soul: bible, translation and response

8/9/2019 Soul: Bible, Translation and Response

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Dear Mr. Larsen,

Soul-The Tradition and the Scriptures

In the Bible, “soul” is translated from the Hebrew ne′ phesh and the Greek psy·khe′ . To many persons “soul” means the

immaterial or spirit part of a human being that survives the death of the physical body. Others understand it to be the

principle of life. Bible usage, however, shows the soul to be a person, or an animal, or the life that a person or an animalenjoys. But the former views are not supported by the Bible’s usage of these terms, nor its teachings.

The authority of the Bible over tradition was highlighted by Jesus’ denunciation of the Jewish religious leader’s

placement of their developed traditions over God’s word. He said, in part: “Why is it you also overstep the commandment of

God because of your tradition? ...And so you have made the word of God invalid because of your tradition. You hypocrites,Isaiah aptly prophesied about you, when he said, ‘This people honors me with their lips, yet their heart is far removed from

me. It is in vain that they keep worshiping me, because they teach commands of men as doctrines.’ With that he called the

crowd near and said to them: ‘Listen and get the sense of it: Not what enters into [his] mouth defiles a man; but it is what proceeds out of [his] mouth that defiles a man.’” (Matt 15:3, 6-11) That being the case, an examination of the traditional

teaching on the soul should be measured by an examination of the Bible’s usage of the term and the teachings of the

Scriptures that shed light upon its concept, indicating its validity or fallacy. We want to be sure that we are not viewed as

‘defiled’ by promoting a teaching that is false, and thereby render invalid certain Bible teaching and in so doing dishonor

God.

First, it would be important to point out that if the argument for a non-traditional Bible teaching of the “soul” werevalid, applied logic informs us that there would be evidence for the support of the traditional teaching from another source,

would there not? Is this the case? Is there a source outside the Bible narrative that describes or teaches the concept of an

inherent, immaterial, immortal “soul”? Yes! For example, in Plato’s “ Phaedo,” (Secs. 64, 105, as published in Great Books of the Western World [1952], edited by R. M. Hutchins, Vol. 7, pp. 223, 245, 246) we do find the concept of an inherently

immaterial and immortal human “soul”, to wit:

Do we believe that there is such a thing as death? . . . Is it not the separation of soul and body? And to be

dead is the completion of this; when the soul exists in herself, and is released from the body and the body is

released from the soul, what is this but death? . . . And does the soul admit of death? No. Then the soul isimmortal? Yes.

In his book, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898), p. 556, M. Jastrow, Jr. writes: “The problem of

immortality, we have seen, engaged the serious attention of the Babylonian theologians. . . . Neither the people nor theleaders of religious thought ever faced the possibility of the total annihilation of what once was called into existence. Deathwas a passage to another kind of life.” (Italics mine) We find that the [traditional] concept of the soul being inherently

immaterial and immortal, and which survives the “body” at death, is for all intents and purposes universal. We find the

concept in Hinduism’s teaching of reincarnation, the cycle of rebirth in Buddhism, ancestor worship in Japan’s Shinto,immortality in Taoism, ancestor worship in Confucianism, rebirth in Jainism, and reincarnation in Sikhism. Further, we

witness the presence of the Greek developed traditional concept in Christendom, Judaism, and Islam. In making a promise of

an afterlife, virtually every religion depends on the belief that a human has a soul that is immortal and that upon death journeys to another realm or transmigrates to another creature.

The Bible

The sacred Hebrew writings began to be written in the 16th century B.C.E. and were completed by the time Socrates

and Plato gave form to the theory of the immortality of the soul. Did these Scriptures teach the immortality of the soul? Encyclopaedia Judaica:

Only in the post-biblical period , did a clear and firm belief in the immortality of the soul take hold . . . and

become one of the cornerstones of the Jewish and Christian faiths....The personality [the person] wasconsidered as a whole in the biblical period. Thus the soul was not sharply distinguished from the

body....the resurrection...is to be distinguished from the belief in . . . the immortality of the soul,...[Italics

mine]

In the Bible narrative, in four places prior to the account of human creation at Genesis 2:7, nonhuman forms of earth’s

creatures are described with the Hebrew word for “soul”.



1:20 ...let the waters swarm forth a swarm of living souls1

1:21 ...sea monsters and every living soul (ne′ phesh ha·chai·yah′ ) that glides

1:24 ...let the earth put forth living souls (ne′ phesh ha·chai·yah′ )

1:30 ...everything creeping upon the earth in which there is life as a soul (ne′ phesh chai·yah′ )

We hereby observe the Hebrew expression is with reference to breathing animals, creatures, not humans. Should an

intelligent observer apply a Platonic underpinning to the reference made to animals as “souls” (ne′ phesh), concluding thatanimals ‘possess an inherent, immortal, immaterial “soul”’? While some Eastern religions do, it is not based upon what

Moses recorded here. A careful examination of the use of the Hebrew term for soul should reveal the meaning held by those

who wrote the Scriptures.

The footnote reference notwithstanding, it should be shown that the account of man’s creation indicates that the human

“soul” is with reference to the whole being, the living person, the life that person enjoys. Note the sequential order of God’screation of Adam.

2:7 ...And Jehovah God proceeded to [a] form the man out of dust from the ground and [b] to blow into hisnostrils the breath of life, and [c] the man came to be a living soul. (lene′ phesh chai·yah′ )

[a] The first thing God did was form from the lifeless constituents of the ground a body that was constructed to operate

on the energy produced by means of oxidation, an oxygen reduction process known as the “Kreb’s Cycle”, or the Citric Acid

Cycle. In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. Adam and the other creatures the Bible calls “souls” are aerobic organisms. They are “breathers”. In fact, Ne′ phesh evidently comes from a root

meaning “breathe” and in a literal sense ne′ phesh could be rendered as “a breather.” Koehler and Baumgartner’s Lexicon in

Veteris Testamenti Libros (Leiden, 1958, p. 627) defines it as: “the breathing substance, making man and animal living beings Gn 1, 20, the soul (strictly distinct from the Greek notion of soul) the seat of which is the blood Gn 9, 4f Lv 17, 11 Dt

12, 23: (249 X) . . . soul = living being, individual, person.” [underline mine] Just as in an internal combustion engine, the

“ne′ phesh” requires a 1) working construct, or apparatus, 2) fuel and accelerant (the burn) and 3) the spark. The “spark”, inthe case breathers, is Jehovah’s life force.

