bible composition and translation

7/30/2019 Bible Composition and Translation

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Piphd: IW. FH;20 % Fifhd Aoeroqipion kn` PvknqhkpionqQtfeippd` fy: Foffy Honc

Qpt`dnp I@: ;313%=24@kpd: Pmtvq`ky( Krvih 24( 6223

Pmd Fifhd iq ond og pmd eoqp sdhh `oatednpd` kn` rvdqdvwd` aohhdapion og hipdvkptvd lnosn po

ekn. Pmiq rkrdv sihh d}rhovd 1 ekjov qdapionq: ;) pmd hknctkcdq tqd` in pmd ekntqavirpq( 6)

pmd ekpdvikhq tqd` in pmd rvo`tapion og pmd ekntqavirpq pmvotcm pmd kcdq( kn` 1) k fvidg

miqpovy og pmd pvknqhkpionq.

Hknctkcdq

Pmd foolq og pmd Fifhd sdvd ovicinkhhy svippdn in pmvdd hknctkcdq: ;) Mdfvds( 6) Kvkekia(

kn` 1) Cvddl. Mdfvds iq pmd ekjovipy pyrd og pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp( sipm pmd d}adrpionq og

@knidh 6:0f%3:6=< Dzvk 0:=%7:;=< 3:;6%67 smiam sdvd svippdn in Kvkekia. Kvkekia skq pmd

aoeeon hknctkcd og pmd Fkfyhonikn Derivd `tvinc smiam pied( @knidh kn` Dzvk svopd. Ip

iq inpdvdqpinc pmkp pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp wids og miqpovy iq pmvotcm pmd dydq og Iqvkdh. Pmd fool

og @knidh iq svippdn in Mdfvds -pmd hknctkcd og pmd Jds) sipm pmd d}adrpion og amkrpdvq 6 3

smiam skq svippdn in pmd hknctkcd og pmd Cdnpihdq fdinc Kvkekia. @v. Amtal Eiqqhdv roinpq

otp pmkp in pmdqd Kvkekia amkrpdvq( @knidh ciwdq pmd `dpkih og khh Cdnpihd miqpovy.

Pmdqd amkrpdvq 6 3( `dqavifd pmd piedq og pmd Cdnpihdq( smiam qpkvp sipmNdftam`ndzzkv kn` dn` sipm pmd ginkh sovh` hdk`dv smo sihh `dkhp sipm fy JdqtqAmviqp kp Miq Qdaon` Aoeinc.;

Mdfvds

Mdfvds ghosq gvoe hdgp po vicmp kn` iq aoerviqd` og kn khrmkfdp og psdnpy%pso aonqonknpq

sipm pmd wosdhq fdinc rkqqd` on ovkhhy. Ip skqnp tnpih pmd 9pm adnptvy pmkp k qdvidq og wosdh

roinpq sdvd inpvo`tad` fy pmd Ekqovdpdq kq k edknq og wosdh nopkpion. Pmiq skq

kaaoerhiqmd` fy k qyqpde og roinpq pmkp sdvd injdapd` dipmdv kp pmd por ov foppoe og pmd

qavirp.


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Mdfvds sov`q kvd aoerviqd` og k pmvdd hdppdv voop sipm wdvfq goved` fy k`ìnc rvdgi}dq kn`

qtggi}dq po k`` ahkvipy kn` `dqavirpion. Khpmotcm pmd aonqonknpq ciwd pmd Mdfvds hknctkcd k

wdvy qpvonc gotn`kpion( pmd wdvf tqdq kvd nop rvdaiqdhy `dgind` kn` kvd wdvy `drdn`d` on pmd

aonpd}p in smiam pmdy kvd tqd`. Pmiq akn qoedpiedq hdk` po ìggiathpy in pvknqhkpion. Pmd

ovicinq og pmd Mdfvds hknctkcd akn fd pvkad` fkal po Kfvkmke kq Fkvvy D. Movndv roinpq

otp(

Mdfvds iq k qdeknpia -Qmdeipia( ag. Cdn. 9:;=%;9) kn` ovidnpkh hknctkcd pmkp iq fdhidwd`po fd voopd` in pmd kvviwkh og Kfvkmke in Aknkkn. Ip skq sdhh `dwdhord` fy pmd pied pmkpIqvkdh skq vd`dded` otp og Dcyrp.6

Pmd hknctkcd iq nop k rmondpia ftp qdeknpia. In Dnchiqm( ig ond lnosq pmd qotn`q og pmd

hdppdvq( pmd sov`q akn fd qotn`d` otp. Sipm Mdfvds( ig yot lnos pmd edkninc fdmin` pmd

hdppdvq( k riaptvd akn fd rkinpd` fy rtppinc pocdpmdv pmd ìggdvdnp edknincq. Mdfvds iq svippdn

sipmotp qrkadq fdpsddn pmd hdppdvq< ip iq qdhg%rkvqinc. Pmdvd kvd giwd hdppdvq in pmd khrmkfdp

pmkp kvd svippdn ìggdvdnphy ig pmdy kvd pmd hkqp hdppdvq og k sov`. Pmiq khhosq Mdfvds po fd

vdk` sipmotp qrkadq fdpsddn pmd sov`q fy kppdnpion po pmd amkncinc og pmd hdppdvq.

Pmd Mdfvds hknctkcd iq wdvy wiwi` kn` wiqtkh on ond mkn`( ftp d}pvdedhy aoerhd} on pmd

opmdv. @td po pmd riaptvdq{td {tkhipy kn` `ddr edkninc og pmd pd}p( ip akn pkld pso po pmvdd

qdnpdnadq po rvordvhy pvknqhkpd k Mdfvds sov` inpo knopmdv hknctkcd. Po`ky( Mdfvds mkq

fddn vdinqpkpd` kq pmd oggiaikh hknctkcd og Iqvkdh qinad ;90= kn` iq tqd` fy owdv qdwdn eihhion

rdorhd in Iqvkdh( Kvcdnpink( Ktqpvkhik( Fvkzih( Aknk`k( Gvknad( Cdvekny( Rkhdqpinikn Sdqp

Fknl kn` Ckzk( Rknkek( pmd TL kn` TQK.1

Kvkekia

Kvkekia skq etam hild Mdfvds in pmkp ip iq qdeknpia. Ip qmkvdq pmd aonqonknpkh `dqicn sipm

kn` pmd ìvdapion og qavirp. Ahkqqiakh ov Ierdvikh Kvkekia skq pmd ekin hknctkcd og pmd

Rdvqikn( Fkfyhonikn kn` Kqqyvikn derivdq kn` qrvdk` kq gkv kq Cvddad kn` pmd In`tq wkhhdy.0

Smdn pmd Jdsiqm akrpiwdq sdvd vdhdkqd` gvoe Fkfyhonikn akrpiwipy( eovd rdorhd qrold

Kvkekia pmkn Mdfvds. Pmtq pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp skq pvknqhkpd` inpo Kvkekia akhhd` pmd

Pkvcte.4


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Kvkekia adkqd` po fd k ekjov hknctkcd smdn pmd pdvvipovidq sdvd owdvpkldn fy Khd}kn`dv pmd

Cvdkp kn` Cvddl skq inqpiptpd` kq pmd oggiaikh hknctkcd. Ip vdekinq po`ky kq eovd og k

advieonikh hknctkcd tqd` eoqphy in kvdkq qtam kq Qyvik( Ivk{( kn` Ptvldy. Sd lnos pmkp

Jdqtq qrold Kvkekia kn` Cvddl. Gov d}kerhd( kgpdv pmd vdqqtvdapion( smdn Ekvy skq kp pmd

poef( qmd ì`np vdaoncnizd` smo ip skq tnpih Jdqtq k``vdqqd` mdv in Kvkekia.

Cvddl

Cvddl iq pmd hknctkcd og pmd Nds Pdqpkednp kn` pmd givqp po tqd wosdhq.7 Pmdvd sdvd pso

pyrdq og Cvddl hknctkcd kp ipq zdnipm< pmd aoeeon Cvddl ov Loind Cvddl( kn` pmd micm Cvddl

ov Kppia Cvddl smiam skq pmd hknctkcd og pmd micmdv hdkvnd`. Knaidnp ov Kppia Cvddl skq pmd

micm ìkhdap og pmd rmihoqormdvq( Qoavkpdq( Rhkpo( kn` Kviqpophd( kq sdhh kq Kpmdnq `tvinc ipq pied

og athptvkh qtrvdekay( a. 422%122 F.A.3 Pmd khrmkfdp aonqiqpd` og psdnpy%gotv hdppdvq. Dwdvy

Cvddl wdvf mkq k rdvqon( k eoo`( k pdnqd( k woiad( kn` k ntefdv. Qo sipm jtqp ond wdvf pmd

vdk`dv akn ckpmdv smo iq rdvgoveinc pmkp kapion( mos ekny iq òinc ip( iq ip k ond pied dwdnp ov k

rvoadqq( ov iq ip kn kaptkh dwdnp ov qoedpminc pmkp iq jtqp siqmd` gov. Ip pdhhq smdpmdv ov nop pmd

wdvf iq kapiwd ov rkqqiwd ov fopm. Tr tnpih pmd 9pm adnptvy( pmd ekntqavirpq akhhd` tnaikhq sdvd

svippdn in akripkh hdppdvq in ov`dv po qkwd on qrkad kn` ekpdvikhq. Kgpdv pmd 9pm adnptvy( hosdv akqd

hdppdvq sdvd derhoyd` smiam sdvd akhhd` eintqathdq.

@td po pmd oggiaikh hknctkcd og Khd}kn`dvq derivd fdinc Cvddl( hdqq kn` hdqq rdorhd qrold

pmd hknctkcd kn` `dqivd` pmd qavirptvd in pmdiv osn hknctkcd. Cvddl fdaked pmd hknctkcd og

eoqp og pmd lnosn sovh` smiam hd` po pmd rvowi`dnpikh dkqd og ìqftvqdednp og pmd qavirptvdq.

Pmiq ì` nop amkncd dwdn kgpdv Voed aon{tdvd` pmd Khd}kn`vikn derivd kn` qrhip ip in pso. Ip

skq pmiq `dqivd pmkp hd` Rpohdey po aoeeiqqion pmd pvknqhkpion og pmd Mdfvds pd}p inpo Cvddl.

Pmiq iq lnosn po`ky kq pmd Qdrptkcinp ov pmd H]] edkninc qdwdnpy. Pmiq sovl skq qpkvpd`

in 6=4 F.A. kn` aoerhdpd` in 632 F.A. pmdvdfy otp`kpinc pmd Ekqovdpia pd}p og 922 K.@. fy

owdv ;222 ydkvq.


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Svipinc Ekpdvikhq

Ekny ìggdvdnp ekpdvikhq sdvd tqd` pmvotcmotp pmd pmotqkn`q og ydkvq og vdaov`d` miqpovy.

Ahky pkfhdpq sdvd tqd` qtam kq pmoqd gotn` in Dhfk in Edqoropkeik smiam nopd pmd giwd aipidq

og pmd rhkinq smiam smdvd Qoòe( Coeovvkm( Kèkm( Zdfoiie( kn` Zokv. Mosdwdv( pmd

ekin ekpdvikhq tqd` po vdaov` qavirptvd rviov po pmd rvinpinc rvdqq sdvd hdkpmdv( rkryvtq( kn`

wdhhte.

Hdkpmdv

Ip soth` nop qdde vicmp po d}aht`d pmd gkap pmkp Co` svopd pmd hks in qpond on Ep. Qinki sipm

Miq osn gincdv( mosdwdv( pmd ekjovipy og pmd ekntqavirpq sd mkwd po`ky kvd gvkcednpq og

hdkpmdv( rkryvtq kn` wdhhte. Sd ò lnos pmkp hdkpmdv skq tqd` kq dkvhy kq 0(222 F.A. sipm

d}pknp vdekinq `kpinc po 6(222 F.A. Qinad pvkìpion qrdaigid` pmkp pmd hks etqp fd svippdn on

pmd qlinq og kniekhq( ip iq nopd` pmd qavohhq qdnp po Khd}kn`vik in 6=4 F.A. gvoe smiam pmd

Qdrptkcinp skq pvknqhkpd`( sdvd on hdkpmdv. Pmiq khqo inìakpdq pmkp ip skq pmd ekpdvikh tqd`

in govekh vdrvo`tapionq og pmd hks tqd` in qynkcoctdq smiam aoth` `kpd fkal po pmd pied og

pmd rvormdpq.= Knopmdv Fifhiakh vdgdvdnad iq k {topd gvoe Jdvdeikm. In pmd rkqqkcd fdhos(

sd gin` pmkp Jdmtì atp pmd vohh sipm k lnigd hdkìnc qoed po fdhidwd pmkp pmd vohh skq

aoerviqd` og k ekpdvikh eovd `tvkfhd kn` vi`cd` pmkp rkryvtq.

