Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus

BI 233 Lab

Supplemental Package

PCC-Sylvania BI 233 Laboratory Supplement

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1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers.2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, takingimmunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material.8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately.12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelineswill be excluded from the Laboratory

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Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials

Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.

Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.

Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.

1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.6. At the end of an experiment:a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash containerprovided.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelinesand directions will be excluded from the Laboratory

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Please Read

You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!

Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests.

Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.

Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.

Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be automatically thrown out.

There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.

Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.

If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator (Marilyn.thomas@pcc.edu) Thank you!

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Lab 1

Exercise 35: Structure of the Respiratory SystemLab Objectives:

1. Identify the organs and significant structures of the respiratory system on models or pictures2. Be able to define the role of the respiratory system in terms of the overall function of the body3. Distinguish among a bronchus, bronchiole and alveolus in a prepared slide of the lung

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nose and Nasal CartilagesExternal nares (nostrils)Nasal septum

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid boneVomerSeptal cartilage

Mucous membrane*Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)*goblet cells

Nasal conchaeSuperiorMiddleInferior

SinusesFrontalMaxillarySphenoidEthmoid

PharynxNasopharynx

Auditory (Eustachian) tubesOropharynx

UvulaLaryngopharynx

TonsilsPalatineLingualPharyngeal

Hard PalateSoft Palate

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Lower Respiratory TractEsophagusLarynx (voice box)

Thyroid cartilage (hyaline cartilage)Cricoid cartilage (hyaline cartilage)Vocal folds (true vocal cords)Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)*Epiglottis (elastic cartilage)

Glottis Cricothyroid ligament

Trachea and Bronchi*Tracheal cartilages (hyaline)

chrondrocytesCarina

*trachealis muscleTracheal glands (sero-mucous)Main (Primary) bronchiLobar (secondary) bronchiSegmental (tertiary) bronchi

LungsApexBaseHilusPulmonary artery and pulmonary veinRight lung

3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)Horizontal and oblique fissures

Left lung2 lobes (superior, inferior)Oblique fissureCardiac notch

Histology of the lung and trachea*Trachea

*Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining*Goblet cells*Sero-mucous glands*Hyaline cartilage rings*Smooth muscle

*bronchioles*Low columnar/cuboidal epitheliaNo goblet cellsNo glands

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Smooth muscle*alveolar ducts*alveoli

*Type I pneumocytes (covers 95% of alveolar surface but only accounts for about 40% of pneumocyte population)

Respiratory membrane*Type II Pneumocytes (constitutes about 60% of the pneumocytes but only covers 5% of

the surface area)Also called septal cellsSurfactant

*Macrophages (dust cells)*alveolar sacsRespiratory membrane = alveolus + basement membrane + capillary epithelium

Pleural CavitiesParietal pleuraVisceral pleura

Mediastinum

Definitions:

Cough reflex

Emphysema

What effect does emphysema have on the surface area of the lungs?

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Lab 2

Exercise 40: Respiratory Function, Breathing, RespirationObjectives:

1. Measure pulmonary volumes and calculate the pulmonary capacities2. Know tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and vital capacity3. Calculate above using the spirometers available in class4. Identify the above on a spirogram5. Determine whether a person will inhale or exhale based on the differences in air pressure

between the lungs and the external air6. How does carbon dioxide in solution change the pH of the solution7. Use the stethoscope to listed to respiratory sounds8. Determine the forced expiratory volume exhaled in 1 second

Inspiratory MusclesDiaphragmExternal intercostalsAccessory muscles of inspiration

Scalene musclesPectoralis minorSerratus anteriorSternocleidomastoid

Expiratory Muscles (forced exhalation)Internal intercostalsTransverses thoracicAbdominal muscles

Definitions:Acidosis

hypercapniaAlkalosis

Hypocapnia

Pulmonary ventilation

Ventilation rate

Pulmonary volume8

Measurement of relaxed Breathing rate: ______________________________________

Estimation of what will happen with exercise: _______________________________________

Number of breaths per minute after 2 minutes of exercise: ____________________________

What kind of exercise did you perform? ______________________________

Measurement of Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

VC = TV + ERV + IRV

Pulmonary volumes

Tidal volume (TV)

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Residual Volume (approximately 1000mL)

Capacities

Vital Capacity (VC)

Percent of Expected Vital Capacity

Forced expiratory vital Capacity (FEV)

Complete this chart:

TV ERV IRV FVC FEV₁ FEV₁/FVC (%)

Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Average

Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity (FEV)

100-75 Normal74-60 mild COPD59-50 moderate COPD<50 severe COPD

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How does the FEV₁/VC% compare in a person with a pulmonary obstructive condition, such as asthma? Why

How does the FEV₁/VC% compare in a person with a pulmonary restrictive condition, such as asbestosis? Why?