[b] With the constructed apparatus, fuel, and life force present, all that was need was the accelerant to get things

moving, as it were. A biker will lift himself up and force down the kick-start mechanism to get his engine started. Theenergy (spark) from the battery and the fuel (food) from the tank are present to be sent to the cylinder along with the

accelerant (oxygen). Together, they keep the apparatus designed for continuous operation “operating”. If the parts of the

apparatus break, the fuel runs out, the oxygen is removed or blocked, or the spark is deprived, the engine will not operate.Precisely the same is true with the “ne′ phesh”, whether man or beast . When death occurs, the apparatus no longer operates,

breathing no longer occurs, it “goes out”, and the life force no longer supports the mechanisms that operate the apparatus, thesoul dies. Bible writers were inspired to indicate this principle when they said:

For there is an eventuality as respects the sons of mankind and an eventuality as respects the beast, and theyhave the same eventuality. As the one dies, so the other dies; and they all have but one spirit , 2 so that there

is no superiority of the man over the beast , for everything is vanity. All are going to one place. They have

all come to be from the dust, and they are all returning to the dust . –Eccl 3:19, 20 [Italics mine]

If you conceal your face, they get disturbed. If you take away their spirit 3, they expire, And back to their

dust they go. If you send forth your spirit, they are created ; And you make the face of the ground new. -Ps

104:29, 30

Look! All the souls—to me they belong. As the soul of the father so likewise the soul of the son—to methey belong. The soul that is sinning—it itself will die.4 - Ezekiel 18:4

1 Of living souls.” Gr., ψυχω ̃ ν ζωσω ̃ ν ( psy·khon′ zo·son′, pl.); Heb., ne′ phesh chai·yah′, sing., referring to marine animals. In Heb. thesame expression is used with reference to man in 2:7 2 Or, “and . . . breath.” Heb., weru′ ach; Gr., pneu′ ma. This is not synonymous with ne′ phesh (soul, life as a creature). The ru′ach supportsthe ne′ phesh, the creature. 3 “Their spirit ( breath).” Heb., ru·cham′; Gr., pneu′ ma; Lat., spi′ ri·tum 4 Or, “The soul that is sinning is the one that will di e.” Heb., han·ne′ phesh ha·cho·te’th′ hi’ tha·muth′



The “soul” dies! Man and beast are both kept alive with the one life force that emanates from “the source of life”,

Jehovah God5. (Ps 36:9) Further, the same breath of life is utilized by man and beast. Additionally, due to sin, mankind has

inherited from Adam, “the same eventuality”. Death now occurs for man as it naturally does for animals. (Ro 5:12) Had

Adam chosen to obey the charter command to leave the restricted tree untouched, and the fruit of it uneaten, he would nothave received the sanction for so doing. (Gen 2:15-17) He and his children would not have had the eventuality the writer of

Ecclesiastes truthfully bemoans. When Adam’s self-acquired sinful nature had caused the breakdown of vital organic

mechanisms, the breath of life (spirit; Heb., ru′ ach; Gr ., pneu′ ma) could no longer sustain him. In time, 930 years later, hedied. It happened just as Jehovah had told him: “In the sweat of your face you will eat bread until you return to the ground,

for out of it you were taken. For dust you are and to dust you will return.” (Gen 3:19) We note the similarity in the

expressions used in Genesis, Psalms and Ecclesiastes (previously cited) regarding the passage to death. When animals and

men die, they go back, return, to the dust. Nothing is said to Adam, when sentenced, or to us, about a continuance of life that

follows death. But we are told thrice (so far) that we return to the dust from which we came. However, some would arguethat this is referring only to the “body” of man, the “soul” lives on! Do the Scriptures indicate a dichotomy of body and

soul? 6 (See Ps. 146:3, 4)

The “c” part of Genesis 2:7 we are examining describes to us that Adam “came to be a living soul” after being formedand the breath of life was administered. It is of interest to us that it does not give the description that he received a “soul”,

but only that he became a soul after being formed and animated. This is a strong indication that the soul of Adam is a

physical one, made of flesh, bone and blood, and was the product of the general creative actions described. If Adam hadreceived a soul, an entity of immortal, immaterial status, why was the description void of its indicators? Not to indicate

otherwise (that Adam received a “soul”, or that a soul was given the body of Adam) with “he came to be a living soul”, ineffect, is a misleading statement from the God, about whom it is said “it is impossible for [Him] to lie.” However, if it is the

case that Adam’s soul was the living, breathing human body that made him what he was, we should find no scripture that

would contradict that assessment . Is this the case? Yes, it is! In fact, there are many passages that make little sense if the

human soul was thought of as immaterial and immortal. For example, below I list the occurrences of Heb. “ne′ phesh” andthe Grk. “ psy . che'”, their forms, for your perusal. I bow to your learning as a linguist, and am confident that what is offered

will bear up under your scrutiny insofar as the truth about soul is concerned.

The main point of the foregoing was to reply to your belief that the Bible supports the idea that the “spirits in prison”were the presumed “souls” of people who had died in the Noachian flood waters. The inescapable conclusion is these “spirits

in prison” could not possibly be the souls of human beings. The Scriptures make clear that the soul is the human being , and

when a human being dies, it is to be said that the soul dies; the life enjoyed by the person ends. For what other purpose is aresurrection (“standing up, raising up [in life]”) of the dead? If the soul did not die, why is it said there is need of a

resurrection from a dead state? Further, if the dead are alive, for what purpose was the ransom for which a resurrection is

only made possible? So, the “spirits in prison” were not the souls of dead humans, they were spirit beings of the spiritualrealm that had rebelled against God, becoming demons that live until now. Jesus’ presentation as a resurrected faithful

servant announced to those fallen angels that their judgment was sealed.I will end here with what I am offering, unless otherwise required. I hope I have been clear with what I have stated; it

has been a great pleasure.