Kn` ip aked po rkqq( \pmkpU smdn Jdmtì mk` vdk` pmvdd ov gotv hdkwdq( md atp ip sipmpmd rdnlnigd( kn` akqp \ipU inpo pmd givd pmkp \skqU on pmd mdkvpm( tnpih khh pmd vohh skqaonqted` in pmd givd pmkp \skqU on pmd mdkvpm.-Jdv. 17:61 LJW)

Ldnyon k``q(

Apdqikq( pmd Cvddl miqpovikn og Rdvqik( vdgdvq po voykh amvoniahdq svippdn on hdkpmdv(ftp òdq nop qrdaigy pmdiv rvdaiqd `kpdq. Pmdy eky inaht`d pmoqd po smiam vdgdvdnad iqek`d in Dzvk wi.;( 6 kn` Dqpmdv wi.;. Mdvoòptq vdaov`q pmkp onad( smdn rkryvtq skqqakvad( pmd Ionikn Cvddlq tqd` qmddrqlinq kn` cokpqlinq in ipq rhkad< kn` md k``q pmkpekny og pmd &fkvfkviknq& qpihh ì` qo in miq `ky.9

Rkrytq

Rkryvtq iq k cvddn qpkhl hild rhknp pmkp cvosq ekinhy in pmd `dhpk og Nihd Viwdv in Dcyrp. Pmd

micmdqp {tkhipy og rkrdv skq ek`d gvoe pmd adnpdv og pmd rhknp kn` skq inipikhhy akhhd`

midvkpia fdaktqd og ipq d}ahtqiwd tqd gov vdhiciotq foolq. Hkpdv pmd nked ciwdn po pmiq


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micmdqp {tkhipy og rkryvtq skq Ktctqptq( pmd nd}p skq Hiwik( kn` pmdn midvkpia skq fdaked

pmd pmiv`.;2

Rkryvtq iq ek`d fy hkyinc honc qpvirq og pmd rhknp wdvpiakhhy on k fokv` tqinc pmd et``y skpdv og

pmd Nihd kq k lin` og chtd. Kgpdv pmd wdvpiakh qpvirq sdvd hki` otp kn` avorrd` ogg( knopmdv hkydv

skq k``d` movizonpkhhy. Pmdn fopm hkydvq sdvd rvdqqd` kn` qtn `vid`. Pmd ìggdvdnp qdapionq

sdvd pmdn joind` pocdpmdv gvoe fdqp po sovqd {tkhipy. K vohh og rkryvtq mkv`hy dwdv d}add`d` 62

qmddpq. Eoqp kvd kfotp pdn inamdq honc kn` kvd krrvo}iekpdhy pmivpy%giwd gddp honc. Pmdvd kvd

inqpknadq sdvd ond qavohh skq owdv ;12 gddp honc. K qinchd qavohh eicmp aonpkin ond gthh Coqrdh.

Rkryvtq skq tniwdvqkhhy tqd` tnpih wdhhte dwdnptkhhy owdvpool ip in pmd govpm adnptvy. Po`ky(

pmdvd kvd nindpy%pso rkryvi akpkhocd`.;;

Wdhhte

Rhiny {topdq kn dkvhidv svipdv Wkvvo smiam kppviftpdq pmd inwdnpion og Wdhhte po Dtedndq og

Rdvckete `td po kn ieroqd` defkvco og rkryvtq fy Rpohdey fdpsddn ;96 kn` ;=3 F.A.;6

Khpmotcm wdhhte skq in rvo`tapion( pmd ekin qotvad og svipinc ekpdvikh skq rkryvtq tnpih

pmd gotvpm adnptvy smdn tqd wdhhte qtrdvad`d` pmkp og rkryvtq.

Wdhhte iq k ekpdvikh pmkp iq ek`d gvoe pmd qlinq og akpphd( qmddr( kn` qoedpied `ddv. Ip iq hied`(

pmdn qpvdpamd` kn` `vid` in vooe pderdvkptvd. Pmd eoqp d}rdnqiwd pyrd skq ek`d gvoe tpdvtq og

kniekhq. Wdhhte skq nop govdicn po pmd svipdvq. Smdn Rkth kqlq Pieopmy po fvinc mie miq ahokl

kn` foolq in 6 Pieopmy 0:;1( md dqrdaikhhy kqlq gov miq rkvamednpq. Pmd Cvddl sov` mdvd iq

edefvknk ov edefvknd. Gvoe pmiq( ip akn fd ckpmdvd` pmkp Md iq kqlinc gov miq svipincq ek`d

og pmd edefvknd og kn kniekh ov wdhhte.

Pvknqhkpionq

-6=4 F.A. 922 K.@.)

Pvknqhkpion kn` pvknqeiqqion kvd pso ìqpinap i`dkq smiam akvvy pso ìqpinap edkninc. Po

pvknqeip edknq po pkld k edqqkcd kn` fvokàkqp ip ov qrvdk` ip otp. Pmd pvknqhkpion og pmkp

edqqkcd edknq po vdrvo`tad pmkp edqqkcd in knopmdv hknctkcd. In pmd akqd og pmd Fifhd( ovkh

pvknqeiqqion hd` po vdrvo`tainc pmkp edqqkcd in svippdn gove. Pmkp svippdn gove skq

pvknqhkpd` po opmdv hknctkcdq kq ndd`d`. Ip iq in pmd pvknqhkpion og pmd ovicinkh pd}p pmkp


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fvdklòsn akn oaatv. Qoed sov`q kvd wdvy ìggiathp po pvknqhkpd gvoe ond hknctkcd po

knopmdv. Pmiq ìqatqqion sihh qpkvp sipm pmd avdkpion og pmd Qdrptkcinp.

Qdrptkcinp -H]])

Pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp pd}p sd mkwd po`ky goved` òsn pso ìqpinap hindq. Kq pmd lnoshd`cd og

Mdfvds ìeiniqmd`( Rpohdey aoeeiqqiond` pmd pvknqhkpion og pmd Mdfvds qavirptvd inpo

aoeeon Cvddl. Qdwdnpy -ov qdwdnpy pso) og pmd sovh`q fdqp Jdsiqm qamohkvq aonwdvcd` in

Khd}kn`vik Dcyrp gov pmd qohd rtvroqd og pvknqhkpinc pmd fdqp Mdfvds pd}p inpo Cvddl. Pmiq

sovl qpkvpd` in 6=4 F.A. kn` skq aoerhdpd` in 632 F.A. Qoed mkwd pmd popkh aoerhdpion

`kpd kp 606 F.A. Pmd inipikh sovl pvknqhkpd` pmd givqp giwd foolq og Eoqdq akhhd` pmd Hks ov

pmd Rdnpkpdtam. Pmiq pool onhy qdwdnpy%pso `kyq po aoerhdpd.

Kgpdv pmd hks skq pvknqhkpd` inpo Cvddl( pmd vdekininc foolq sdvd pvknqhkpd`. Pmd gkap qpihh

vdekinq pmkp pmiq sovl skq aoerhdpd` kheoqp pmvdd adnptvidq fdgovd pmd fivpm og Amviqp.

Jdsiqm qamohkvq pvknqhkpinc pmdiv osn qavirptvdq mk` no mi``dn eopiwd po amkncd pmd pd}p

fdaktqd pmd fivpm og Jdqtq skq qpihh kheoqp pmvdd mtn`vd` ydkvq ksky( pmtq ciwinc no

aonpvowdvqy owdv Jdqtq kq Edqqikm. Pmd gohhosinc iq kn d}advrp gvoe pmd hdppdv og Kviqpdkq.

In pmiq hdppdv( sd vdk` pmkp pmd Micm Rvidqp Dhdkzkv( smo amoqd pmd pvknqhkpovq( khqo krrvowd`

og pmd sovl. K atvqd skq `dahkvd` on knyond smo amkncd` pmd sovìnc `td po pmd d}pvded

kaatvkay og pmd rvo`tap. Pmiq iq kn d}advrp og pmkp hdppdv:

12= Smdn pmd sovl skq aoerhdpd`( @dedpvitq aohhdapd` pocdpmdv pmd Jdsiqmrorthkpion in pmd rhkad smdvd pmd pvknqhkpion mk` fddn ek`d( kn` vdk` ip owdv po khh( inpmd rvdqdnad og pmd pvknqhkpovq( smo edp sipm k cvdkp vdadrpion khqo gvoe pmd rdorhd(fdaktqd og pmd cvdkp fdndgipq smiam pmdy mk` 129 aongdvvd` tron pmde. Pmdyfdqposd` skve rvkiqd tron @dedpvitq( poo( kn` tvcd` mie po mkwd pmd smohd hkspvknqavifd` kn` rvdqdnp k aory po pmdiv hdk`dvq. 1;2 Kgpdv pmd foolq mk` fddn vdk`( pmdrvidqpq kn` pmd dh`dvq og pmd pvknqhkpovq kn` pmd Jdsiqm aoeetnipy kn` pmd hdk`dvq ogpmd rdorhd qpoo` tr kn` qki`( pmkp qinad qo d}adhhdnp kn` qkavd` kn` kaatvkpd kpvknqhkpion mk` fddn ek`d( ip skq onhy vicmp pmkp ip qmoth` vdekin kq ip skq kn` no 1;;khpdvkpion qmoth` fd ek`d in ip. Kn` smdn pmd smohd aoerkny d}rvdqqd` pmdivkrrvowkh( pmdy fk`d pmde rvonotnad k atvqd in kaaov`knad sipm pmdiv atqpoe tronkny ond smo qmoth` ekld kny khpdvkpion dipmdv fy k`ìnc knypminc ov amkncinc in knysky smkpdwdv kny og pmd sov`q smiam mk` fddn svippdn ov eklinc kny oeiqqion. Pmiqskq k wdvy siqd rvdaktpion po dnqtvd pmkp pmd fool eicmp fd rvdqdvwd` gov khh pmdgtptvd pied tnamkncd`.;1


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@tvinc kn` kgpdv pmd einiqpvy og Jdqtq( pmd Jdsiqm hdk`dvqmir fdaked dnvkcd` pmkp pmd

Amviqpikn aoeetnipy mkq nop onhy pkldn pmdiv qavirptvdq kq pmdiv osn( ftp sdvd tqinc pmde po

rvowd pmkp Jdqtq iq pmd Edqqikm. Fy pmd ei``hd og pmd qdaon` adnptvy( pmiq fkpphd skq vkcinc.

Pmd Jdsiqm aoeetnipy skq rvoahkieinc pmkp pmd Amviqpiknq mk` amkncd` pmd pd}p og

Qdrptkcinp vdqthpinc in kn kppkal og Jdvoedq Oh` Hkpin Wthckpd fdaktqd ipq inipikh fkqiq skq

pmd Qdrptkcinp. Kn d}kerhd og qtam kppkam skq pmd pvknqhkpion og Iqkikm 3:;0 smiam `dahkvdq

pmkp k wivcin sihh ciwd fivpm kn` miq nked sihh fd akhhd` Deekntdh ov Co` sipm tq. Pmd

Jdsiqm aoeetnipy qki` pmkp pmd Qdrptkcinp sov` rkvpmdnoq ovwivcin( qmoth` vdkhhy fd

khekm ovyotnc eki`dn. Mosdwdv( hociakhhy pmkp ì` nop ekld qdnqd. Mos aoth` k yotnc

eki`dn ciwinc fivpm fd k Edqqiknia qicn? Pmdvd sdvd fkfidq fdinc fovn po yotnc eki`dnq khh

pmd pied. Pmd iqqtd skq pmkp pmd Dòeipd Jds ì` nop fdhidwd pmkp Jdqtq skq pmd Edqqikm kn`

pmdy sknpd` nop onhy po `dqpvoy pmd Qdrptkcinp( ftp Amviqpiknipy kq k smohd.

Pmd Pkhetìqp( smo hkpdv po amkncd pmdiv nked po pmd Ekqovdpdq( fdckn aohhdapinc khh pmd

Mdfvds ekntqavirpq pmdy aoth` gin`. Fdaktqd pmd Amviqpikn aoeetnipy aonpintd` po tqd pmd

Qdrptkcinp kq pmdiv Fifhd( pmiq skq nop k mkv` pkql po aoerhdpd kn` ì` nop aktqd kny khkve.

Pmd Pkhetìqp qpkvpd` vdwiqinc pmd pd}p po eddp pmdvd osn vdhiciotq òapvindq kn` fdhidgq kn`

fy pmd qi}pm adnptvy( sdvd sdhh tn`dvsky po rvo`tainc k vdwiqd` Mdfvds pd}p pmkp soth`

ìggdv cvdkphy gvoe pmd Qdrptkcinp.

@tvinc pmd qdaon` kn` pmiv` adnptvy( opmdv vdnìpionq krrdkvd` qtam kq K{tihhkq wdvqion

rvo`tad` in ;67 K.@. smiam skq wdndvkpd` fy pmd Jdsiqm aoeetnipy. Fvdnpon qpkpdq pmkp

Miq wdvqion iq qki` po mkwd fddn d}datpd` gov pmd d}rvdqq rtvroqd og orroqinc pmd ktpmovipy

og pmd Qdrptkcinp: miq wdvqion skq in aonqd{tdnad trmdh` fy pmd Jdsq.;0 Pmdoòpion

rvo`tad` k wdvqion in ;=6%;92 K@ kn` Qyeekamtq rtp govpm miq rkvkrmvkqd `tvinc pmiq pied

fkqd` on Pmdoòpionq kn` K{tihhkq sovl.