Examine the predicted vital capacity chart. What is the approximate percent decrease of vital capacity in the same individual from age 25 to age 75?

Calculate your Minute Ventilation: _________________________

Flow and Resistance:

Time for maximum inhalation: ___________ seconds

Time for inhalation through one nostril ________________ seconds

Listen to respiratory sounds:

Acid-Base effects of the respiratory gases: (acidosis vs alkalosis)

What happens to the pH of water when one exhales into it?

What is Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?

Aerobic Exercise

Anaerobic exercise

Measure Heart Rate: _____________________

Do Harvard Step Test

What is the purpose of this test?

What is your PFI? _______________________

What is the fitness evaluation? __________________________

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If the heart rate after 5 minutes of exercise was 70, 68, and 66 beats in the consecutive 30-second trials, what was the personal fitness index and what condition does that represent?

What are the American Heart Association recommendations for Exercise?

Calculate your BMI: _________________

Waist/Hip Ratio

Females Males Health Risk

.80- or below .95 or below low risk

.81 to .85 .96 to 1.00 moderate risk

.85+ 1.0+ high risk

What is the pressure difference between the external air and the pleural cavity when inhalation just begins?

How does excess carbon dioxide change the acid-base condition of a solution?

How does breathing rate affect the acid-base condition of the body?

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Exercise 42: Anatomy of the Digestive systemLab Objectives:

1. ID the major organs of the alimentary canal on models2. Describe the basic function of the accessory digestive organs3. Describe and ID the layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract4. Describe the major functions of the stomach and small and large intestines5. Note specific anatomical features of each major digestive organ

Alimentary CanalMouth

*Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epitheliumTongue

Genioglossus Linual frenulumPapillae

*Fungiform*Filiform*Vallate

*Taste budsMuscles of Mastication

MasseterTemporalis

TeethCrownNeckRootEnamelDentineGingiva

Teeth TypesIncisorsCanines (cuspids)Premolars (bicuspids)Molars

EsophagusBolusSkeletal and smooth musclePeristalsis*Non Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium

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*esophageal glandsEsophageal sphincter*Adventitia

Alimentary Canal Layers

*MucosaMucous membrane (simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells)Lamina propria (connective tissue)Muscularis mucosae

*submucosa (mostly connective tissue with blood vessels)*Muscularis externa (2 or 3 layers smooth muscle)*Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

StomachCardia (cardiac region)Fundus (fundic regionBodyPyloric region Pyloric sphincterrugaeGreater curvatureLesser curvature

Stomach Histology*Mucosa

*Gastric pits*Gastric glands*Surface mucous cells (secrete mucous)*Chief Cells (pepsinogen)*Parietal cells (HCL)

*MuscularisInner oblique layerMiddle circular layerOuter longitudinal layer

*SerosaSimple squamous epithelium

Small IntestineDuodenum

PancreasGallbladderPancreatic duct

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Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)JejunumIleum

Ileocecal valve

Histology of the small intestine*Villi

Blood vesselsLacteals

*Duodenal (Brunner’s) glands*Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymph nodules)

Large intestineCecumAscending colonTransverse colonDescending colonSigmoid colonRectum

Hemorrhoidal veinsTaeniae coliHaustraOmental (epiploic) appendages

Histology of Large IntestineNo villiLarge numbers of goblet cells

Accessory Organs

Salivary GlandsSaliva

MucusSalivary amylase

*Mucus acini*serous acini*demilunesParotid GlandsSubmandibular glandsSublingual glands

Vermiform appendixLiver

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Right lobeLeft lobeQuadrate lobeCaudate lobeFalciform ligamentCommon bile duct