Useage of the Hebrew and the Greek Word for “Soul”

( ψυχή, psy .che' , Greek; נפש , neph' esh, Hebrew )

Below is listed all thirty-nine books of the Hebrew Scriptures, wherein is presented a consistent rendering of the Hebrew

word neph'esh as "soul." In each case it proves understandable in the light of its context. The use of this one Hebrew word inmany different contexts helps us to ascertain the main or basic idea inherent in the word as the Bible writers used it, namely,

that (1) it is a person, an individual, or a lower animal, or, (2) it is the life that a person or animal enjoys as such. This isabsolutely different from the pagan ideas of what the ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks and Romans called a "soul." By

studying over the context of the Hebrew word neph'esh in its 750 occurrences In the Hebrew Scriptures the investigator canlearn distinguishing features about the soul in its true meaning. To aid in this there have been grouped below, under various

5 “Jehovah God.” Heb., Yehwah′ ’Elo·him′. This expression, without the definite Heb. article ha before ’Elo·him′, is used 20 times in Ge 1–3.The first occurrence of the expression Yehwah′ ha·’Elo·him′ is in 1Ch 22:1, where it is rendered “Jehovah the [true] God.” 6 To carry this reasoning to its logical conclusion, we must then accept that Eccl. 3: 19, 20 must also be referring only to the bodies of thebeasts who die the same way men die, for the writer enunciates complete equality in the life to death scenario of existence.: “there is nosuperiority of the man over the beast.”



headings, the texts where the Hebrew word neph'esh occurs. This list bears a comparison with that given for the Christian

Greek Scriptures.

The animals lower than man are souls or have soul

Genesis1:20 let the waters swarm forth a swarm of living souls

1:21 sea monsters and. every living soul that glides

1:24 let the earth put forth living souls

1:30 everything creeping upon the earth in which there is

life as a soul2:19 the man would call it, each living soul

9:10 with every living soul that is with you

9:12 between me and you and every living soul that is9:15 between me and you and every living soul among all

9:16 between God and every living soul among all flesh

Leviticus

11:10 every living soul that is in the waters

11:46 every living soul that glides in the waters

11:46 every soul that swarms upon the earth

24:18 the fatal striker of the soul of a domestic animalshould make compensation for it, soul for soul

Numbers31:28 one soul out of five hundred, of humankind and of

the herd and of the asses and of the flock

Job

41:21 its soul itself sets coals ablaze

Ezekiel

47:9 every living soul that swarms

Soul, a living person or individual

Genesis

2:7 the man came to be a living soul

12:5 the souls whom they had acquired In Haran14:21 give me the souls

36:6 all the souls of his house and his herd

46:15 all the souls of his sons and of his daughters46:18 she bore these to Jacob: sixteen souls

46:22 all the souls were fourteen

46:25 all the souls were seven46:26 all the souls, who came to Jacob

46:26 all the souls were sixty-six46:27 born to him in Egypt were two souls

46:27 all the souls of the house of Jacob

Exodus

1:5 all the souls who issued out of Jacob's

1:5 came to be seventy souls

12:4 his house according to the number of souls

12:16 only what every soul needs to eat

16:16 according to the number of the souls that

Leviticus2:1 in case some soul would present as an offering4:2 in case a soul should sin

4:27 if any soul of the people of the land should sin

5:1 Now In case a soul should sin

5:2 when a soul touches some unclean thing

5:4 in case a soul should swear 5:15 in case a soul should behave unfaithfully

5:17 if a soul should sin

6:2 in case a soul should sin

7:18 the soul that eats some of it will answer 7:20 the soul who eats the flesh of the communion

7:21 in case a soul should touch anything unclean

7:25 the soul that eats must be cut off

7:27 any soul who eats any blood,

17:10 the soul that is eating the blood17:12 no soul of you should eat blood

17:15 any soul that eats a dead body or something

18:29 the souls doing them must be cut off from20:6 the soul who turns himself to the spirit mediums

20:6 I shall certainly set my face against that soul

22:6 the soul who touches any such must be unclean

22:11 in case a priest should purchase a soul

23:29 every soul that will not be afflicted23:30 any soul that will do any sort of work

27:2 a special vow-offering of souls to Jehovah

Numbers

5:6 then that soul has become guilty

15:27 if any soul should sin by mistake

15:28 the soul who made a mistake by a sin

15:30 the soul that does something deliberately19:18 the souls that happened to be there19:22 the soul who touches it will be unclean

31:35 as for human souls from the women

31:35 all the souls were thirty-two thousand31:40 the human souls were sixteen thousand

31:40 the tax on them for Jehovah was thirty-two souls

31:46 and human souls. sixteen thousand

35:30 one witness may not testify against a soul



Deuteronomy

10:22 with seventy souls your forefathers went

24:6 it is a soul that he is seizing as a pledge

24:7 kidnapping a soul of his brothers of the sons

1 Samuel

22:22 I personally have wronged every soul

2 Samuel

14:14 God does not take away a soul

2 Kings

12:4 money for the souls according to . . . the valuation

1 Chronicles

5:21 human souls a hundred thousand

Psalms

19:7 law of Jehovah is perfect, bringing back the soul

Proverbs11:25 the generous soul will itself be made fat11:30 he that is winning souls is wise

16:24 pleasant sayings are . . . sweet to the soul

19:2 that the soul should be without knowledge is notgood

19:15 a slack soul goes hungry (also 10:3)