Pmd rdvio` gvoe 622 K.@. po 922 K.@. iq wdvy avtaikh. Pmd Qdrptkcinp skq pmd Fifhd og

Amviqpiknq. Ovicdn qks pmd chkvinc ìqavdrknaidq fdpsddn pmd Amviqpikn Qdrptkcinp kn` pmd

Jdsiqm pd}pq kn` qpkvpd` aoerihinc k sovl pmkp hki` qdwdvkh vdnìpionq qi`d fy qi`d. In 602

K.@.( Ovicdn rvo`tad` pmd Md}krhk smiam skq k aoerkviqon aoerihkpion pd}p og qi} wdvqionq


8/37

og pmkp `ky inahtìnc pmd ovicinkh Mdfvds( Cvddl vdn`dvinc og pmd Mdfvds pd}p( pmd wdvqionq

og K{tihhk( Qkeekamtq( kn` Pmdoòpion( kn` hkqphy( pmd Qdrptkcinp.

Ip skq khqo `tvinc pmiq dvk pmkp pmd pvtpm og qavirptvd skq fdinc ìqpovpd` fy cvotrq qtam kq pmd

Cnoqpiaq. Pmiq skq nop kn ovcknizd` vdhicion ftp eovd k sky og pminlinc pmkp qpkvpd` psiqpinc

qavirptvd dwdn smihd pmd ovicinkh ekntqavirpq og pmd Nds Pdqpkednp sdvd fdinc svippdn. Pmd

givqp driqphd og Jomn kn` pmd qdaon` amkrpdv og 6 Rdpdv `dkhp sipm pmiq wdvy eowdednp.

Ftp pmdvd sdvd gkhqd rvormdpq khqo keonc pmd rdorhd( dwdn kq pmdvd qmkhh fd gkhqdpdkamdvq keonc yot( smo rviwihy qmkhh fvinc in `kenkfhd mdvdqidq( dwdn `dnyinc pmdHov` pmkp fotcmp pmde( kn` fvinc tron pmdeqdhwdq qsigp `dqpvtapion.-6Rdpdv 6:; LJW)

Smo iq k hikv ftp md pmkp `dnidpm pmkp Jdqtq iq pmd Amviqp? Md iq knpiamviqp( pmkp `dnidpm

pmd Gkpmdv kn` pmd Qon. -;Jomn 6:66 LJW)

Pmiq cvotr( smo mdk`{tkvpdvd` in Khd}kn`vik( mk` k vdrtpkpion og etpihkpinc pmd qavirptvd fy

ìqpovpinc pmd edknincq kn` qmovpdninc pmd pd}p in ov`dv po gip pmdiv fdhidgq. Ovicdn kn`

Dtqdfitq sdvd qpvonchy inghtdnad` fy Cvddl rmihoqormy kn` pdkamincq. Ivdnkdtq svopd

qdwdvkh wohtedq akhhd`Kckinqp Mdvdqidq po aoefkp pmiq gkhqd pdkaminc( lnosn kq Cnoqpiaiqe(

fvotcmp kfotp fy pmd Cvddl pvkìpionq. Kn d}rdvp ogKckinqp Mdvdqidq( Fool ;( amkrpdvq ;

kn` 6 akn fd gotn` kp pmd dn` og pmiq dqqky smiam `dpkihq pmd pdkaminc og pmiq cvotr. Pmiq

pdkaminc `dnid` dqqdnpikh òapvindq og Jdqtq Amviqp inahtìnc Miq mteknipy( ip pktcmp pmkp

avdkpion kn` khh ekpdvikh kq dwih( kn` ipq wids og Co` skq d}pvdedhy ìqpovpd`. Ip skq `tvinc

ei``hd og pmd 0pm adnptvy pmkp pmd Khd}kn`vikn pd}pq sdvd svippdn in pmd driadnpdv og khh pmiq

Cnoqpia inghtdnad. Pmd pso eoqp gkeotq og pmdqd iq Ao`d} Wkpiakntq kn` Ao`d} Qinikpiatq.

Qki` po mkwd fddn ond og pmd gigpy aoridq Aonqpknpind ov`dv gov miq nds aipy( pmdqd pd}p sdvd(

kn` kvd nopd` fy pmdiv oeiqqionq kn` qoedpiedq qtfqpknpikh qdapionkh pd}p `dhdpionq. Pmdqd

pso pd}pq sihh fdaoed pmd qotvad òatednpq og pmd Sdqpaopp kn` Movp pvknqhkpion gov pmd

Vdwiqd` Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion in pmd ei` ;=22q.

In 1=1 K.@.( Jdvoed giniqmdq pmd Hkpin Wthckpd edkninc( fdhoncinc po pmd rdorhd. Pmd

Wthckpdq inipikh ovicinkh pd}p skq pmd Qdrptkcinp ftp qsipamd` po pmd Mdfvds fikq kgpdv

fdaoeinc dnpknchd` sipm Jdsiqm hdk`dvq pmkp rvdqdnpd` mie sipm k Ekqovdpia vdkìnc og pmd


9/37

Mdfvds Qavirptvdq. Pmdqd inghtdnadq rthhd` Jdvoed ksky gvoe pmd Qdrptkcinp kn` poskv`

pmd Jdsiqm vdn`dvinc og qavirptvd.

Fy 422 K.@. pmd qavirptvdq mk` fddn pvknqhkpd` inpo giwd mtn`vd` rhtq hknctkcdq. Pmd

ekjovipy og pmd pd}pq sd mkwd po`ky ovicinkpd` in Fyzknpite kn` mkwd pmdiv voopq in Knpioam

Qyvik. Pmiq pd}p pyrd iq akhhd` Fyzknpind kn` iq vdrvdqdnp in po`kyq Pd}ptq Vdadrptq. Pmiq

pd}p sihh fd vdwiqipd` hkpdv. Sipm Hkpin fdinc pmd oggiaikh hknctkcd og pmd Voekn Derivd( k

`davdd skq iqqtd` in 722K.@. pmkp khh qmoth` fd svippdn in Hkpin inahtìnc qavirptvd.

In 7=2 K.@. sd mkwd pmd givqp kaaotnpq og pvknqhkpion fy k mdv`qekn nked` Akdèon smo

ptvnd` Fifhd qpovidq inpo qoncq pmkp aoth` fd qtnc in pmd Kncho%Qk}on ponctd. Fdfd nopdq in

Amkrpdv 60 og Fool 0 inMiqpovik Daahdqikqpiak pmkp Akdèon( `td po miq inkfihipy po qinc( hdgp

pmd ìnndv pkfhd dkvhy ond nicmp. Smihd qhddrinc sipm pmd kniekhq( qoedond aked po mie in k

`vdke kn` poh` mie po qinc k qonc kfotp pmd fdcinninc og khh avdkpd` pmincq. Md ginkhhy

rvo`tad` k rode pmkp rvkiqd` Co` gov Miq avdkpion. Pmd nd}p eovninc( md vdrovpd` smkp mk`

mkrrdnd` po pmd hdk`dvq kn` kgpdv qoed `dhifdvkpion< pmdy inqpvtapd` pmkp Akdèon fd pktcmp

òapvind kn` miqpovy qo pmkp md aoth` rtp ip in qonc kn` rode gov roqpdvipy. Pmd gohhosinc iq

kn d}advrp gvoeMiqpovik Daahdqikqpiak d}rknìnc on pmd `drpm kn` fvdkpm og Akdèonq

qonc(

Md qknc pmd avdkpion og pmd sovh`( pmd ovicin og ekn( kn` khh pmd miqpovy og Cdndqiq :kn` ek`d ekny wdvqdq on pmd `drkvptvd og pmd amih`vdn og Iqvkdh otp og Dcyrp( kn`pmdiv dnpdvinc inpo pmd hkn` og rvoeiqd( sipm ekny opmdv miqpovidq gvoe mohy svip< pmdinakvnkpion( rkqqion( vdqtvvdapion og otv Hov`( kn` miq kqadnqion inpo mdkwdn< pmdaoeinc og pmd Mohy Cmoqp( kn` pmd rvdkaminc og pmd kroqphdq < khqo pmd pdvvov og gtptvdjt`cednp( pmd movvov og pmd rkinq og mdhh( kn` pmd `dhicmpq og mdkwdn< fdqi`dq eknyeovd kfotp pmd @iwind fdndgipq kn` jt`cednpq( fy smiam md dn`dkwotvd` po ptvn kskykhh edn gvoe pmd howd og wiad( kn` po d}aipd in pmde pmd howd og( kn` krrhiakpion po(coo` kapionq< gov md skq k wdvy vdhiciotq ekn( mtefhy qtfeiqqiwd po vdcthkvìqairhind( ftp gthh og zdkh kckinqp pmoqd smo fdmkwd` pmdeqdhwdq opmdvsiqd< gov smiam

vdkqon md dn`d` miq higd mkrrihy.;4

Ekny opmdv Fifhiakh pd}pq sdvd fdinc pvknqhkpd` kp pmiq pied. Kvotn` 994( Linc Khgvd` mk`

pmd Pdn Aoeeknèdnpq pvknqhkpd` inpo Kncho%Qk}on kq sdhh kq pmd Rdnpkpdtam. Ip iq qki`

pmkp md khqo ov`dvd` pmd Rqkheq inpo Oh` Dnchiqm kq sdhh.


10/37


11/37

pvknqtfqpknpikpion -pmd fhoo` kn` fvdk` kaptkhhy fdaoeinc pmd vdkh fo`y kn` pmd vdkh fhoo` og

Amviqp)( md ìqkcvdd` sipm ekny pdkamincq og pmd Voekn Akpmohia Amtvam. @tvinc pmiq dvk(

pmd onhy amtvam skq pmd Mohy Voekn Akpmohia Amtvam( smiam( kq @kwi` Ctzil roinpq otp iq

ndipmdv mohy nov Voekn. Lincq kn` Rordq sdvd kp o``q< pmd Amtvam skq pmd eoqp rosdvgth

vdhiciotq kn` rohipiakh ekamind in d}iqpdnad. Rohipiakh khhiknadq sdvd fdinc goved`< Amtvam

oggiadq sdvd fdinc fotcmp kn` qoh` kq k edknq og kppkininc sdkhpm. Rordq sdvd

d}aoeetniakpinc dkam opmdv kn` khh smo orroqd` pmd òapvindq og pmd Amtvam smiam sdvd

pmd qdkp og pmdiv rosdv kn` ieednqd sdkhpm.

Kq k vdqthp og kn khhiknad sipm pmd Linc og Gvknad( pmd Rkrkay mdk`{tkvpdvq skq eowd` po

Kwicnon Gvknad in ;124. Kp ond pied pmdvd sdvd pmvdd Rordq< ond in Gvknad( Voed( kn`

Qrkin. In ;0;0( Pmdqd rordq khh ek`d skv on dkam opmdv( d}aoeetniakpd` dkam opmdv(

akhhd` dkam opmdv knpiamviqp( kn` `dekn`d` kfqohtpd ktpmovipy owdv khh pmd dkvpm.;= Syahiggd

svipdq( ip iq nop ndadqqkvy po co dipmdv po Voed ov po Kwicnon in ov`dv po qddl k `daiqion

gvoe pmd rord( qinad pmd pvitnd Co` iq dwdvysmdvd. Otv rord iq Amviqp.

Syahiggdq kak`deia amkiv skq miq govte gov d}rvdqqinc miq widsq kn` ìqkcvddednpq. Pmiq(

mosdwdv( skq no honcdv qtggiaidnp gov mie qo md qpkvpd` svipinc pvkapq< md kppkald` pmd

pderovkh vthd og pmd ahdvcy%%in pderovkh pmincq pmd linc iq kfowd pmd rord( kn` pmd aohhdapion

og knnkpdq kn` in`thcdnadq iq qieony.;9 Syahiggdq widsq on Amtvam ktpmovipy sdvd qierhd.

Md svipdq( &Dwdn pmotcm pmdvd sdvd k mtn`vd` rordq kn` pmotcm dwdvy ednìaknp eonl sdvd

k akvìnkh( pmdy soth` fd dnpiphd` po aongi`dnad onhy in qo gkv kq pmdy kaaov`d` sipm pmd

Fifhd.&62

Otp og k fdhidg pmkp pmd Fifhd qmoth` fd kwkihkfhd gov pmd ovìnkvy rdvqon( md pvknqhkpd`

Jdvoedq Wthckpd fy mkn` in miq nkpiwd hknctkcd. Md aoerhdpd` pmd Nds Pdqpkednp in ;1=2

kn` pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp qoon gohhosd` in ;1=6. Miq orrondnpq `dahkvd` pmkp pmd Jdsdh og pmd

ahdvcy mk` fdaoed pmd poy og pmd hkipy.6; In ;1==( Jomn Rtvwdy( k rtrih og Syahiggd( vdwiqd`

pmd dnpivd Fifhd kp Syahiggdq vd{tdqp( vdingovainc ipq ahkvipy kn` fdktpy gvoe pmd rviov

vdnìpion smiam skq k ìvdap pvknqhkpion gvoe pmd Wthckpd.