Gallbadder

Liver Histology*Liver lobules

*Central veinSinusoids*HepatocytesKupffer cells*Portal triad

*Hepatic portal vein*Proper hepatic artery*Bile duct

*PancreasPancreatic duct*acinar cells

Secrete:___________________________*Islets of Langerhans cells:

Secrete: ___________________________

Membranes of GI TractVisceral peritoneum (serosa)MesenteryParietal peritoneumLesser omentumGreater omentum

*Should be able to identify these structures on microscope slides

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BI 233

Anatomy & Physiology 233

Lab 4: Digestion of Carbohydrate, Protein, and FatToday’s Lab Objectives:

1. Be able to describe the digestive action of salivary amylase, pepsin, and pancreatic lipase2. Understand how the activity of salivary amylase and pepsin is influenced by changes in pH

and temperature3. Describe the ability of pepsin to digest large proteins4. Describe why the stomach does not normally digest itself5. Define emulsification

Follow the instructions in your lab manual for digestion of Carbohydrates, proteins and fats. While waiting for results do peristalsis activity and review histology for next week’s practical.

Peristalsis

Directions:

1. Get a cup of water and a stethoscope2. Person #1 will listen to person #2 about 1 inch to the left of the Xiphoid process while #2 takes a

large drink of water.3. You should listen for 2 sounds

a. The splash of the water arriving at the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)b. The splash of the water entering the stomach

What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

Why is it important to keep the LES (lower esophageal sphincter) closed if there is no food waiting to get into the stomach?

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Digestion of Macromolecules

Macromolecule Enzymes used to digest

Digestion helpers

Organs from which enzymes and helps are secreted

Products

Carbohydrates Salivary amylase Salivary glands Partially digests starches we eat

Pancreatic amylase Pancreas Small polysaccharide to disaccharides

Brush border enzymes(lactase, sucrase, maltase)

Small intestine Disaccharides to monosaccharides (glucose, gructose and galactose are absorbed into the blood

lipids Salivary Lipase Begins limited digestion of triglycerides

Glycerol and fatty acids, monoglyceridesGastric lipase Stomach: digests about

10-15% of dietary fatPancreatic lipase Pancreas

bile Made in liver stored in gall bladder

Emulsifies fats

proteins Pepsin Stomach: chief cells in the form of pepsinogen

Partially digests protein

HCL: activates Pepsin

Stomach: parietal cells Denatures protein and activates pepsinogen to pepsin

trypsin Enterokinase (enzyme) activates and then more Trypsin activates even more

Pancreas: in the form of trypsinogen

Break down protein into polypeptides and amino acids

chymotrypsin Trypsin activates

Pancreas: in the form of chymotrypsinogen

Breaks down proteins into a mixture of

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dipeptides, tripeptides and amino acids

carboxypeptidase Trypsin activates

Pancreas: in the form of procarboxypeptidaseBrush border of small intestine

Same as above

Elastase Trypsin activates

Pancreas: in the form of proelastase

Same as above

AminopeptidaseDipeptidase

Brush border of small intestine

Removes amino acids and separate dipeptides into separate amino acids

Lab Practical Next Week75 questions (timed)

One bonus question – 2 points

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Lab 6

Exercise 40: Anatomy of the Urinary SystemObjectives:

1. Identify on models the major organs of the urinary system2. Describe the blood flow through the kidney3. Describe the flow of filtrate through the kidney4. Name the major parts of the nephron5. Trace the flow of urine from the kidney to the exterior of the body6. Distinguish among the parts of the nephron in histological sections

Terms to know: (where these occur)FiltrationReabsorptionSecretion

KidneysRetroperitonealRenal fat padsRenal capsule (tough connective tissue layer)CortexMedulla

Renal pyramidsRenal papilla

Renal columns

Renal sinus (includes blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and urine collecting structures)Minor calycesMajor calycesRenal pelvis

HilumRenal arteryRenal veinUreter

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Blood flow Through the Kidney:Renal arterySegmental arteriesInterlobar arteriesArcuate arteriesInterlobular arteriesAfferent arterioleGlomerulusEfferent arteriolePeritubular capillariesInterlobular veinsArcuate veinsInterlobar veinsRenal veinVasa recta

Microscopic Examination of the Kidney

Nephron (cortical and juxtamedullary)*Renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus)*Proximal convoluted tubuleLoop of Henle*Distal convoluted tubule