25:25 as cold water upon a tired soul, so is

27:7 a soul that is satisfied will tread down comb honey

27:7 to a hungry soul every bitter thing is sweet

28:9 due to the counsel of the soul

Isaiah

5:14 she'ol [personified] has made its soul spacious

Jeremiah

43:6 every soul that Nebuzar-adan. . . had let stay

52:29 eight hundred and thirty-two souls (also 50:30)

Lamentations

3:25 the soul that keeps seeking for him

Ezekiel

27:13 For the souls of mankind . . .your articles. . . weregiven

Life as an intelligent person or an animal

Genesis9:4 only flesh with its soul-Its blood

9:5 your blood of your souls shall I ask back

9:5 shall I ask back the soul of man19:17 escape for your soul

32:30 and yet my soul was delivered

35:18 her soul was going out (because she died)

Exodus4:19 men who were hunting for your soul are dead

21:23 you must give soul for soul

21:30 give the redemption price for his soul23:9 known the soul of the temporary resident

30:12 give a ransom for his soul to Jehovah

30:15 make atonement for your souls

30:16 make atonement for your souls

Leviticus17:11 the soul of the flesh is in the blood

17:11 to make atonement for your souls17:11 blood that makes atonement by the soul in it17:14 the soul of every sort of flesh is its blood

17:14 is its blood by the soul in it

17:14 soul of every sort of flesh is its blood

26:16 making the soul pine away

Numbers

11:6 our soul is dried away

21:4 the soul of the people began tiring out

21:5 our soul has become disgusted with the

31:50 make atonement for our souls before Jehovah35:31 take no ransom for the soul of a murderer

Deuteronomy4:29 Inquire for him with all your heart and with all your

soul

6:5 all your soul and all your vital force

10:12 God with all your heart and all your soul

11:13 serve him with all your heart and all your soul11:18 apply these words of mine to your heart and your

soul

12:23 the blood is the soul . . . you must not eat the soulwith the flesh

13:3 God with all your heart and all your soul

18:6 come because of any longing of his soul

19:21 soul will be for soul, eye for eye

24:15 he is lifting up his soul to his wages26:16 with all your heart and all your soul

28:65 falling of the eyes and despair of soul

30:2 sons, with all your heart and all your soul

30:6 all your soul for the sake of your life30:10 God with all your heart and all your soul

Joshua

9:24 we became very much afraid for our souls22:5 him with all your heart and with all your soul



23:14 know with all your hearts and with all your souls

Judges

9:17 and went risking his soul

12:3 determined to put my soul in my own hand18:25 men bitter of soul may assault you people

18:25 you have to forfeit your own soul

18:25 forfeit . . . the soul of your household

Ruth

4:15 he has become a restorer of your soul

1 Samuel1:10 she was bitter of soul (also 22:2; 30:6; 2Sa 17:8; 2Ki

4:27; Job 3:20; 7:11; 10:1b; 21:25; 27:2; Pr 31:6;

Isa 38:15; Eze 27:31)1:15 I pour out my soul before Jehovah (also Job 30:16;

Ps 42:4; 141:8; Isa 53:12; La 2:12)

19:5 he proceeded to put his soul in his palm (also 28:21:

Job 13:14; Ps 119:109)

19:11 If you are not letting your soul escape (also2Sa 19:5; 1Ki 1:12; Ps 17:13; 89:48; 116:4; 124:7:Jer 48:6: 51:6, 45; Eze 33:5: Am 2:14, 15)

20:1 he is seeking for my soul (also I 22:23: 23:15; 25:29;

2Sa 4:8; 16:11; 1Ki 3:11; 19:10, 14; 2Ch 1: 1:11; Ps38:12; 40:14; 54:3; 63:9; 70:2; 86:14; Pr 29:10;

Ec 7:28; Ca 3:1, 2, 3, 4; 5:6; Jer 4:30: 11:21; 19:7,9:

21:7; 22:25; 34:20, 21; 38:16b; 44:30, 30; 46:26;

49:37)

24:11 you are lying in wait for my soul (also Ps 56:6;59:3; 71:10; Pr 1:18; 6:26)

26:21 my soul has been precious (also 2Ki 1:13, 14)

26:24 your soul was great this day in my eyes (twice)28:9 are you acting like a trapper against my soul

2 Samuel

1:9 my soul is yet in me

4:9 Jehovah who redeemed my soul (also 1Ki 1:29; Job33:28; Ps 34:22; 49:8, 15; 55:18; 71:23; 72:14)

14:7 we may put him to death for the soul of his brother

18:13 dealt treacherously against his soul

23:17 at the risk of their souls (also 1Ch11:19; La 5:9)

1Kings

2:4 with all their heart and with all their soul (also 8:48;2Kl 31; 23:3, 25; 2Ch 6:38; 15:12; 34:31)

2:23 against his own soul that Adonijah spoke

17:21 cause the soul of this child to come back (also

17:22) 19:2 if … I shall not make your soul like the soul of each

one of them

19:3 he rose up and began to go for his soul

20:39 your soul will have to take the place of his soul(also 20:42)

2 Kings7:7 they kept fleeing for their soul

10:24 the one's soul will go for the other's soul

1 Chronicles

28:9 serve him . . . with a delightful soul

2Chronicles

1:11 not asked . . . for the soul of those hating you

Esther

7:3 let there be given me my own soul7:7 Haman... stood up to make request for his soul (also

8:11; 9:16)

Job

2:4 he will give In behalf of his soul2:6 only watch out for his soul

6:11 I should keep prolonging my soul

12:10 in whose hand Is the soul of everyone alive14:22 his own soul while within him will keep mourning16:4 if only your souls existed in the place of my soul

19:2 how long will you men keep irritating my soul

27:8 in case God carries off his soul from him

31:39 the soul of its owners I have caused to pant33:18 He keeps his soul back from the pit

Psalms6:4 0 Jehovah, do rescue my soul (also 22:20; 33:19;

56:13; 86:13; 116:8; 120:2; Pr 23:14; Isa 14: 20;