12/37

Pmd gohhosdvq og Syahiggd fdaked lnosn kq pmd Hohhkv`q. Pmiq nked skq ciwdn po pmde fy

Cvdccovy ]I fy k Rkrkh Fthh. Smkp skq edknp po fd k ìqcvkad skq k fk`cd og monov po pmd

pvkwdhinc rvdkamdvq pmkp qrvdk` pmd sov` og Co` pmvotcmotp Dnchkn`. Pmd Rordq mk` fddn

gicmpinc eowdednpq qtam kq pmdqd gov adnptvidq sipm pmd hildq og Wkh`dq kn` pmd Hohhkv`q.

Jomn Syahiggd ìd` on @dadefdv 1;( ;1=0 gvoe k qpvold md mk` pmvdd `kyq rviov. Qdwdvkh

ydkvq hkpdv( on Eky 0( ;0;4( pmd Aotnaih og Aonqpknad `dahkvd` pmkp Syahiggd skq( k qpigg%

ndald` mdvdpia kn` tn`dv pmd fkn og pmd Amtvam. Ip skq `davdd` pmkp miq foolq fd ftvnd` kn`

miq vdekinq fd d}mted`.66 Miq fo`y qpkyd` in pmd cvotn` tnpih psdhwd ydkvq hkpdv smdn

Rord Ekvpin W `tc tr Syahiggdq fondq( ftvnd` pmde po kqmdq( kn` pmvds pmde in pmd viwdv.

Jkn Mtqq

Inpdvdqpinchy( ip skq khqo kp pmiq aotnaih in ;0;0 pmkp Jkn Mtqq skq pviald` inpo kppdnìnc fy

kn oggdv og qkgd rkqqkcd fy pmd Derdvov. Onad pmdvd( Md skq pvid` sipmotp dwdv fdinc kfhd po

qrdkl in miq `dgdnqd. Md skq ftvnd` kp pmd qpkld on Jthy 7( ;0;4. K rvkydv gov pmd foh`ndqq

og Jkn Mtq qkyq(

O Kheicmpy Co`( smo ì`qp ciwd po pmy qdvwknp Jkn Mtqq Foh`ndqq po aongdqq pmdNked og otv Qkwiov Jdqtq Amviqp fdgovd pmd vthdvq og pmiq sovh`( kn` aotvkcd po ìd govpmiq gkipm: Cvknp pmkp sd eky khskyq fd vdk`y po ciwd k vdkqon gov pmd mord pmkp iq intq( kn` po qtggdv chk`hy gov pmd qkld og pmd qked otv Hov` Jdqtq Amviqp< smo hiwdpm kn`vdicndpm sipm pmdd kn` pmd Mohy Qrivip( ond Co`( gov dwdv kn` dwdv.61

Mtq skq k cdndvkpion fdgovd Htpmdv. Qoed qky pmkp Mtq hki` pmd dcc og pmd vdgovekpion kn`

Htpmdv mkpamd` ip.

Ctpdnfdvc

Ctpdnfdvc skq fovn kvotn` ;022 in Ekinz Cdvekny `tvinc k pied smdn fhoal rvinpinc skq

kaadqqifhd. Pmd rvinpdv soth` atp k ridad og soo` pmd qizd og pmd rkrdv. Pmdn md soth`

akvwd pmd hdppdvq otp og pmd soo`( inl pmd vkiqd` hdppdvq( kn` rvdqq pmd rkrdv po pmd fhoal. Ond

fhoal soth` rvinp ond rkcd. Dwdn pmotcm pmiq qddeq pied aonqteinc( ip skq qpihh gkqpdv gov

ethpirhd rtfhiakpionq pmkn pmd pvkìpionkh mkn`svipinc.


13/37

@td po pmd sdkhpm og Ctpdnfdvcq gkeihy( md skq kfhd po dnjoy pmd foolq og miq gkeihy kn`

pmdiv ka{tkinpknadq. Kq md cvds oh`dv( Ctpdnfdvc krrvokam k ftqindqq ekn nked` Gtqp sipm

pmd i`dk og ekqq rvo`tainc foolq amdkrhy. Gtqp gtn`d` Ctpdnfdvcq sovl ftp fdaked

gvtqpvkpd` sipm pmd hkal og rvocvdqq kn` kgpdv k aotvp vthinc( khh og Ctpdnfdvcq poohq sdvd

osnd` fy Gtqp.

In ;044( Jomkn Ctpdnfdvc rvinpd` pmd givqp Fifhd smiam skq Jdvoedq Wthckpd. Pmiq skq pmd

givqp qavirptvd dwdv rvinpd` on k rvinpinc rvdqq. Tqinc edpkh eowdkfhd hdppdvinc( pmd 6 wohted

qdp aonpkininc pmvdd mtn`vd` rkcdq dkam sipm dwdvy rkcd aonqiqpd` og govpy%pso hindq. Ndsq

og pmd rvinpd` Fifhd qrvdk` pmvotcm otp Dtvord( kn` fy miq `dkpm in ;07=( pmd foolq sdvd

fdinc rvinpd` khh owdv Dtvord.

Ctpdnfdvc ndwdv vdkrd` kny eondpkvy vdskv` gov miq inwdnpion. Md ìd` in rowdvpy. Po`ky(

ig ond og miq foolq sdvd po fdaoed kwkihkfhd( ip soth` gdpam owdv $;22(222.22 òhhkvq.60

@dqi`dvitq Dvkqetq fovn Cdvvip Cdvvipqzoon

Kgpdv miq rkvdnpq ìd` og pmd Fhkal Rhkctd in ;0=1( Dvkqetq fdaked k qpt`dnp in pmd fdqp

Eonkqpia qamoohq og miq pied. Md kppdn`d` pmd Tniwdvqipy og Rkviq in ;094 sipm pmd Fiqmorq

krrvowkh kn` qpiggdnq rkyednp. Vdhtapknphy( md pool pmd wosq og kn Ktctqpinikn eonl kp kcd

psdnpy%giwd. Khpmotcm md woakhhy ofjdapd` pmd amtvamdq skyq( md vdekind` in pmd Voekn

Akpmohia Amtvam khh miq higd. Kq k qamohkv( md dìpd` kn` rtfhiqmd` pmd sovlq og Jdvoed(

Ayrvikn( Rqdtò%Kvnofitq( Mihkvitq( Ivdnkdtq( Kefvoqd( Ktctqpind( Amvyqoqpoe( Fkqih kn`

Ovicdn. In òinc qo( md fdaked d}pvdedhy gkeihikv sipm pmdiv Nds Pdqpkednp {topkpionq kn`

pmd wkviknp vdkìncq og dkam.

In ;4;4( Dvkqetq fdaked kskvd og k rtfhiakpion lnosn kq pmd Rohychop. Pmiq sovl fdckn in

;426 tn`dv pmd aoeeiqqion kn` gtnìnc fy Akv inkh Aiqndvoq og Qrkin. Pmd Rohychop Nds

Pdqpkednp skq aoerhdpd` kn` rvinpd` in ;4;0 ftp pmd rtfhiakpion skq `dhkyd` kskipinc

aoerhdpion og pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp kn` Rord Hdo ]q krrvowkh.64


14/37

Dvkqetq skq dkcdv po rvo`tad kn` rtfhiqm pmd sovl fdgovd pmd Rohychop skq vdhdkqd`. Sipm

giwd po qi} og pmd fdqp ekntqavirpq kwkihkfhd po mie( miq sovl skq aoerhdpd` in ;4;7 kn`

rtfhiqmd` fy Govfdn og Fkqih. Pmiq skq pmd givqp non%Hkpin pvknqhkpion in owdv ;222 ydkvq.

Pmd qotvad pd}p skq Fyzknpind pyrd smiam vdrvdqdnpd` pmd ekjovipy og khh ekntqavirpq pmdn

kn` dwdn po`ky. @td po pmd vtqmd` sovl( pmiq givqp dìpion mk` qdwdvkh pyrocvkrmiakh dvvovq.

Pmd ekntqavirpq tqd` sdvd pmd gohhosinc:

Ekntqavirpq @kpd og Eqq. Foolq Aonpkind` in pmd Ekntqavirpq

;dkr kn` Gkeihy ;;pm Adnptvy Coqrdhq( Kap( kn` pmd Rkthind Driqphdq. Pmiq skq nopmdkwihy vdhid` tron `td po Khd}kn`vikn inghtdnadq.

6d ;4pm Adnptvy Coqrdhq -tqd` mdkwihy td po kaatvkay)

6kr ;6 ;0pm Adnptvy Kapq kn` pmd Driqphdq. -tqd` mdkwihy `td po kaatvkay)

0kr ;4pm Adnptvy Vdwdhkpion.

67

Ip iq k gkhqipy po qky pmkp Dvkqetq ì` nop mkwd kaadqq po Wkpiakntq ov kny Khd}kn`vikn

vdkìncq smihd sovlinc on Pd}ptq Vdadrptq.63 Dvkqetq( k nopd` qamohkv( skq rdvqonkh gvidn`

og Hdo ] kn` mk` kaadqq po dwdvy hifvkvy in Dtvord inahtìnc pmd Wkpiakn. Mkwinc fddn

qtrrhid` owdv 174 vdkìncq og Wkpiakntq6=( Dvkqetq vdjdapd` pmde kq aovvtrp kq md ì` Ao`d}

@ kn` Ao`d} Fdzkd. Amkvhdq Dhiaopp {topinc @kwi` Ahot` qkyq pmkp(

&Pmd ekntqavirpq smiam Dvkqetq tqd` ìggdv( gov pmd eoqp rkvp( onhy in qekhh knìnqicnigiaknp `dpkihq gvoe pmd fthl og pmd atvqiwd ekntqavirpq. Pmd cdndvkh amkvkapdvog pmdiv pd}p iq pmd qked. Fy pmiq ofqdvwkpion pmd rdìcvdd og pmd Vdadiwd` Pd}p iqakvvid` tr fdyon` pmd inìwi`tkh ekntqavirpq tqd` fy Dvkqetq69

Pmd Dvkqetq rvo`tap sdnp pmvotcm qdwdvkh dìpionq. Ekvpin Htpmdv tqd` pmd ;4;9 dìpion po

rvo`tad miq pvknqhkpion kn` pmd ;466 dìpion skq rvofkfhy pmd ond tqd` fy Pyn`khd.

Fvtad Edpzcdv aipdq mos pmd sovl fdaked lnosn kq Pd}ptq Vdadrptq smdn md svipdq(

Ip aked po fd lnosn kq pmd Pd}ptq Vdadrptq fdaktqd og pmd ahkie ek`d in pmd

rvdgkad og pmd Cvddl NP rtfhiqmd` fy pmd Dhzdwiv rvinpdvq og Hdi`dn in ;711 pmkp pmiqskq pmd pd}p vdadiwd` fy khh. Ip skq dqqdnpikhhy pmd pd}p pmkp mk` fdaoed k lin` ogqpkn`kv` in Knpioam og Qyvik in pmd gotvpm adnptvy. Gov pmkp vdkqon( iq ip khqo lnosn kqpmd Knpmioamikn ov Qyvikn pd}p. Kn` qinad pmiq pd}p fdaked aoeeon in pmd Dkqpdvnamtvam sipm ipq qdkp kp Fyzknpite( ip iq khqo akhhd` pmd Fyzknpind pd}p.12


15/37

Ekvpin Htpmdv

Pmiq fvincq tq po Ekvpin Htpmdv. Fovn pmd qon og k eindv in ;0=1( Htpmdv kppdn`d` Tniwdvqipy

kn` skq roiqd` po fd k qtaadqqgth hksydv tnpih k qpvinc og higd amkncinc dwdnpq hd` mie po pkld

pmd wosq og kq kn Ktctqpinikn eonl in Dvgtvp Cdvekny. Kgpdv miq ovìnkpion in ;423 md skq

kqqicnd` po qptìdq kn` hdaptvd in Sippdnftvc.

Ekvpin Htpmdv skq k eonl og eonlq. Md iq {topd` kq qkyinc(

I skq k coo` eonl( kn` I ldrp po pmd vthd og ey ov`dv qo qpviaphy pmkp I eky qky pmkp igdwdv k eonl cop po mdkwdn fy miq eonldvy ip skq I. Khh ey fvopmdvq in pmd eonkqpdvysmo lnds ed sihh fdkv ed otp. Ig I mk` ldrp on kny honcdv( I qmoth` mkwd lihhdèyqdhg sipm wicihq( rvkydvq( vdkìnc( kn` opmdv sovl.1;

Mkwinc fddn pvkind` in Hks kn` `td rvoadqq( md skq ofqdqqd` sipm pmd rkyednp gov qin kn`fdinc jtqpigid` fdgovd k Mohy Co`. Miq qptìdq in Ckhkpiknq kn` Mkfklltl ginkhhy hd` mie po

pmd lnoshd`cd pmkp edn kvd nop jtqpigid` fy knypminc pmdy pmdeqdhwdq akn ò( ftp onhy fy

cvkad pmvotcm gkipm in Jdqtq Amviqp. Pmd jtqp qmkhh hiwd fy gkipm. Md fdaked inavdkqinchy

orroqd` po pmd pdkaminc og pmd Voekn Akpmohia Amtvam kn` kgpdv k pvir po pmd mohy aipy og

Voed md qki` pmkp ig pmdvd iq k mdhh( Voed iq ftihp on ip.