*Macula densa*Collecting Ducts

*Ureters:*Transitional epithelium*Smooth muscle

*Urinary bladderAnteperitoneal (located anterior to the parietal peritoneum)*Transition epithelium*Detrusor musclesTrigone

UrethraKnow difference in length between males and femalesExternal urethral orifice

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Exercise 41: UrinalysisObjectives:

1. Test your own urine and compare it to normal values2. List the sediments commonly found in urine3. Discuss the importance of urinalysis as a general diagnostic tool4. Distinguish among casts, crystals and microbes in a urine sample5. Prepare a stained sediment slide and identify the major components of the sediment

Terms to know:

UrochromeGlycosuriaBilirubinuriaKetonuria (ketosis)HematuriaAlbuminuriaUrobilinogenHemolysisPyuriaRenal calculi (kidney stones)

What makes urine yellow?

What can cause urine to be red?

What causes cloudiness?

What is the normal range for the specific gravity of urine?

What conditions would lead to a specific gravity of 1.030?

What conditions would lead to a specific gravity of 1.001?

What can cause an ammonia-like odor to urine?

How does diet influence urinary pH?

Elevated levels of white blood cells produce what condition in urine?

What cells found in the urine originally come from the walls of the urethra?

What cells found in the urine come from the wall of the urinary bladder?

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The most important nitrogenous wastes to enter the urine are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.Urea comes from: _______________________________________________Uric acid comes from: ____________________________________________Creatinine comes from: ___________________________________________

Follow the procedure in your lab manual for testing your own urine. Analyze your urine and test samples found in the classroom. Fill in the following table with your results:

Your urine Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Tube 4LeukocytesNitriteurobilinogenproteinpHBlood/hemoglobinSpecific gravityketonebilirubinGlucose

From the results in your table and using the descriptions in your lab book, diagnose what (if anything) might be wrong with the individual. If normal write “normal”.

Yours: ________________________________________________________________

Tube 1:________________________________________________________________

Tube 2:________________________________________________________________

Tube 3:________________________________________________________________

Tube 4:________________________________________________________________

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Lab 7

Exercise 42: Male Reproductive SystemLab Objectives:

1. Describe the gamete-producing organ of the male reproductive system2. Identify major structures of the male reproductive system3. Describe the formation of sperm cells in the testis4. List the pathway that sperm cells follow from production to expulsion5. List the four components of semen6. Describe the anatomy of the spermatic cord7. Identify the three cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis

TestesTunica albugineaScrotum

Dartos muscleCremaster muscle

Histology of the Testis*seminiferous Tubules

*spermatogoniaPrimary spermatocytesSustentacular cells (Sertoli)

Blood testis barrier (BTB)Secondary spermatocytes*spermatids*sperm cells

HeadMidpeiceTailacrosome

Spermatogenesis (know the process)*interstitial cells

Testosterone*Epididymis

Rete testisHeadBodyTailCapacitation (sperm maturation)

*Spermatic CordDuctus deferensTesticular artery and vein

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Testicular nervesInguinal canalAmpullaSeminal vesicleEjaculatory ductProstate glandBulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

UrethraProstatic: lined with transitional epitheliumMembranous: lined with pseudo stratified columnar epithelium or stratified columnarSpongy (penile): lined with pseudo stratified columnar epithelium or stratified columnar

PenisGlans penisPrepuce (foreskin)

CircumcisionCorpus spongiosumCorpora cavernosa

Vasectomy

Exercise 47: Female Reproductive SystemLab Objectives:

1. Identify structures and functions of the female reproductive system2. Trace the pathway of a gamete from the ovary to the usual site of implantation3. Identify the layers of the uterus

Ovary*Oocytes

OvulationHistology of the Ovary

*StromaCells

*Follicle cells*Granulosa cells*Thecal cells*Corona radiata

Ovarian follicles*Primordial follicles*primary follicles*secondary follicles

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*Corona radiata*antrum

*Mature ovarian follicles (Graafian follicles)*Corpus luteumCorpus albicans

Uterine TubesFimbriae

UterusFundusBodyCervix

Histology of the Uterusperimetrium*myometrium*endometrium

Functional layerBasal layer

Ovarian and Menstrual CyclesHormones

Luteinizing hormone (LH)Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)EstrogenProgesterone

