
as
its
removal
may
be
to its
corrosion is noted, the parts affected should be carefully cleaned
and
the
interior
of
cleaning
the
interior
heating
surfaces,
great
possibility
of
steam
entering
careless
opening
of
the
blow-off.
Bad
accidents
through
cracks filled. The
through the
possible, be allowed
both external
water is
be laid off is
without bad
months,
3000
Horse-power
Installation
Plant,
Chicago
efficiency,
due
of
maintaining
the
brick
setting
of
a
boiler
and
from
procurable.
Boiler
settings
to-day
dependent upon the quality
at which
only important
temperatures
tempera-
of
its
cross
section
A
length of
nine inches.
fire brick
will
Arches
being
firmly cemented
critical temperature of plasticity
affecting
provided
crushing at
grains.
This
scale
a
fire
Such an analysis is
into
limit
or
where
are
loads required from
and
for
classes according to the features
determining
the
quality.
general
hardness
is
sufficient
to
a detriment rather than an
advantage.
TABLE
61
Characteristics
the allowable
is found
With the
up
of
brick
than
of one volume
red brick
until
used.
'*
little or no holding power.
Its
of a
filler rather than a binder and no fire-clay wash should be
used
which
has
a
consistency
sufficient
to
walls should be entirely of fire brick. If the center
of such walls are
are smooth,
which
such
arches
wide.
rings,
each
joint
being
and checked with
a straight edge
and
centers.
When
rather
to determine
lower ledge
be
dropped
the
furnace
without
dried, or otherwise the
as
the
brickwork
preliminary
up as the walls become
warm. After
and
after the boiler is
the losses
operating against
the
boiler
setting.
These
losses
amount of radiation surface, the latter in turn
being
highest
air,
which
may
amount
by
asbestos
mill-board,
casing
of radiatio
losses is
design of a steam plant, the piping system should receive
the most careful
pipes and
as
a
suggestion
Pipe
at
present
as
largely gone out of
mandrel, the
lines
full available
diameter inside
ground
joint
necks with
of
used, they should be
preferably placed directly on
valve at the boiler,
be
made
of
extra
steam
accompanying
uncovered
6-inch
pipe
1
50
feet
long
carrying
3600
of
service
The
direction of
a
water
pocket.
Branch
lines
Such
from
entering
any
portion
cannot form
condensed
the
inch of the
that
the
of
weight
of
steam
passing
with
pipe d feet
effect of
substituting
in
formula
(./j)
gives,
3.6\
ends of the pipe
steam passing
in inches ;
the
quantity
Diameters
in
service
in
problems
involving
considered,
through
the
known
.figure
pressure present.
pipe,
to
measure
the
resistance
offered
by
Many
the
TABLE
68
a perfect vacuum.
14.7
pounds,
is
greater
than
58
second,
where
may
the
two
sides
in
the
measured across
will be assumed
per hour per
to have
been .one
of the
first to
temperature. Neither
Rankine's
 .
he had in
through which
the gas
nor
a
to a first approxi-
in
his
paper
he
and small
temperature differences.
own,
as
velocity is
of
the
gas
flowing
through
Mechanical
Engineers
mean
.0076
(i
+.00229
T)
Conductivity
of
superheated
steam
.01
19
of the
of the
theoretical formulae
of heat.
adopted
method
Professor
an
empirical
limited ranges of temperature under
the
conditions
approximately
the
same
as
those
quantity of fluid which
obtained.
Taking
it
is
found
that
at
straight stream lines
the motion of a viscous fluid
and
constitutes
almost
however, the
is replaced
by an
of the velocity. No explanation of this has ever been
found
in
spite
so
to point of the
account in
any of
this experimental
work has
the gas.
very little
at any
absorb
radiation from
the
heat
absorb heat at an
first
furnace
radiations absorb heat at a higher rate. Part of this heat was, of
course
absorbed
by
gases and the
through the gases in
boiler was a
term
 furnace
temperature
obviously
the
temperature
of
this manner, the
turn
radiate
to
the
boiler
the actual
effect that the
of the
the radiations
at the
surface, T the
heat transfer,
the external
that of
is
only
a
few
degrees
by E,
the furnace
temperature by
leaving
it
removed
using
it
or
in
in
the one proposed
radiation,
and
the
integration gives
of the
are
not
weight
of
the
gas entering
setting
however,
in
rate from
way for
to
zero. For this
be increased
be relatively
boiler
would
be
constant.
Actual
tests
in
the
pamphlet
of the superheater
the
internal
cores
are
and
the
tubes
preceding
paragraphs.
Since,
however,
steam
cannot,
under
so
many
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water treatment
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