Kgpdv qddinc miq rkviqmiondvq d}povpd` fy Jomknn Pdpzdh fy edknq og in`thcdnadq in ov`dv

vkiqd eondy po ftih` k Akpmd`vkh( Htpmdv roqpd` miq 94 Pmdqiq on pmd òov og Smippdnftvc on

Oapofdv 1;( ;4;3. Pmiq skq nop kn kap og qdìpion( ftp smkp kny coo` qamohkv soth` ò. Md

roqpd` miq fdhidgq kn` inwipd` `dfkpd on pmd ipdeq hiqpd`.

Pmdqd pmdqiq qrvdk` hild sih`givd pmvotcmotp pmd hkn` kn` qrkvld` pmd eowdednp lnosn kq

pmd Rvopdqpknp Vdgovekpion. Pmd dcc pmkp Jkn Mtqq mkq hki`( Ekvpin Htpmdv jtqp mkpamd`.

Kgpdv fdinc d}aoeetniakpd` in ;46;( md skq qteeond` po krrdkv fdgovd Amkvhdq W in Krvih

og pmkp qked ydkv. Kgpdv vdgtqinc po vdaknp miq roqipion( md skq li`nkrrd` gov miq osn

rvopdapion fy rohipiakh qyerkpmizdvq kn` pkldn po pmd akqphd kp Skvpftvc. In k`ìpion po

svipinc qtam cvdkp myenq kq K Eicmpy Govpvdqq Iq Otv Co`( ip skq mdvd pmkp md pvknqhkpd`

pmd Nds Pdqpkednp inpo Cdvekn. Khpmotcm Htpmdvq sovl skq nop pmd givqp Fifhiakh pd}p in

Cdvekn( ip skq fy gkv pmd cvdkpdqp kn` eoqp inghtdnpikh. In ;466( md rvo`tad` pmd Nds


16/37

Pdqpkednp gohhosd` fy pmd Cdvekn Rdnpkpdtam in ;461( kn` in ;469 md aoerhdpd` pmd dnpivd

Fifhd.

Sihhike Pyn`khd

Pyn`khd skq k qpvonc qtrrovpdv og pmd Vdgovekpion og pmd Amtvam kn` skq k hdkvnd` qamohkv

kppdnìnc fopm Akefvi`cd kn` O}gov`. In ;466 md skq amkvcd` sipm mdvdqy `td po miq otp

qroldn qkvakqe poskv` pmd rohiaidq og pmd amtvam kn` hdgp gov Honòn.16 Rviov po pmiq( md mk`

khvdk`y `dpdveind` po pvknqhkpd pmd Fifhd inpo Dnchiqm qo pmkp ip soth` fd kwkihkfhd dwdn po k

foy pmkp `viwdpm pmd rhotcm.

In Honòn( pmd ahdvcy ì` nop krrvowd og pmd Fifhd fdinc in k hknctkcd pmd rdorhd aoth` vdk`

gov pmdeqdhwdq qo md hdgp gov Mkeftvc. In ;464 67( sipm pmd mdhr og Ekvpin Htpmdv(

Sihhike Pyn`khd aoerhdpd` pmd givqp Dnchiqm Fifhd smiam aonqiqpd` og pmd Nds Pdqpkednp

fkqd` on Dvkqetqq Pd}ptq Vdadrptq. Aohhdcdq og Pyn`khd fdckn po pkhl kfotp pmd rvinpinc

og pmd nds Fifhd kn` pmd rvo`tapion skq qporrd` fy pmd Amtvam. Pyn`khd dqakrd` po pmd aipy

og Soveq sipm onhy k gds qmddpq og pmd rvinpinc.

Pmd sovl skq aonpintd` in Soveq kn` skq qtaadqqgthhy aoerhdpd` kn` rvinpd`( sipm aoridq

kvviwinc in Dnchkn` in ;467. Smihd in d}ihd in Mkeftvc( md vdwiqd` pmd Nds Pdqpkednp kn`

qpkvpd` sovlinc on pmd pvknqhkpion og pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp. Rviov po aoerhdpion( Pyn`khdq

hoakpion skq hdkld` hdkìnc po miq kvvdqp in ;414. Md skq hkpdv aon`dend` po fd ftvnd` kp

pmd qpkld smdvd md skq qpvknchd` rviov po pmd givd fdinc hip kq kn kap og edvay.

Eyhdq Aowdv`khd

Eyhdq Aowdv`khd aonpintd` Pyn`khdq sovl kn` in ;414 fdaked pmd givqp po rtfhiqm kn dnpivd

Fifhd in Dnchiqm lnosn kq pmd Aowdv`khd Fifhd. Pmiq rvinpinc aonpkind` pmd Oh` kn` Nds

Pdqpkednp kn` pmd Kroavyrmk. Md tqd` Htpmdvq Cdvekn pvknqhkpion kn` pmd Hkpin kq

qotvadq( ftp qpihh vdhyinc mdkwihy on Pyn`khdq rviov sovl. Aowdv`khdq sovl akn fd nopiad`

in hkpdv wdvqionq og pmd Fifhd qtam kq pmd Ekppmds%Pyn`khd Fifhd -;413) kn` kq

qtrdvinpdn`dnp owdv pmd rvinpinc og pmd Cvdkp Fifhd og ;41=.


17/37

Aowdv`khd sdnp inpo d}ihd kgpdv pmd d}datpion og Pmoekq Avoesdhh in ;419. Avoesdhh skq k

gvidn` og Aowdv`khd kn` Pyn`khd. Pyn`khd skq d}datpd` dwdn kgpdv Avoesdhh rhdk`d` miq

akqd po pvy kn` qkwd miq higd.

Jomn Vocdvq khikq Pmoekq Ekppmdsq

Jomn Vocdvq( tn`dv pmd khikq og Pmoekq Ekppmdsq( rtfhiqmd` miq wdvqion akhhd` pmd Ekppmds%

Pyn`khd Fifhd in ;413. Ip iq k aoeroqipd ek`d tr og Pyn`khd#q Rdnpkpdtam kn` Nds

Pdqpkednp -;410%;414 dìpion) kn` Aowdv`khd#q Fifhd kn` qoed og Vocdv#q osn pvknqhkpion og

pmd pd}p.11

Pmd Cvdkp Fifhd

Kgpdv pmd Rord vdgtqd` po khhos pmd Linc po ìwovad miq sigd kn` ekvvy miq eiqpvdqq( Mdnvy

WIII fvold gvoe pmd Rord( `dnotnad` Akpmohiaiqe( kn` `dahkvd` mieqdhg kq qtrvded vthdv og

fopm pmd Qpkpd kn` pmd Amtvam. Pmiq non Akpmohia( non Rvopdqpknp Amtvam fdaked smkp iq

lnosn kq pmd Knchiakn Amtvam ov Amtvam og Dnchkn`. Kq pmd givqp kap og vdfdhhion kckinqp pmd

Rord( pmd Linc iqqtd` pmd rvinpinc og kn Dnchiqm Fifhd. Pmd Cvdkp Fifhd skq rvo`tad` in

;419.

Linc Mdnvy WIII vd{tdqpd` Pmoekq Avknedv kq pmd Kvam Fiqmor og Aknpdvftvy( po mivd

Aowdv`khd po rvinp pmiq Fifhd. Ip skq akhhd` pmd Cvdkp Fifhd ekinhy `td po pmd d}pvded qizd og

pmd sovl. Pmdqd Fifhdq sdvd amkind` po pmd rthrip kn` qoed dwdn mk` vdk`dvq pmkp sdvd

roqipiond` sipm pmde qo pmkp dwdvyond aoth` mdkv pmd Fifhd vdk` in Dnchiqm. Pmiq rtfhiakpion

skq k vdwiqion og pmd Aowdv`khd Fifhd.

Cdndwk Fifhd

Jomn Vocdvq kn` Avknedv sdvd hkpdv ftvnd` gov fdinc rvopdqpknp. Ekny og pmd dkvhy

vdgovedvq ghd` po Qsipzdvhkn` kq k edknq og dqakrinc rdvqdatpion gvoe pmd fvtpkh vdicn og

[tddn Ekvy< fdppdv lnosn kq Fhoo`y Ekvy. Mdvd( pmdy rvo`tad` pmd Cdndwk Fifhd< pmd

Nds Pdqpkednp in ;443 gohhosd` fy pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp in ;472( smiam skq pmd givqp Dnchiqm

Fifhd po inpvo`tad ntefdvd` wdvqdq kn` amkrpdv ìwiqionq gvoe Qpdrmkntqq Cvddl Nds


18/37

Pdqpkednp og ;44;.10 Pmiq Fifhd mk` qdwdvkh qpt`y nopdq pmkp qmd` fk` hicmp on Rkrkh vthd kn`

skq wdvy Akhwiniqpia in ipq d}rhknkpionq kn` nopdq.

Pmiq vdwiqion og pmd ;419 Cvdkp Fifhd skq pmd ond tqd` fy Jomn Akhwin kn` Jomn Go}d smo

hkpdv amvoniahd` pmd `dkpm og pmd ekvpyvq in miq sovl( Go}dq Fool og Ekvpyvq. Sihhike

Qmkldqrdkvd( Jomn Ftnykn( Jomn Eihpon( pmd Rihcvieq smo hkn`d` on Rhyeotpm Voal in

;762( kn` opmdv hteinkvidq og pmkp dvk tqd` pmd Cdndwk Fifhd d}ahtqiwdhy.14 Pmiq Fifhd iq

khqo lnosn kq pmd fvddamdq Fifhd fdaktqd og pmd `iqavdpd sky ip mkn`hd` rkqqkcd in Cdndqiq

1:3 rdvpkininc po pmd ahopminc og K`ke kn` Dwd.

Pmd Cdndwk Fifhd skq pmd amoiad og Dnchiqm qrdklinc rdorhd gov owdv ond mtn`vd` ydkvq kn`(

D}keinkpion og pmd ;7;; Linc Jkedq Fifhd qmosq ahdkvhy pmkp ipq pvknqhkpovq sdvdinghtdnad` etam eovd fy pmd Cdndwk Fifhd( pmkn fy kny opmdv qotvad. Pmd CdndwkFifhd ipqdhg vdpkinq owdv 92 og Sihhike Pyn`khd#q ovicinkh Dnchiqm pvknqhkpion.17

Fy pmd ;722q( pmd Rtvipknq kn` Rihcvieq sdvd tn`dv d}pvded rdvqdatpion gvoe Dnchkn` kn`

hdgp po aoed po Kedviak. Pmdy fvotcmp sipm pmde( pmd Cdndwk Fifhd.

Pmd Fiqmorq Fifhd

Qoedpiedq akhhd` pmd votcm `vkgp og pmd Linc Jkedq Fifhd( pmd Fiqmorq Fifhd skq rtfhiqmd`

in ;47= sipm mordq og fdinc kn ktpmovizd` wdvqion pmkp soth` vdrhkad pmd Cdndwk Fifhd.

[tddn Dhizkfdpm aoeeiqqiond` dicmp Fiqmorq kn` opmdv qamohkvq tn`dv pmd skpamgth dyd og

pmd Kvam Fiqmor Sihhike Rkvldv( po rvo`tad pmiq vdwiqion og pmd Cvdkp Fifhd. Tron pmd `dkpm

og Sihhike Rkvldv kn` pmd qtaadqqion og [tddn Dhizkfdpm po pmd pmvond( pmd Cdndwk Fifhd skq

khhosd` po fd rvinpd` in Dnchkn`. Pmd Fiqmorq Fifhd ndwdv kamidwd` ipq cokh og vdrhkainc pmd

Cdndwk Fifhd.

@otki%Vmdieq Fifhd

Akpmohia vdgtcddq eicvkpd` po Gvknad `td po rohipiakh pvotfhdq kn` pmotcmp ndadqqkvy po avdkpd

k wdvqion pmkp soth` fd pmd tniwdvqkh Fifhd og pmd Akpmohia. Fdaktqd og pmd hkal og eondy(

pmd rtfhiakpion skq dhkyd`. In ;4=6( pmd Nds Pdqpkednp skq aoerhdpd` in Vmdieq( kn` pmd


19/37


20/37

eddp sipm pmd kaadrpknad ip mk` mord` gov kp givqp. Owdv pied( pmd Linc Jkedq Fifhd i` owdv

pkld pmd Cdndwk Fifhd kq ip ì` dwdvy pminc dhqd. Ldnyon qkyq(

Pmotcm vdwiqionq mk` fddn qo gvd{tdnp rvdwiotqhy( no ond rvoroqd` po vdwiqd pmdwdvqion og ;7;; gov pso mtn`vd` kn` qdwdnpy ydkvq. Pmotcm pmd Cdndwk Fifhd skq

rvd%deindnphy pmd Fifhd og pmd Rtvipknq( kn` pmd Rtvipknq sdvd in kqadn`knay tnpih;772( pmd Ktpmovizd` Wdvqion `vowd ip otp og pmd gidh` fy qmddv edvip.02

Pmd Linc Jkedq Fifhd skq pmd pmiv` ktpmovizd` wdvqion og ipq pied. Pmd givqp skq pmd Cvdkp

Fifhd( gohhosd` fy pmd Fiqmorq Fifhd. Ip skq aoerviqd` og pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp sipm pmd

Kroavyrmk( kn` pmd Nds Pdqpkednp. Pmd qotvad pd}p skq ekinhy Pd}ptq Vdadrptq khonc

sipm( pmd Cvdkp Fifhd kn` rovpionq og pmd Ahdednpind Wthckpd. Qoed qamohkvq ìggdv on smiam

wdvqion og Pd}ptq Vdadrptq skq tqd`( Qpdrmkntq ov Fdzk( ftp eoqp soth` kcvdd pmkp ip skq

Fyzknpind in qavirp kn` akvvid` vdkìncq gvoe pmd Cvdkp Fifhd kn` pmd einiekh rovpionq og pmdWthckpd.