Menstrual phaseProliferative phaseSecretory phaseMenstruation

LigamentsBroad ligamentRound ligamentOvarian ligamentSuspensory ligament

VaginaFornixStratified squamous epitheliumMuscularis layerAdventitia

External GenitaliaVulva

Mons pubisClitoris

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Labia minoraPrepuce

Labia majoraUrethral orificeViginal orificeHymenGreater vestibular (bartholin’s) glands

Anatomy of the BreastAreolaNipple*Adipose tissue*Mammary glandsLactiferous ductsLactiferous sinuses

Lab 8

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Lab Exercise 39: Human Development and gametogenesis Lab Objectives:

1. Be able to describe the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis2. Identify major features of successive developmental stages on models or charts3. Describe the fetal circulatory plan and the changes in circulation that occur around the time of

birth.

Male spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis: (May have to use your textbook to answer the following)

1. Where does spermatogenesis take place?

2. To help you understand spermatogenesis, sort the following in the correct order, from least mature to most mature:

_______ Spermatids

_______ Primary spermatocyte

_______ Functional sperm

_______ Secondary spermatocyte

_______ Spermatogonia.

3. Which undergoes mitosis?

4. Which are 2n (46 chromosomes) and which are 1n?

5. What is the difference between the terms spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?

6. What is the difference between the terms spermiogenesis and capacitation?

7. Describe the contents of the head, midpiece, and tail of spermatozoa.

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Female oogenesis and meiosis

1.Primary oocytes are found in ____________________, ____________________ as well as early

secondary follicles

Secondary oocytes are found in late ______________________ and

___________________follicles

Which are 2n, which are 1n?

2. Which one is ovulated?

3. What is produced after sperm penetration, and before fusion of the male and female pronuclei?

4. What is a polar body?

5. What is a zygote?

Embryology Lab

Define these terms: Use your text book to define the following terms

1. Zygote

2. Blastomeres

3. Morula

4. Blastocyst

5. Inner cell mass

6. Trophoblast

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7. Blastocoele

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*Identify these structures and describe their function8. Syncytiotrophoblast*

a. What enzyme is secreted to erode the endometrium?

9. Cytotrophoblast*

11. Chorionic villi*

12. Embryonic disc*

a. Endoderm

b. Ectoderm

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13. Amnion (amniotic cavity)*

15. Yolk sac* Also in this picture:a. Endometriumb. Chorionic villic. Amniotic cavityd.

Syncytiotrophobla

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16. Primitive streak

17. Mesoderm*

ste. Cytotrophoblastf. Blastocoeleg. Lacunae

18. Allantois

19. Chorion

20. How long is the human gestational period (from fertilization to parturition)?

a. How long is it if you calculate from the last menstrual period?

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21. What is the term for rapid mitotic cell division without cell growth?

22. What hormone is secreted by the trophoblast? (Hint: Used to detect pregnancy)

23. Which part of the blastocyst will become the embryo?

24. Where are embryonic blood cells made?

25. Explain why the corpus luteum does not degenerate if an embryo implants into the uterus.

26. Define gastrulation.

27. List the structures that are formed by ectoderm.

28. List the structures that are formed by mesoderm.

29. List the structures that are formed by endoderm.

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Placenta

Identify these structures:

1. Umbilical arteries2. Umbilical vein3. Chorionic villi4. Maternal blood vessels5. Syncytiotrophoblast6. Amnion7. Area filled with maternal blood8. Decidua basalis of the endometrium

30. When is the placenta fully formed and functional?

31. Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in these umbilical vessels?a. Two arteries

b. One vein

32. What 6 hormones are secreted by the placenta and what are their functions?

Lab 9

Exercise 40: Genetics and Heredity34

Terms to know and problems (if applicable be able to give examples):

Genetics

Genome

Genomics

Chromosomes

Centromere

Genes

Locus (plural loci): location of gene on a chromosome

Alleles: various forms of a given gene

Genotype

Homozygous

Heterozygous

Phenotype

Autosomes

Dominant genes

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Recessive genes

Polygenic Inheritance (many loci contribute to the phenotype)Multi allelic Inheritance (ABO blood types)