47:14; Jer 20:13; Eze 3:19, 21; 14:14, 20; 33:9)7:5 let an enemy pursue my soul (also 143:3)

17:9 the enemies against my soul

25:20 do guard my soul (also 86:2; 97:10; 121:7; Pr 22:5)

26:9 do not take away my soul (also 31:13)

31:9 my eye has become weak, my soul and my belly35:4 who are hunting for my soul (also Eze 13:18, 20)

35:17 do bring back my soul from their ravages

72:13 the souls of the poor ones he will save74:19 do not give to the wild beast the soul of your

turtledove

88:3 my soul has had enough of calamities

94:21 sharp attacks on the soul of the righteous

107:5 soul . . . began to faint away143:6 my soul is like an exhausted land to you

Proverbs

1:19 it takes away the very soul of its owners7:23 he has not known that it involves his very soul

12:10 one is caring for the soul of his . . . animal

13:3 the one guarding his mouth is keeping his soul (also

16:17; 19:16; 21:23)

13:8 the ransom for a man's soul is his riches



18:7 his lips are a snare for his soul

22:23 he will certainly rob their robbers of soul

22:25 that you may not . . . take a snare for your soul

25:13 he restores the very soul of his masters

29:24 partner with a thief is hating his own soul

Isaiah

3:18, 20 Jehovah will take away . . . the 'houses of the

soul'10:18 he will bring to an end, even from the soul clear to

the flesh

15:4 his very soul has quivered within him

43:4 I shall give men . . . in place of your soul

53:10 if you will set his soul as a guilt offering53:11 because of the trouble of his soul he will see

Jeremiah2:24 a zebra . . . at the longing of her soul

17:21 watch out for your souls

26:19 working up a great calamity against our souls

38:2 will certainly come to have his soul (also 39:18)38:16 who has made for us this soul

45:5 I will give you your soul as a spoil

Lamentations

2:19 on account of the soul of your children

Jonah

1:14 not perish because of the soul of this man2:5 waters encircled me clear to the soul

2:7 when my soul fainted away within me

4:3 take away, please, my soul from me

Habakkuk

2:10 your soul is sinning

The creature soul is mortal, destructible

Genesis

12:13 my soul will be certain to live due to you17:14 that soul must be cut off from his people

19:19 exercised with me to preserve my soul alive

19:20 and my soul will live on

37:21 let us not strike his soul fatally

Exodus

12:15 that soul must be cut off from Israel.

12:19 that soul must be cut oil from the assembly31:14 that soul must be cut off from the midst

Leviticus

7:20 that soul must be cut off from his people (also 7: 21,27; 19:8)

22:3 that soul must be cut off from before me

23:30 I must destroy that soul from among

24:17 strike any soul of mankind fatally (See alsoLeviticus 7:25; 17:10; 18:29; 20:6; 23:29, quoted

above)

Numbers

9:13 that soul must be cut off from his people15:30 that soul must be cut off from among his people

15:31 that soul should be cut off without fail19:13 that soul must be cut off from Israel19:20 that soul must be cut off from the midst

23:10 let my soul die the death of the upright

31:19 everyone who has killed a soul

35:11 who fatally strikes a soul unintentionally

35:15 that fatally strikes a soul unintentionally35:30 every fatal striker of a soul should be slain

Deuteronomy

19:6 he may indeed strike his soul fatally

19:11 struck his soul fatally and he has died

22:26 indeed murders him, even a soul

27:25 a bribe to strike a soul fatally

Joshua

2:13 you must deliver our souls from death2:14 our souls are to die instead of you people!

10:28 devoted him and every soul that was in it to

destruction10:30 striking it and every soul that was in it (also 10:32)

10:35 devoted every soul that was in it to destruction10:37 every soul that was in it with the edge of the sword

10:37 devoted it and every soul that was in it to

destruction10:39 devoting every soul that was in it to destruction

11:11 striking every soul that was in it



Judges

5:18 that scorned their souls to the point of death

16:16 soul got to be impatient to the point of dying16:30 let my soul die with the Philistines

1 Kings

19:4 ask that his soul might die (also Jon 4:8)

20:31 perhaps he will preserve your soul alive (also20:32)

Job

7:15 my soul chooses suffocation



11:20 their hope will be an expiring of the soul

18:4 he is tearing his soul to pieces in his anger

33:22 his soul draws near to the pit (also 33:30)

36:14 their soul will die in youth itself

Psalms

7:2 that no one may tear my soul to pieces

22:29 no one will ever preserve his own soul alive66:9 he is setting our soul in life

69:1 the waters have come clear to the soul

78:50 he did not hold back their soul from death itself

94:17 my soul would have resided in silence

106:15 to send a wasting disease into their soul124:4 the torrent . . . would have passed over our soul

Proverbs

28:17 A man burdened with the bloodguilt for a soul

Isaiah

55:3 listen, and your soul will keep alive

Jeremiah

2:34 the blood marks of the souls of the innocent

4:10 the sword has reached clear to the soul18:20 they have excavated a pit for my soul

38:17 your soul will . . . keep living (also 38:20)

40:14 Baalis . . . sent Ishmael . . . to strike you to the soul

(also 40:15)

Ezekiel

13:19 to put to death the souls that ought not to die and in

order to preserve alive the souls17:17 in order to cut off many souls

18:4 the soul that is sinning-it itself will die (also 18:20)

22:25 a soul they actually devour

22:27 in shedding blood; in destroying souls

33:6 a sword comes and takes away from them soul

One's own self as a soul

Genesis

23:8 if your souls agree to bury my dead

27:4 that my soul may bless you before I die

27:19 that your soul may bless me

27:25 that my soul may bless you27:31 that your soul may bless me

34:3 his soul began clinging to Dinah

34:8 his soul is attached to your daughter

42:21 we saw the distress of his soul44:30 when that one's soul is bound up with

44:30 bound up with this one's soul49:6 do not come, 0 my soul

Exodus

15:9 my soul will be filled with them

Leviticus11:43 do not make your souls loathsome

11:44 you must not defile your souls

16:29 you should afflict your souls

16:31 you must afflict your souls

20:25 you must not make your souls loathsome23:27 you must afflict your souls

23:32 you must afflict your souls26:15 your souls will abhor my judicial decisions26:43 their souls had abhorred my statutes