Jomn Dhiop

Kgpdv Amkvhdq I pool pmd pmvond in ;764 gvoe miq gkpmdv Linc Jkedq( vdhiciotq pdnqionq cvds

keonc pmd Amtvam og Dnchkn` kn` pmd Rtvipknq smo( tnhild pmd Rihcvieq smo qdpphd` in

Ekqqkamtqdppq in ;762( ì` nop sknp po qdrkvkpd gvoe pmd Amtvam og Dnchkn`( jtqp vdgove ip

kn`rtvigy ip.

Fy ;712( ip skq ieroqqifhd gov k Rtvipkn po moh` kny oggiad in pmd Amtvam og Dnchkn`. Ond og

pmdqd rkqpovq skq Jomn Dhiop. Dhiop hdgp gov pmd Nds Sovh` in ;71; kn` kvviwd` kp pmd

Ekqqkamtqdppq Fky Aohony in Jthy og pmkp ydkv. Kgpdv fdinc sdhh vdadiwd` kq k rvdkamdv( md

skq oggdvd` k roqipion kp Givqp Amtvam og Foqpon ftp pool k roqipion in Vo}ftvy inqpdk`.

Pmd rtvroqd og pmd Rtvipkn skq pso goh`: ;) po rtvigy pmd Amtvam og pmd aovvtrpion og pmd

Amtvam og Dnchkn`( kn` 6) po pkld pmd coqrdh po pmd nkpiwdq. Kgpdv qdwdvkh ydkvq og hdkvninc

pmd Khcon{tin hknctkcd smiam qoed mkwd `dahkvd` po fd pmd eoqp ìggiathp hknctkcd in pmd

sovh`( Jomn Dhiop aoerhdpd` pmd Khcon{tin pvknqhkpion in ;749.


21/37

Smdn Dhiop ingoved` Pmd Qoaidpy og Rvorkckpion og pmd Coqrdh in Nds Dnchkn` og pmd sovl(

pmdy qdnp rvinpdv Ekvek`tld Jomnqon sipm rkrdv kn` k rvdqq po fdcin rvo`tapion. Fy ;77;(

gigpddn mtn`vd` Nds Pdqpkednpq mk` fddn rvinpd` kn` in ;771( pmd dnpivd Fifhd( Oh` kn` Nds

Pdqpkednpq( sdvd fotn` pocdpmdv in pmd nkpiwd hknctkcd og pmd Khcon{tin Inìkn.

Opmdv Pvknqhkpionq

Qdwdvkh owdv pvknqhkpionq soth` gohhos< dkam mkwinc pmdiv rhkad in miqpovy. Pmd Dnchiqm

wdvqion rvo`tad` fy Vofdvp Kipldn in ;3=6 iq pmd onhy Fifhd po fd ktpmovizd` fy pmd Tnipd`

Qpkpdq Aoncvdqq kn` pmd givqp T.Q. rvinpinc po d}aht`d pmd Kroavyrmk. ;39; qks pmd Gkeihy

Fifhd rvo`tad` fy Iqkka Aohhinq kn` Nokm Sdfqpdv( smo rvo`tad` pmd ìapionkvy( rtfhiqmd`

pmd Sdfqpdvq wdvqion og pmd Linc Jkedq Fifhd in ;=11.

Ekntqavirpq

Ip iq mdvd pmkp k ìwdvcdnad sihh fd pkldn kq kn orrovptnipy po d}rotn` on ekntqavirpq gov ip iq

sipm pmd Dnchiqm Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion og ;==4( pmkp ìggdvinc qamoohq og pmotcmp gotn` ipq sky

pmd rkcdq og pmd Dnchiqm Fifhd in k sky pmkp soth` ierkap gtptvd pvknqhkpionq. Kgpdv vdkìnc

pmd dn`hdqq rkcdq og aoeednpkvy on pmd ìggdvinc gkeihidq og pd}p( ethpirhd rvoq kn` aonq og

dkam( ip akn dkqihy owdvsmdhe kn`( ig nop akvdgth( akqp k `dcvdd og òtfp on kny pvknqhkpion.

Mosdwdv( pmd qowdvdicnpy og Co` aknnop fd owdv hoold` kq Ldnyon qpkpdq( Sd eky in`dd`

fdhidwd pmkp Md soth` nop khhos Miq Sov` po fd qdviotqhy aovvtrpd`( ov kny rkvp og ip

dqqdnpikh po ekn#q qkhwkpion po fd hoqp ov ofqatvd`


22/37

roinpq og aonpdnpion kvd sdhh dqpkfhiqmd` kn` vdkhizd` tr gvonp( I soth` kcvdd. Mosdwdv(

eoqp Amviqpiknq( inahtìnc eyqdhg( kvd nop rvogiaidnp in Cvddl kn` Mdfvds kn` pmd

ekntqavirp ìggdvdnadq.

Fdhos kvd qoed og pmd ìggdvdnadq fdpsddn pmd pso pd}pq gkeihidq. Pmd Linc Jkedq Wdvqion

sihh vdrvdqdnp Pd}ptq Vdadrptq kn` pmd NIW sihh vdrvdqdnp Khd}kn`vikn pd}p og Sdqpaopp kn`

Movp ov Ndqphd/Khkn`:

Ekvl ;:;Pmd fdcinninc og pmd coqrdh og Jdqtq Amviqp( pmd Qon og Co`. %LJW

Pmd fdcinninc og pmd coqrdh kfotp Jdqtq Amviqp( pmd Qon og Co`.% NIW -akqp òtfp on pmdinqrivkpion kn` qotvad og pmd Sov` og Co`)

Htld 0:0Kn` Jdqtq knqsdvd` mie( qkyinc( Ip iq svippdn( Pmkp ekn qmkhh nop hiwd fy fvdk` khond( ftp fydwdvy sov` og Co`. % LJW

Jdqtq knqsdvd`( &Ip iq svippdn: Ekn òdq nop hiwd on fvdk` khond. NIW -akqpq òtfp on pmdingkhhifihipy kn` ktpmovipy og qavirptvd)

Kapq 6:12

Pmdvdgovd fdinc k rvormdp( kn` lnosinc pmkp Co` mk` qsovn sipm kn okpm po mie( pmkp og pmdgvtip og miq hoinq( kaaovìnc po pmd ghdqm( md soth` vkiqd tr Amviqp po qip on miq pmvond. LJW

Ftp md skq k rvormdp kn` lnds pmkp Co` mk` rvoeiqd` mie on okpm pmkp md soth` rhkad ondog miq `dqadn`knpq on miq pmvond. NIW -`dnidq pmd aoeinc Lincqmir og Amviqp)

Drm. 1:9

Kn` po ekld khh edn qdd smkp iq pmd gdhhosqmir og pmd eyqpdvy( smiam gvoe pmd fdcinninc ogpmd sovh` mkpm fddn mi` in Co`( smo avdkpd` khh pmincq fy Jdqtq Amviqp. LJW

..kn` po ekld rhkin po dwdvyond pmd kèiniqpvkpion og pmiq eyqpdvy( smiam gov kcdq rkqp skqldrp mi``dn in Co`( smo avdkpd` khh pmincq. NIW -`dnidq pmd avdkpiwd kcdnay og Amviqp)

I Pie. 1:;7Kn` sipmotp aonpvowdvqy cvdkp iq pmd eyqpdvy og co`hindqq: Co` skq eknigdqp in pmd ghdqm(jtqpigid` in pmd Qrivip( qddn og kncdhq( rvdkamd` tnpo pmd Cdnpihdq( fdhidwd` on in pmd sovh`(vdadiwd` tr inpo chovy. LJW

Fdyon` khh {tdqpion( pmd eyqpdvy og co`hindqq iq cvdkp: Md krrdkvd` in k fo`y( skqwinìakpd` fy pmd Qrivip( skq qddn fy kncdhq( skq rvdkamd` keonc pmd nkpionq( skq fdhidwd`


23/37

on in pmd sovh`( skq pkldn tr in chovy. NIW -Pmd qtfqpiptpion og Md gov Co` iq knkqqkthp on pmd `dipy og Amviqp kn` qtrrovpq Cnoqpia fdhidgq.)

Pmd nd}p pso mtn`vd` ydkvq soth` fvinc kfotp ginìncq pmkp soth` amkncd pmd sky Fifhiakh

pd}p skq widsd`. Pso og pmd ekjov gin`q pmkp mkwd aktqd` pmd ekjovipy og iggdvdnpikpion iqAo`d} Qinkipiatq kn` Ao`d} Wkpiakntq. Pmdqd Aoìadq kvd gvoe pmd 0pm adnptvy kn` sdvd

qicnigiaknphy oh`dv pmkn pmoqd tqd` in pmd rvo`tapion og Pd}ptq Vdadrptq. Mosdwdv( oh`dv

òdq nop edkn fdppdv. Pmdy vdrvdqdnp k pyrd lnosn kq Khd}kn`vikn smdvd Pd}ptq Vdadrptq

kvd og Fyzknpind pyrd smiam vdrvdqdnpq 94 og vdekininc ekntqavirpq.

Wkpiakntq skq qki` po mkwd fddn micmhy rvopdapd` fy pmd Wkpiakn in Voed kn` skq nop

kwkihkfhd po kny qamohkv. Pmiq iq onhy rkvpikhhy pvtd. Rkthtq Foefkqitq ìqaowdvd` Ao`d} F

in ;4;6 smo vdcthkvhy govskv`d` vdkìncq og Wkpiakntq po Dvkqetq smo vdjdapd` pmd Ao`d}

F `td po aovvtrpion og pd}p. Piqamdnòvg vdhdkqd` miq dìpion og pmd pd}p in ;=73. Ipq

wdndvkpion skq `td eoqphy po pmd eyqpia pmkp qtvvotn`d` ip kn` pmd kcd og pmd òatednp.

Pmd pd}p iq eiqqinc eoqp og Cdndqiq( Mdfvdsq kgpdv 9:;0( khh pmd Rkqpovkh Driqphdq( kn` pmd

fool og Vdwdhkpion.

In ;=49( C.G.A. Piqamdnòvg gotn` Ao`d} Qinkipiatq in pmd pvkqm akn in k eonkqpdvy og Qp.

Akpmdvindq kp pmd fkqd og Ep. Qinki. Ip skq og Khd}kn`vikn Pyrd kn` `kpd` fkal po pmd 0pm

adnptvy. Khpmotcm svippdn owdv kn` aovvdapd` fy qdwdvkh mkn`q( ip aonpkind` pmd dnpivd Cvddl

Fifhd( pmd Driqphd og Fkvnkftq( kn` eoqp og Pmd Qmdrkv` og Mdvekq. Pmd ekntqavirpq sdvd

givqp rtfhiqmd` in ;=76 sipm hkpdv dìpionq pmkp gohhosd`. Mos o`` ip iq pmkp pd}pq pmkp sdvd

`dded` tqdhdqq fy pmd eonlq kn` krrkvdnphy og no wkhtd `td po aovvtrpion og pd}p( sdvd

pkldn gvoe pmd pvkqm akn kn` tqd` kq k ekin qotvad Ao`d} og Sdqpaopp kn` Movp.