Use this chart to determine your phenotype for the following characteristics

Trait DominantGene

RecessiveGene

Your Phenotype

Possible Genotypes

Sodium Benzoate taste

S s

PTC taste P pThiourea taste T tBent Little finger

L l

Middigital hair M mHitchhiker’s thumb

H h

Pigmented anterior of iris

I i

Attached earlobes

A a

Widow’s peak W wTongue roll R rFreckles F fABO blood type

IA, IB i

Rh blood type D d

Practice problems:1. Huntington’s disease (HD), or Huntington’s chorea, is a degenerative nerve disorder with a

genetic basis that becomes apparent after about the age 40. The abnormal gene that produces this disease, H, is dominant. The normal, recessive gene is h. One of Heather’s parents has HD

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but the other doesn’t. Can you predict the highest probability that Heather will develop HF later in her life?

2. Leo’s father has albinism, but Leo doesn’t. Cleo’s father has albinism, but she doesn’t. Albinism is caused by a recessive gene in which the person’s cells are incapable of producing melanin. If Cleo and Leo have a child, what is the probability that it will have albinism? What is the probability that their second child will have albinism? Their third?What is the probability that all 3 will have albinism?

3. Kevin has Rh-positive blood. His wife, Christine, has Rh-negative blood. Their first child, Andrew, has Rh-positive. Both of Kevin’s parents have Rh-positive blood. What is the probability that the child Kevin and Christine are expecting will be Rh-negative?

Codominant

4. In the ABO blood typing system, Mario is type O, Ana is type AB. What ABO blood types might their children have?

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5. Janet has type A blood (genotype AO) and Dale has type B blood (genotype BB). What ABO blood types might their children have?

6. Say a mother has a 50% chance of having a blue-eyed child and 50% chance of having a brown-eyed child. If she has had six kids, all blue-eyed, what is the probability that her seventh kid will be blue eyed?

What is the probability that all 7 kids have blue eyes?

Incomplete dominance

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7. If curly-haired individuals are genotypically CC, straight-haired individuals are cc, and wavy-haired individuals are heterozygotes (Cc). What percentage of the various phenotypes would be anticipated from a cross between a CC woman and cc man?

Sex chromosomes

Sex-Linked Inheritance8. An XCXc female marries an XCY man. Do a Punnett square for this match. What is the probability

of producing a color-blind son?A color-blind daughter?A daughter who is a carrier for the color-blind allele?

Karyotype (Chromosomes displayed in a systematized arrangement in descending order of size)

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Chromosome abnormalities

Non-disjunction problems:

Trisomy Trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome)

Monosomy

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Turner’s syndrome

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Duplication: (Fragile X syndrome is an example)

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Translocation defect

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Caused by repeats on the X chromosomes. Most people have about 29 repeats but persons with Fragile X have over 700 repeats due to duplications.

It is a major cause of mental retardation and is found more in males because of the single X chromosome.

PedigreesWhat is a pedigree?

Pedigree analysis

Pedigree key:

Unaffected male Unaffected female

Affected male Affected female

Pedigree Problems:

1. In the following human pedigrees, the filled symbols represent the affected individuals. You may assume that the disease allele is rare and therefore individuals marrying into the family are unlikely to have defective allele.

a. What is the most likely mode of inheritance for this pedigree?

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#1

#2 #3

#5#4

State the genotypes of individuals’ #1-5 in the following table using the letter “A”. Use the uppercase letter to represent the dominant allele and lowercase letter to represent the recessive allele.

Individual Genotype#1#2#3#4#5

b. If Individuals #2 and #3 have another son what are the chances that this son will be affected?

2. You are analyzing the following human pedigreeAssume that the individual marked with an asterisk (*) does not carry any allele associated with the affected phenotype and that no other mutation spontaneously occurs. Also assume complete penetrance. Use “R or XR” for the allele associated with the dominant phenotype, “r or Xr” for the allele associated with the recessive phenotype.

a. What is the most likely mode of inheritance of this disease? Choose from: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive

b. List all possible genotypes of the following individuals in the predigree.

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#1 #2

#3*

A ? B ?

Individuals Genotypes#1#2#3

c. What is the probability of Individual A being affected?

d. What is the probability of Individual B being affected?

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