Numbers

16:38 men who sinned against their own souls

29:7 you must afflict your souls30:2 bind a vow of abstinence upon his soul

30:4 vow that she has bound upon her soul


30:5 vows that she has bound upon her soul

30:6 lips that she has bound upon her soul

30:7 vows that she has bound upon her soul

30:8 lips that she bound upon her soul

30:9 everything that she has bound upon her soul30:10 vow upon, her soul by an oath


30:12 an abstinence vow, of her soul30:13 abstinence vow to afflict the soul,

Deuteronomy4:9 take good care of your soul

4:15 you must take good care of your souls12:15 whenever your soul craves it

12:20 your soul craves to eat meat

12:20 whenever your soul craves it12:21 whenever your soul craves it

13:6 your companion who Is like your own soul

14:26 whatever your soul may crave

14:26 that your soul may ask of you

21:14 send her away agreeably to her own soul23:24 enough grapes for you to satisfy your soul

Joshua23:11 be on constant guard for your souls

Judges

5:21 you went treading down strength, 0 my soul

1 Samuel

1:26 by the life of your soul (also 17:55)

2:16 take for yourself just whatever your soul may crave

(also 2Sa 3:21; 1KI 11:37; Job 23:13)



2:33 to make your soul pine away (also Ps 84:2; 107:5;

119:81)

18:1 Jonathan's very soul became bound up with the soul

of David and Jonathan began to love

him as his own soul (also 18:3; 20:17) 20:3 as your soul is living (also 25:26; 2Sa 11:11; 14:19;

2KI 2:2, 4, 6; 4:30)

20:4 whatever your soul may say I shall do23:20 In harmony with the desire of your soul

2 Samuel

5:8 the lame and the blind, hateful to the soul of David

2 Kings

9:15 if your soul agrees, do not let anyone go out

1 Chronicles

22:19 set . . . your soul to inquire after Jehovah

Esther

4:13 do not imagine within your own soul9:31 just as they had imposed upon their own soul

Job

6:7 my soul has refused to touch anything9:21 were I of integrity I would not know my soul

10:1 my soul . . . feels a loathing (also 33:20; Zec 11:8)

24:12 the soul of deadly wounded ones cries for help

30:25 my soul has grieved (also Isa 19:10)

31:30 asking for an oath-bound curse upon his soul

32:2 his anger blazed over his justifying his own soul

Psalms

3:2 many are saying of my soul6:3 my own soul has been very much disturbed

10:3 the selfish longing of his soul (also Eze 24:25)

11:1 how dare you men say to my soul

13:2 how long shall I set resistance in my soul

23:3 my soul he refreshes (also La 1:11, 16, 19) 25:1 to you, 0 Jehovah, I raise my very soul

25:13 his own soul will lodge in goodness

31:7 you have known about the distresses of my soul33:20 our very soul has been in expectation of Jehovah

34:2 in Jehovah my soul will make its boast

35:3 say to my soul: "I am your salvation”

35:7 without cause they have dug it for my soul

35:9 let my own soul be joyful in Jehovah35:12 they reward me with . . . bereavement to my soul

35:13 with fasting I afflicted my soul

41:4 do heal my soul

42:1 my very soul longs for you, 0 God42:2 my soul Indeed thirsts for God (also Ps 63:1; 143:6)

42:5 why are you in despair, 0 my soul (also 42:6; 43:5)

44:25 our soul has bowed down to the dust (also Ps 57:6;

119:25; Isa 51:23)49:18 he kept blessing his own soul

54:4 Jehovah is among those supporting my soul

57:1 in you my soul has taken refuge57:4 my soul is in the middle of lions

62:1 toward God is my soul keeping silent (also 62:5)

63:5 with the best part . . . my soul is satisfied (also Pr 13:25; Ec 6:2, 3, 7; Isa 58:10, 11; Jer 50:19; Eze

7:19)

63:8 my soul has closely followed you

66:16 what he has done for my soul

69:10 I proceeded to weep with the fasting of my soul69:18 do come near to my soul, reclaim it

71:13 may those come to their end who are resisting my

soul77:2 my soul has refused to be comforted

86:4 make the soul of your servant rejoice (twice)

88:14 why is it, 0 Jehovah, that you reject my soul

103:1 bless Jehovah, 0 my soul (also 103: 2, 22; 104:1,

35)105:18 into irons his soul came

107:18 their soul got to detest even every sort of food

107:26 their very soul finds itself melting109:20 those speaking evil against my soul109:31 to save him from those judging his soul

116:7 return to your) resting place, O my soul

119:20 my soul is crushed with longing

119:28 my soul has been sleepless from grief 119:129 your reminders . . . my soul has observed (also

119:167)

119:175 May my soul keep living and praising you

120:6 for too long a time my soul has tabernacled

123:4 abundantly, our soul has had its fill (also Pr 6:30)124:5 there would have passed over our soul the waters

130:5 0 Jehovah, my soul has hoped

130:6 my soul has waited for Jehovah131:2 I have soothed and quieted my soul

138:3 you began to make me bold in my soul

139:14 my soul is very well aware

142:4 there is no one Inquiring for my soul

142:7 do bring my soul out of the very dungeon143:8 to you I have lifted up my soul

143:11 may you bring forth my soul out of distress

143:12 destroy all those showing hostility to my soul146:1 praise Jehovah, 0 my soul

Proverbs

2:10 knowledge . . . becomes pleasant to your very soul

3:22 they will prove to be life to your soul6:32 he . . . is bringing his own soul to ruin8:36 the one missing me is doing violence to his soul