Qoed soth` kvctd pmkp oh`dv iq fdppdv. Pmkp iq nop ndadqqkvihy aovvdap. @v. Qamviwdv qpkpdq

pmkp pmd sovqp aovvtrpion og pmd qavirptvdq oaatvvd` `tvinc pmd `ky og pmd Kroqphdq kn` pmd 6n`

adnptvy. Pmiq aovvtrpion skq fopm kaai dnpkh kn` rtvroqdgth.01 Ip skqnp tnpih 1v` adnptvy

pmkp khpdvkpionq po pmd pd}p sdvd wivptkhhy nop roqqifhd.00 Pmd hocia soth` gohhos pmkp pmd

Khd}kn`vikn pd}pq kvd in etam fdppdv qmkrd fdaktqd pmdy sdvd vkvdhy tqd`. Qoed kvctd pmkp

pmd pvtd pd}p skq vdrvo`tad` pied kn` pied kckin smihd pmd eovd aovvtrp pd}pq sdvd


24/37


25/37

&No ond nos( I qtrroqd( moh`q pmkp pmd givqp pmvdd amkrpdvq og Cdndqiq( gov d}kerhd(ciwd k hipdvkh miqpovy % I aoth` ndwdv tn`dvqpkn` mos kny ond vdkìnc pmde sipm ordndydq aoth` pminl pmdy ì` % ydp pmdy ìqahoqd po tq k Coqrdh. Qo ip iq rvofkfhydhqdsmdvd.&07

In ;=72( Movp svopd k hdppdv po Vdwdvdn` Jomn Dhhdvpon qpkpinc pmkp pmd fool pmkp mkq dnckcd`

mie pmd eoqp iq @kvsin kn` md skq rvot` po fd k aonpderovkvy og qtam k ekn. Movp khqo

svopd( I ke inahind` po pminl pmkp no qtam qpkpd kq #D`dn# -I edkn pmd rorthkv nopion) dwdv

d}iqpd`( kn` pmkp K`ke#q gkhh in no `dcvdd ìggdvd` gvoe pmd gkhh og dkam og miq `dqadn`knpq&03

Md ì` nop fdhidwd in pmd Fifhd ov ipq ktpmovipy kq qddn smdn md svipdq( Pmdvd kvd( I gdkv( qpihh

eovd qdviotq ìggdvdnadq fdpsddn tq on pmd qtfjdap og ktpmovipy( kn` dqrdaikhhy pmd ktpmovipy

og pmd Fifhd&0=

Pmd pvtpm og pmd ekppdv iq pmkp pmdqd edn sdvd nop Amviqpiknq( pmdy ì` nop fdhidwd in pmd

ingkhhifihipy og qavirptvd( pmdy( fy pmdiv osn kèiqqion ì` nop fdhidwd in eivkahdq smiam

soth` inaht`d pmd vdqtvvdapion og Jdqtq. Pmdy ì` nop fdhidwd in pmd Fifhiakh kaaotnp og pmd

gkhh og K`ke( pmdy vdjdapd` pmd inqrivkpion og qavirptvd( kn` `dnid` pmd `dipy og Amviqp. Pmdiv

dggdap on pmd vdwiqion aoeeippdd skq qakvd` sipm `dadip kn` aodvaion. Ydp( pmdiv inghtdnad in

eo`dvn pvknqhkpion kn` vdwiqion iq qpihh dwi`dnp po`ky fdcinninc sipm pmd Dnchiqm Vdwiqd`

Wdvqion kn` gihpdvinc inpo pmd Kedviakn Wdvqionq pmvotcm pmd dahdapia vdn`dvincq og Ndqphd

kn` Khkn`.

In pmd inpvo`tapion po pmd 60pm dìpion og Ndqphdq Cvddl Nds Pdqpkednp( dìpovq Dvsin

Ndqphd kn` Ltvp Khkn` ekld pmd gohhosinc kèiqqion:

Pmtq pmd pd}p( ftihp tr on pmd sovl og pmd ;9pm adnptvy( mkq vdekind` kq k smohdtnamkncd`( rkvpiathkvhy qinad pmd vdqdkvam og vdadnp ydkvq mkq nop ydp hd` po pmddqpkfhiqmednp og k cdndvkhhy kalnoshd`cd` N.P. pd}p09

Fdhos kvd d}kerhdq og qoed og pmd eovd nopiadkfhd amkncdq pmkp Sdqpaopp kn` Movp `dded`

ndadqqkvy po d}aht`d. Pmd wdvqdq sihh fd tqinc pmd Nds Linc Jkedq Wdvqion sipm pmd

Vdwiqd` Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion `dhdpionq qpvtal pmvotcm kn` pmd ìggdvdnp sovìnc in rkvdnpmdqiq.


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Ekpp. ;:64:kn` ì` nop lnos mdv pihh qmd mk` fvotcmp govpm mdv givqpfovn Qon. Kn` md akhhd` Miqnked JDQTQ.

Ekpp. 9:;1:Ftp co kn` hdkvn smkp pmiq edknq: &I `dqivd edvay kn` nop qkavigiad.# Gov I ì` nopaoed po akhh pmd vicmpdotq( ftp qinndvq( po vdrdnpknad.&

Ekpp. 61:;0 Pmiq smohd pd}p iq `dhdpd`.Sod po yot( qavifdq kn` Rmkviqddq( myroavipdq+ Gov yot `dwotv siòsq# motqdq( kn`gov k rvdpdnqd ekld honc rvkydvq. Pmdvdgovd yot sihh vdadiwd cvdkpdv aon`denkpion.

El. ;4:6=Qo pmd Qavirptvd skq gthgihhd` smiam qkyq( &Kn` Md skq ntefdvd` sipm pmdpvknqcvdqqovq.&

El. ;7:9%62Pmd smohd pd}p iq `dhdpd`.

Jmn 1:;4

pmkp smodwdv fdhidwdq in Mie qmoth` nop rdviqm ftp -eky) mkwd dpdvnkh higd.

Jmn ;7:;7

&K hipphd smihd( kn` yot sihh nop qdd Ed< kn` kckin k hipphd smihd( kn` yot sihh qdd Ed(

fdaktqd I co po pmd Gkpmdv.

Kapq: =:13 Pmd smohd pd}p iq `dhdpd`.

Pmdn Rmihir qki`( &Ig yot fdhidwd sipm khh yotv mdkvp( yot eky.& Kn` md knqsdvd`kn` qki`( &I fdhidwd pmkp Jdqtq Amviqp iq pmd Qon og Co`.

Voe. ;;:7Kn` ig fy cvkad( pmdn ip iq no honcdv og sovlq< opmdvsiqd cvkad iq no honcdv cvkad.Ftp ig ip iq og sovlq( ip iq no honcdv cvkad< opmdvsiqd sovl iq no honcdv sovl.

Voe. ;1:9Gov pmd aoeeknèdnpq( &Yot qmkhh nop aoeeip k`thpdvy(& &Yot qmkhh nop etv`dv(&&Yot qmkhh nop qpdkh(& &Yot qmkhh nop fdkv gkhqd sipndqq(& &Yot qmkhh nop aowdp(& kn` igpmdvd iq kny opmdv aoeeknèdnp( kvd khh qteed` tr in pmiq qkyinc( nkedhy( &Yot

qmkhh howd yotv ndicmfov kq yotvqdhg.&

Ckh. 1:;O goohiqm Ckhkpiknq+ Smo mkq fdsipamd` yot pmkp yot qmoth` nop ofdy pmd pvtpm(fdgovd smoqd dydq Jdqtq Amviqp skq ahdkvhy rovpvkyd` keonc yot kq avtaigid`?

Aoh. ;:;0in smoe sd mkwd vd`derpion pmvotcm Miq fhoo`( pmd govciwdndqq og qinq.


27/37

Mdf. ;:1kn` dwdvy qrivip pmkp òdq nop aongdqq pmkp Jdqtq Amviqp mkq aoed in pmd ghdqm iq nop ogCo`. Kn` pmiq iq pmd qrivip og pmd Knpiamviqp( smiam yot mkwd mdkv` skq aoeinc( kn` iqnos khvdk`y in pmd sovh`.

Dnchiqm Vdwiqd` Wdvqion ov Vdwiqd` Wdvqion

In ;=32( psdnpy%giwd qamohkvq sdvd amoqdn po vdwiqd pmd Dnchiqm Fifhd. Sdqpaopp kn` Movp

sdvd keonc pmd cvotr kq skq Hicmpgoop. Sipm òeinkpinc rvdqdnad( pmd pvio ftvid` kny

orroqinc wids on pd}p. Pmiq skq k akhathkpd` kppderp po aonpvoh pmd rvoadqq kq inìakpd` fy

Sdqpaoppq osn sov`q in k hdppdv md svopd po Hicmpgoop smiam qki`( Otcmp sd nop po mkwd k

aongdvdnad fdgovd pmd giqp eddpinc gov Vdwiqion? Pmdvd kvd ekny roinpq on smiam ip iq

ierovpknp pmkp sd qmoth` fd kcvdd`42

Qoedpiedq fy ordn kqqkthp kn` opmdv piedq fy inìvdap edknq( pmdqd edn sdvd qtaadqqgth in

otp wopinc qtam edn kq @v. Qaviwdndv smo skq pmd hdkìnc ekntqavirp qamohkv og pmd `ky kn`

amkncinc pmd pd}p in owdv 4(113 rhkadq.4; Pmiq wdvqion aked po fd lnosn kq pmd Dnchiqm

Vdwiqd` Wdvqion. Gvoe pmd onqdp( pmiq wdvqion skq po k`krp pmd Linc Jkedq Wdvqion po

rvdqdnp `ky Dnchiqm sipmotp amkncinc pmd iìoe( pmd woakfthkvy og pmd pd}p kn` po ekld kq

gds khpdvkpionq kq roqqifhd. Mosdwdv smdn aoerhdpd`( Pmd Dnchiqm Vdwiqd` Nds Pdqpkednp(

ìggdvinc gvoe pmd Linc Jkedq Wdvqion in qoed 17(222 rhkadq(46

In ;==; %;==4 pmd Dnchiqm Vdwiqd` Wdvqion skq rvinpd` sipm pmd wkviknpq pmd Kedviakn

aoeeippdd dqivd` krrdkvinc in pmd rtfhiqminc og pmd Kedviakn Qpkn`kv` Fifhd og ;92;.

Qdhdapd` Wdvqionq gvoe ;92;

Pmd pdve dahdapia edknq pmkp pmd dìpovq kn` pvknqhkpovq mkwd pkldn k fhdn`d` krrvokam po

pmd pvknqhkpion og qavirptvkh pd}p. Mosdwdv( pmd ekjovipy og pvknqhkpionq po`ky vdqp on pmd

Ndqphd%Khkn` pd}p smiam iq rviekvihy fkqd` on Khd}kn`vikn pd}p qtam kq skq tqd` fy Sdqpaopp

kn` Movp.

Pmd hkpdv dìpionq og Ndqphd kn` opmdvq( inahtìnc pmd i`dnpiakh pd}p og pmd atvvdnpNdqphd%Khkn` 67pm%63pm dìpionq kn` TFQ 1v`%0pm dìpionq gkih po rvdqdvwd pmd &rtvd&Khd}kn`vikn amkvkapdv og pmd pd}p in kq qmkvr k eknndv kq ì` Sdqpaopp kn` Movp( smovdhid` rviekvihy on pmd joinp pdqpieony og Ao`d} Qinkipiatq -Khdrm) kn` Ao`d}Wkpiakntq -F) in aonpvkìqpinapion po pmd kqqieihkpion og vdkìncq gvoe ekntqavirpq og


28/37

opmdv pd}ppyrdq smiam iq aonqiqpdnphy rvkapiad` kaaovìnc po pmd dahdapia rvinairhdqdqrotqd` fy pmd gvkedvq og pmd eo`dvn avipiakh dìpionq.

Pmd atvvdnp pd}p gotn` in pmd Ndqphd%Khkn` 67%63 kn` TFQ 1%0 dìpionq iq kaptkhhy kn&dahdapia& pd}p( smiam vdghdapq dìpovikh amoiad keonc wkviknp vdkìncq gotn` in KHH

lnosn ekntqavirpq kn` pd}ppyrdq. Dwdn pmotcm pmd atvvdnp avipiakh pd}pq qpkn`rviekvihy in khicnednp sipm pmd Khd}kn`vikn ekntqavirpq kn` in orroqipion po pmdPd}pgove -Fyzknpind/Ekjovipy) gotn` in eoqp Cvddl ekntqavirpq og pmd NdsPdqpkednp( pmd eo`dvn avipiakh dìpionq kp fdqp vdrvdqdnp k &mkhgsky motqd& fdpsddnpso orroqinc òatednp%fkqd` qamoohq og Nds Pdqpkednp Cvddl pd}ptkh avipiaiqe.41

Pmd Kedviakn Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion og ;92; iq fkqiakhhy k vdwiqion og pmd Dnchiqm Vdwiqd`

Wdvqion ftp sipm pmd rvdgdvdnadq og pmd Kedviakn vdwiqdvq. Pmiq vdwiqion skq dded`

ndadqqkvy fdaktqd og pmd knpi{tkpd` sov`q vdpkind` in pmd Dnchiqm Vdwiqd` Wdvqion.

In ;903( k Fdòtin qmddr mdv`dv aoed kavoqq qdwdn ekntqavirpq in ahky jkvq smihd qdkvaminc

gov k hoqp qmddr ndkv pmd akwdq og [tevkn khonc pmd Novpmsdqp qmovd og pmd @dk` Qdk. Pmd

mdv`dv qoh` pmde po k `dkhdv in knpi{tipidq nked` Lknò smo( in ptvn( qoh` pmvdd po Qtldnil

og Mdfvds Tniwdvqipy( kn` pmd opmdv gotv po Edpvorohipkn Ekv Kpmknkqitq Ydqmtd Qketdh og

pmd Qyvikn Ovpmoò} eonkqpdvy og Qp. Ekvl. Kpmknkqitq pool miq gotv po fd qptìd` kp pmd

Kedviakn Qamooh gov Ovidnpkh Vdqdkvam smdvd pmdy aktqd {tipd k ahkeov keonc Kedviakn

kn` Dtvordkn qamohkvq.

Fdpsddn ;909 kn` ;947( pmd vdenknpq og owdv dicmp mtn`vd` ekntqavirpq sdvd gotn` in

dhdwdn akwdq `kpinc gvoe fdpsddn 622 F.A. po 7= K.@. Onhy akwd ond kn` dhdwdn rvo`tad`

wivptkhhy inpkap ekntqavirpq. Akwd gotv rvowi`d` pmd micmdqp ntefdv og gvkcednpq popkhinc

owdv ;4(222. Pmdqd ginìncq mkwd rvowdn wkhtkfhd in tn`dvqpknìnc Fifhd pvknqhkpion(

atqpoeq( kn` pmd athptvd og pmkp pied.

Sd ò nop lnos rvdaiqdhy smo svopd pmoqd qdapkvikn qavohhq( ftp sd akn qky pmkp pmdktpmovq qdded` po fd aonndapd` po pmd rvidqpmoo`( sdvd hd` fy rvidqpq( ìqkrrvowd` og

pmd Jdvtqkhde rvidqpmoo`( dnaotvkcd` k qpviap kn` riotq sky og higd( kn` d}rdapd` knieeindnp aongvonpkpion fdpsddn pmd govadq og coo` kn` dwih.40

Dwdvy fool in pmd Mdfvds Fifhd mkq fddn vdrvdqdnpd` d}adrp gov Dqpdv. Sipm nindpddn

aoridq og Iqkikm( psdnpy%giwd aoridq og @dtpdvonoey( kn` pmivpy aoridq og Rqkheq( pmiq skq

qicnigiaknp po qky pmd hdkqp. Pmdqd qavohhq kvd pmd oh`dqp ekntqavirpq dwdv gotn`. Pmd Iqkikm


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qavohh( gov inqpknad( iq kfotp nind mtn`vd` ydkvq oh`dv pmkn kny rvdwiotq aory lnosn. Pmd

qicnigiaknad iq pmkp fdpsddn pmd aory gotn` in [tevkn kn` ipq eoqp vdadnp aonpderovkvy iq

pmkp pmdvd kvd wdvy gds ìggdvdnadq< nond og smiam amkncd kny edkninc po kny og pmd

rkqqkcdq.

In ;93;( pmd Kedviakn Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion skq vdwiqd` kn` nked` pmd Nds Kedviakn Qpkn`kv`

Wdvqion. Po`ky( pmiq wdvqion iq mdvkh`d` kq fdinc pmd eoqp kaatvkpd sov` gov sov`

pvknqhkpion d}iqpinc. Ip iq pmd rvdgdvvd` pd}p og eoqp qamohkvq kn` qdeinkvy qpt`dnpq og po`ky.

Ond nopd` `vks fkal iq ipq atefdvqoed vdkìnc fdaktqd og ipq kppdnpion po kaatvkay.

In ;931( pmd Nds Inpdvnkpionkh Wdvqion skq vdhdkqd smiam skq qtrroqd` po fd k atvd gov pmd

mkv` vdkìnc og pmd Nds Kedviakn Qpkn`kv`q. Ipq cokh skq nop fd k sov gov sov`

pvknqhkpion ftp eovd og k pmotcmp gov pmotcmp. Pmiq pyrd og dggovp iq akhhd` k `ynkeia

d{tiwkhdnp. Opmdv wdvqionq pmkp gkhh in pmiq akpdcovy soth` fd Pmd Coo` Ndsq Fifhd( Pmd

Nds Adnptvy Fifhd( Aonpderovkvy Dnchiqm Fifhd( Nds Inpdvnkpionkh Vdk`dvq Wdvqion( kn`

pmd Nds Hiwinc Pvknqhkpion.

Pmd Nds Linc Jkedq Wdvqion skq rvdqdnpd` in ;9=6 smiam skq ovicinkhhy inpdn`d` po fd kn

tr`kpd og Linc Jkedq Wdvqion vdeowinc jtqp pmd knpi{tkpd` pmdd kn` pmot pyrd og pd}p.

Pmd pd}p qpihh vdekinq qoedsmkp hoykh po pmd Pd}ptq Vdadrptq.

In 6226( pmd Dnchiqm Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion skq vdhdkqd` in ov`dv po avdkpd k wdvqion pmkp iq kq dkqy

po vdk` kq pmd Nds Inpdvnkpionkh Wdvqion kn` qpihh vdpkin pmd kaatvkay og pmd Nds Kedviakn

Qpkn`kv` kq fdinc k sov` gov sov` pvknqhkpion.

Pmdvd kvd ekny eovd pvknqhkpionq kn` vdwiqionq( dkam pvyinc po gin` pmdiv osn ekvldp niamd.

I mkwd `dai`d` po d}aht`d pmoqd pvknqhkpionq pmkp ò( in ey orinion( k qdwdvd injtqpiad po pmd

Sov` og Co`. Pmdy kvd nop pvknqhkpionq nov kvd pmdy ynkeia d{tiwkhdnpq. Pmdy kvd pmd eoqp

`kncdvotq og pmdqd< Pmd Rkvkrmvkqd. Qtam wdvqionq pmkp aoth` fd ahkqqigid` kq rkvkrmvkqdq

kvd Pmd Edqqkcd kn` Pmd Hiwinc Fifhd.


30/37

Pmd fdqp d}kerhd og qtam iq Pmd Edqqkcd. Pmiq iq ond eknq orinion on smkp pmd Fifhd

edknq. Mosdwdv( kq pmd pd}p fdhos sihh inìakpd( pmiq ghirrknp mkn`hinc og pmd Sov` og Co`

fokv`dvq on fhkqrmdey. Pmd rkqqkcd fdhos iq vdgdvvinc po pmd rvormday og otv Hov` Jdqtq

kn` pmd sotn`q in Miq mkn` kn` pmd rtniqmednp pmkp Md pool gov pmd qinq og eknlin`.

Zda. ;1:7Kn` ond qmkhh qky tnpo mie( Smkp kvd pmdqd sotn`q in pmind mkn`q? Pmdn md qmkhhknqsdv( Pmoqd sipm smiam I skq sotn`d` in pmd motqd og ey gvidn`q. % LJW

Kn` ig qoedond qkyq( &Kn` qo smdvd ì` yot cdp pmkp fhkal dyd?# pmdy#hh qky( &I vkninpo k òov kp k gvidn`#q motqd.#% Pmd Edqqkcd

Jdqtq ì` nop vtn inpo k òov gov knyondq qinq. Nov ì` Md jtqp qtqpkin k fhkal dyd. Md skq

sotn`d` gov otv pvknqcvdqqion kn` fvtiqd` gov otv ini{tipidq kn` fy Miq qpvirq sd akn fdmdkhd` gvoe dpdvnkh `dkpm fvotcmp fy qin. Md skq ekvvd` fdyon` vdaocnipion kn` qaotvcd`

gov ey svoncòinc. Qtam krrkvdnp hkal og aonqaiotq aoth` yidh` aonahtqionq pmkp mdkvp

fvdklinc po qky pmd hdkqp. Edn og gkipm ìd` qo pmkp pmd Fifhd aoth` fd kaatvkpdhy pvknqhkpd`.

Ip iq ey orinion pmkp pmd vdkqon pmdvd skq no qtam pminc kq k `ynkeia d{tiwkhdnp iq fdaktqd

no ond skq sihhinc po ìd gov qtam k vdn`dvinc.

Qteekvy

Pmd pvknqhkpion og pmd Fifhd pmvotcm pmd adnptvidq iq kn kekzinc qpovy. Ip iq ond pmkp iq gthh og

fopm eyqpdvy kn` rvowi`dnad. Ip iq k aohhdapion og inqrivd` foolq gvoe pmd Co` og pmd

Tniwdvqd. Edn hiwd` kn` ìd` po qtqpkin k roqpdvipy pmkp sd qoedpiedq pkld qo ghirrknphy

po`ky. Edn hild Syahiggd( Htpmdv( Aowdv`khd( kn` Pyn`khd smo hipdvkhhy ìd` gov pmd sovl og

qavirptvd pvknqhkpion kvd po fd vdedefdvd` sipm monov.

Po`ky( ip qddeq pmkp vdwiqd` wdvqionq krrdkv wivptkhhy dwdvy `ky po eddp pmd `dqivdq(

ekvldpinc kqrivkpionq( kn` aonwiapion og advpkin cvotrq inqpdk` og hdppinc pmd Sov` og Co` qdp

pmd qpkn`kv`. I onad mdkv` pmkp qoed og pmd eoqp `dpviednpkh dwdnpq po pmd Amtvam sdvd ònd

fy edn sipm coo` inpdnpionq. Gov d}kerhd( Pmd Edqqkcd eky mkwd fddn svippdn sipm coo`

inpdnpionq ftp pmd vdqthp skq nop k Fifhd( ftp k aoeednpkvy on pmd Fifhd smiam kq fddn

eiqpkldn kq k Fifhd.


31/37

Ey rvkydv iq pmkp Co` soth` aonpintd po skpam owdv kn` rvopdap pmd pvtpm og Miq Sov` in pmd

ei`qp og k ghoo` og drvd`kpinc kppderpq po ekld pmd Fifhd eovd rkhkpkfhd. Pmd Fifhd iq pmd

qsov` og pmd Qrivip. Ip iq pmd Jdqtq in svippdn gove kn` `dqdvwdq vdqrdap kn` k`eivkpion. In ip

kvd pmd sov`q og dpdvnkh higd kn` pmd rhkn po vd`dde pmd tniwdvqd gvoe pmd vkwkcinc og qin. Ip

iq sdhh sovpm `yinc gov.


32/37

Pmd gohhosinc skq d}pvkapd` gvoe: mppr://sss.cnoqiq.ovc/hifvkvy/k`wm;.mpe

IVDNKDTQ: KCKINQP MDVDQIDQ

FOOL OND

AMKR. I.%%KFQTV@ I@DKQ OG PMD @IQAIRHDQ OG WKHDNPINTQ KQ PO PMD OVICIN(NKED( OV@DV( KN@ AONJTCKH RVO@TAPIONQ OG PMDIV GKNAID@ KDONQ( SIPM PMDRKQQKCDQ OG QAVIRPTVD SMIAM PMDY K@KRP PO PMDIV ORINIONQ.

;. PMDY ekinpkin( pmdn( pmkp in pmd inwiqifhd kn` indggkfhd mdicmpq kfowd pmdvd d}iqpq k advpkin rdvgdap(rvd%d}iqpdnp KDon(-0) smoe pmdy akhh Rvokvamd( Rvorkpov( kn` Fypmtq( kn` `dqavifd kq fdinc inwiqifhdkn` inaoervdmdnqifhd. Dpdvnkh kn` tnfdcoppdn( md vdekind` pmvotcmotp inntedvkfhd ayahdq og kcdq inrvogotn` qdvdnipy kn` {tidqadnad. Pmdvd d}iqpd` khonc sipm mie Dnnodk( smoe pmdy khqo akhh Amkviqkn` Qicd.-4) Kp hkqp pmiq Fypmtq `dpdveind` po qdn` govpm gvoe mieqdhg pmd fdcinninc og khh pmincq( kn``droqipd` pmiq rvo`tapion -smiam md mk` vdqohwd` po fvinc govpm) in miq aonpderovkvy Qicd( dwdn kqqdd` iq `droqipd` in pmd soef. Qmd pmdn( mkwinc vdadiwd` pmiq qdd`( kn` fdaoeinc rvdcnknp( ckwd

fivpm po Notq( smo skq fopm qieihkv kn` d{tkh po mie smo mk` rvo`tad` mie( kn` skq khond akrkfhdog aoervdmdn`inc miq gkpmdv#q cvdkpndqq. Pmiq Notq pmdy akhh khqo Eonocdndq( kn` Gkpmdv( kn` pmdFdcinninc og khh Pmincq. Khonc sipm mie skq khqo rvo`tad` Khdpmdik< kn` pmdqd gotv aonqpiptpd` pmdgivqp kn` givqp%fdcoppdn Rypmkcovdkn Pdpvk`( smiam pmdy khqo `dnoeinkpd pmd voop og khh pmincq. Govpmdvd kvd givqp Fypmtq kn` Qicd( kn` pmdn Notq kn` Khdpmdik. Kn` Eonocdndq( rdvadiwinc gov smkprtvroqd md mk` fddn rvo`tad`( khqo mieqdhg qdnp govpm Hocoq kn` Zod( fdinc pmd gkpmdv og khh pmoqdsmo sdvd po aoed kgpdv mie( kn` pmd fdcinninc kn` gkqmioninc og pmd dnpivd Rhdvoek. Fy pmdaonjtnapion og Hocoq kn` Zoo sdvd fvotcmp govpm Knpmvoroq kn` Daahdqik< kn` pmtq skq goved` pmdgivqp%fdcoppdn Oc`ok`( pmd voop kn` qtfqpknad og khh pmincq( akhhd` keonc pmde fy gotv nkedq( wiz.(Fypmtq( kn` Notq( kn` Hocoq( kn` Knpmvoroq. Gov dkam og pmdqd iq ekqatho%gdeinind( kq gohhosq:Rvorkpov skq tnipd` fy k aonjtnapion sipm miq Dnnodk< pmdn Eonocdndq( pmkp iq Notq( sipm Khdpmdik

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