11:17 a man . . . is dealing rewardingly with his own soul

l3:4 but his soul has nothing (twice)l3:19 desire when realized is pleasurable to the soul

l5:32 anyone shunning discipline is rejecting his own soul

l6:26 the soul of the toiler has tolled hard for him

19:8 he that is acquiring heart is loving his own soul

20:2 anyone . . . is sinning against his own soul



21:10 the very soul of the wicked one has craved what is

bad

23:7 for as one that has calculated within his soul

24:12 he himself that is observing your soul

24:14 in the same way do know wisdom for your soul28:25 he that is arrogant in soul stirs up contention

29:17 give much pleasure to your soul

Ecclesiastes

2:24 he should eat . . . and cause his soul to see good

4:8 causing my soul to lack in good things

The Song of Solomon1:7 whom my soul has loved

Isaiah3:9 woe to their soul

26:8 the desire of the soul has been (also 26:9)

29:8 he... awakes and his soul is empty; . . . his soul is

dried out (also 32:6; Ps 107:9)

38:17 you yourself have become attached to my soul44:20 he does not deliver his soul (also Jer 20:13)46:2 into captivity their own soul must go

49:7 Jehovah . . . has said to him that is despised in soul

55:2 let your soul find its exquisite delight in fatness58:3 did we afflict our soul (also 58:5)

61:10 my soul will be joyful in my God

66:3 their very soul has taken a delight

Jeremiah

3:11 Unfaithful Israel has proved her own soul4:19 sound of the trumpet is what my soul has heard

4:31 my soul is tired of the killers

6:16 walk in it, and find ease for your souls13:17 my soul will weep because of pride

15:9 her soul has struggled for breath

31:12 their soul will . . . become like a . . . garden

31:14 I will saturate the soul of the priests with fatness

(also 31:25)

37:9 do not deceive your souls44:7 why are you causing a great calamity to your souls

Lamentations

3:20 your soul will remember and bow low over me3:24 my soul has said

3:51 my own eye has dealt severely with my soul

3:58 you have taken up . . . the contests of my soul

Ezekiel

4:14 my soul Is not a defiled one

16:5 because there was an abhorring of your soul

23:17 her soul began to turn away (also 23:22, 28) 24:21 the object of your soul's compassion

24:25 the longing of their soul

25:6 you kept rejoicing with all scorn on your part in your

soul (also 25:15; 36:5)

32:10 tremble every moment, each one for his own soul

Hosea 9:4 their bread is for their own soul

Micah

6:7 the fruitage of my belly for the sin of my soul

7:1 no early fig, that my soul would desire7:3 speaking forth the craving of his soul

Habakkuk

2:4 look! His soul has been swelled up

Zechariah11:8 my soul gradually became impatient with them

Dead soul or corpse

Leviticus

19:28 cuts in your flesh for a deceased soul,21:1 for a deceased soul no one may defile himself

21:11 he should not come to any dead soul

22:4 anyone unclean by a deceased soul

Numbers5:2 everyone unclean by a deceased soul6:6 he may not come toward any dead soul.

6:11 he has sinned because of the soul

9:6 become unclean by a human soul

9:7 we are unclean by a human soul

9:10 happen to be unclean by a soul

19:11 anyone touching the corpse of any human soul

19:13 everyone touching a corpse, the soul of whatever man may die

Haggai2:13 if someone unclean by a deceased soul touches any

God has soul

Leviticus

26:11 my soul will not abhor you

26:30 my soul will simply abhor you judges

10:16 his soul became impatient because of themisfortune of Israel



1 Samuel

2:35 in harmony with what Is . . . in my soul he 'will do

Psalms

11:5 anyone loving violence His soul certainly hates24:4 who has not carried my soul to sheer worthlessness

Proverbs6:16 Jehovah. . . seven are things detestable to his soul

Isaiah

1:14 your festal seasons my soul has hated

42:1 my chosen one, whom my soul has approved

Jeremiah

5:9 should not my soul avenge itself (also 5:29; 9:9)6:8 be corrected . . . that my soul may not turn away

disgusted from you

12:7 I have given the beloved one of my soul into the palm of her enemies

14:19 has your soul abhorred even Zion

15:1 my soul would not be toward this people

32:41 I will plant them In this land . . . with all my soul51:14 Jehovah of armies has sworn by his own soul

Lamentations

3:20 your soul will remember and bow low over me

Ezekiel

23:18 my soul began to turn away disgusted (twice)

Amos

6:8 the Lord Jehovah has sworn by his own soul

Disposition, desire

Psalms

27:12 do not give me over to the soul of my adversaries

(also 41:2)35:25 0 may they not say . . . "Aha, our soul!"

78:18 by asking for something to eat for their soul

105:22 to bind his princes agreeably to his soul (also Jer

34:16)

Proverbs

19:18 to the putting of him to death do not lift up your

soul (also 13:2)23:2 you must put a knife to your throat if you are the

owner of soul[ful desire]

Ecclesiastes6:9 better Is the seeing by the eyes than the walking about

of the soul

The Song of Solomon6:12 my own soul had put me

Isaiah56:11 they are even dogs strong in soulful desire

58:10 you will grant to the hungry one your own soulful

desire

Jeremiah22:27 into the land to which they will be lifting up their

soul (also 44:14; Ho 4:8)

Ezekiel16:27 and give you to the soulful desire of the women

Habakkuk

2:5 he who has made his soul spacious just like She'ol

Soul delivered from Sheol (Hades, ''hell'')

Psalms

16:10 you will not leave my soul in She'ol

30:3 you have brought up my soul from She'ol

49:15 God himself will redeem my soul from the hand of She'ol86:13 you have delivered my soul out of She'ol

89:48 can he provide escape for his soul from the hand of

She'ol?

Proverbs23:14 deliver his very soul from She'ol itself

Useage of the Greek Word for “Soul”

( ψυχή, psy .che' , Greek; ,נפש neph' esh, Hebrew )



Below is listed the consistently rendered the Greek word psy . che' (Hebrew, neph'esh) as "soul" It will be found that this

rendering makes sense in each case. This uniform rendering of psy . che' by the same English word in all cases proves very

enlightening as to how the ancients used that word, how the inspired writers understood that word and what properties they

ascribed to it. Below there is given a list of renderings of the 102 occurrences of the word psy . che' (neph'esh, soul), grouping

them under several headings to show the various ideas attached to the word. The headings correspond with those given abovefor the Hebrew Scriptures.

The creature soul is mortal, destructible

Matthew

2:20 who were seeking the soul of the young child

10:28 kill the body but can not kill the soul

10:28 can destroy both soul and body in Gehenna

26:38 my soul is deeply grieved, even to death

Mark

3:4 to save or to kill a soul14:34 my soul is deeply grieved, even to death

Luke

6:9 to save or to destroy a soul

17:33 his soul safe for himself will lose it, but whoever loses it will preserve it alive

John

12:25 he that is fond of his soul destroys it

Acts

3:23 any soul that does not listen to that Prophet will be

completely destroyed

Romans11:3 they are hunting for my soul

Hebrews

10:39 to destruction, but the kind that have faith to the

preserving alive of the soul

James

5:20 will save his soul from death

Revelation

8:9 creatures that are in the sea which have souls died

12:11 their souls even despite the danger of death

16:3 every living soul died, yes, the things in the sea

Life as an intelligent person, whether present or future

Matthew6:25 Stop being anxious about your souls

6:25 does not the soul mean more than food

10:39 he that finds his soul will lose it10:39 he that loses his soul for my sake will find it

11:29 you will find refreshment for your souls16:25 whoever wants to save his soul will lose it

16:25 whoever loses his soul for my sake will find it

16:26 if he gains the whole world but forfeits his soul16:26 what will a man give in exchange for his soul

20:28 to give his soul a ransom in exchange for many

22:37 love Jehovah your God with your whole heart and

with your whole soul

Mark

8:35 whoever wants to save his soul will lose it

8:35 whoever loses his soul for the sake of me and thegood news will save it8:36 to gain the whole world and to forfeit his soul

8:37 what, really, would a man give in exchange for his

soul

10:45 to give his soul a ransom in exchange for many

12:30 love Jehovah your God with your whole heart andwith your whole soul

Luke

1:46 my soul magnifies Jehovah

2:35 sword will be run through the soul of you

9:24 whoever wants to save his soul will lose it

9:24 whoever loses his soul for my sake is the one thatwill save it

10:27 love Jehovah your God with your whole heart and

with your whole soul

12:19 I will say to my soul: "Soul, you have many goodthings laid up …”

12:20 they are demanding your soul from you

12:22 quit being anxious about your souls

12:23 the soul Is worth more than food14:26 his own soul, he cannot be my disciple

21:19 on your part you will acquire your souls

John

10:11 the right shepherd surrenders his soul10:15 I surrender my soul in behalf of the sheep

10:17 I surrender my soul, in order that I may receive it

again

10:24 are you to keep our souls in suspense12:25 he that hates his soul in this world will safeguard it

for everlasting life

12:27 now my soul is troubled13:37 I will surrender my soul in your behalf

13:38 Will you surrender your soul in my behalf



15:13 surrender his soul in behalf of his friends

Acts

4:32 those who had believed had one heart and soul

14:2 wrongly influenced the souls of people

14:22 strengthening the souls of the disciples15:24 with speeches trying to subvert your souls

15:26 men that have delivered up their souls

20:10 his soul is in him20:24 I do not make my soul of any account as dear

27:10 great loss not only of the cargo and the boat but

also of our souls

27:22 not a soul of you will be lost, Romans

2:9 distress, upon the soul of every man who16:4 who have risked their own necks for my soul

2 Corinthians1:23 call upon God as a witness against my own soul

12:15 be completely spent for your souls

Ephesians

6:6 doing the will of God whole-souled2:30 near to death, exposing his soul to danger

Philippians

1:27 with one soul fighting side by side *2:30 near to death, exposing his soul to danger

Colossians

3:23 work at it whole-souled as to Jehovah

1 Thessalonians

2:8 impart to you, not only the good news of God, but

also our own souls

Hebrews

6:19 this hope we have as an anchor for the soul

12:3 not get tired and give out in your souls

13:17 they are keeping watch over your souls

James

1:21 the word which is able to save your souls

1 Peter

1:9 of your faith, the salvation of your souls

1:22 you have purified your souls

2:11 carryon a conduct against the soul2:25 the shepherd and overseer of your souls

4:19 commending their souls to a faithful Creator

2 Peter2:8 was tormenting his righteous soul by reason of

* Note Philippians, 1:27, cited above: "in one spirit, with

one soul fighting side by side"

1 John

3:16 that one surrendered his soul for us . . . obligation to

surrender our souls for our

3 John

2 just as your soul Is prospering

Revelation

6:9 I saw underneath the altar the souls of those

18:13 coaches and slaves and human souls

18:14 the fine fruit that your soul desired

20:4 I saw the souls of those executed

God has soul

Matthew

12:18 my beloved, whom my soul approvedHebrews

10:38 my soul has no pleasure in him

Soul delivered from Hades (Sheol, '''hell'')

Acts

2:27 you will not forsake my soul in Hades

Soul, a living person or creature

Acts2:41 about three thousand souls were added

2:43 fear began to fall soul

7:14 to the number of souls27:37 we souls In the boat were about two hundred

Romans13:1 let every soul be in subjection to the

1 Corinthians

15:45 the first man Adam became a living soul



1 Peter

3:20 a few people, that is, eight souls, were2 Peter

2:14 they entice unsteady souls

Soul distinguished from spirit

1 Thessalonians5:23 may the spirit and soul and body of you

Hebrews

4:12 even to the dividing of the soul and spirit

Very Truly Yours,

soul: bible, translation and response

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