#1

• Ceramics: -pottery or hollow clay sculpture fired at high temperatures in a kiln or oven to make them harder and stronger.

#2

• Wedging: A method of kneading clay to expel air that is trapped inside and to develop a uniform texture.

#3

• Score: The process of making small criss-cross line on areas of clay to join two pieces of clay together.

#4

• Slip: A watered down clay, used to help bond clay together and for decorative purposes.

#5

• Plastic: refers to the pliability of the clay. Plastic clay is easy to shape and mold into any desired form.

#6

• Leatherhard: A stage between plastic and bone dry. The clay is dry enough to work with but still wet enough to score and slip together.

#7• Why is it important to score and slip two pieces

of clay together?

• Answer: To prevent the clay from falling apart in the first kiln firing.

• If the pot is only held together with the moisture in the clay, it will fall apart after it is put in the kiln and all of the moisture is cooked out.

#8

• Bone Dry: Clay that is completely dry, but can be soaked in water and turned back into new clay.

#9

• Greenware: All ceramicware prior to firing; plastic, leatherhard and bone dry.

#10

• Bisque: the first firing of clay that is completely air dried and has no glaze on the pottery. Fired in a kiln to a setting of Cone 04: 1945⁰. Clay cannot be recycled

#11

• Glazeware: A ceramic form that has been bisque fired, glazed and then glaze fired.

#12

• Clay: a decomposed granite-type rock. To be classed as a clay the decomposed rock must have fine particles so that it will be plastic.

#13

• Stoneware: A buff, gray or brown clay which is mixed with other clays and ceramic material to make a heavy, opaque, highly plastic clay body that is fired to a high temperature.

#14

• What stage of clay can be soaked in water and turned back into new clay?

• Bone dry clay can be soaked into water and turned back into new clay

#15

• Earthenware: A clay that is fired at a low temperature and is most commonly known as being red, buff or brown in color because of the presence of iron oxide. 1400-2000°

#16

• Porcelain: A hard, white, translucent, ceramic body, also known as china, invented in China between 600 and 900 CE. This clay is primarily made of kaolin, a fine white clay. Porcelain is regarded as the most refined of all ceramic wares.

#17

• Kiln furniture: Post shelves and stilts are used to make full use of a kiln's capacity

#18

• Kiln wash: -a watery mix of clay, silica, and alumina used to coat kiln shelves, protects shelves from glaze runs.

#19• Kiln: Enclosed containers in which pots are

fired in. They come in various sizes and are built of refractory brinks and heated by electricity, gas or wood to temperatures from 1500-2300⁰. We use an electric, top loading kiln and a gas front loading kiln.

Gas Kiln Electric Kiln

#20

• Clay Shrinkage: clay shrinks when its water particles evaporate and the particles draw closer together. It shrinks again during firing (vitrification) since components in the clay, melt, tightening the structure (12-15%)

#21

• List the five stages of clay in order.

• Answer: Plastic -> Leatherhard -> Bone Dry -> Bisqueware -> Glazeware

#22

• Cone: a tall slender 3-sided pyramid made of clay, which bend and melt at a given temperature in the kiln.

#23

• Pyrometer- A tool used to measure the temperature in a kiln. Similar to a thermometer but it measures temperatures in the kiln from 100-2500⁰.

#24

• Glaze: a liquid suspension of ceramic materials that is applied to bisqueware and forms a glassy surface when fired to its melting point. The three main components of a glaze are: Silica, Flux and Stabilizer.

#25

• Dipping Tongs: A tool that is used to hold bisqueware while dipping the pottery in glaze. (They help to apply an even coat of glaze)

#26

• Transparent: Allows the color of the clay to clearly be seen underneath the coat of glaze.

• Clear, Cranberry and Blue-green

#27

• Opaque: not allowing the color of the clay to show underneath the coat of glaze.

• Tomato Red, Yellow Salt, Woo Blue, Gloss White and Persimmon

#28

• Name three different types of clay.

• Earthenware, Stoneware and Porcelain

#29

• Iron Oxide: one of the main oxides used for coloring in ceramics. All of the glazes that are red in the bucket have iron oxide in them

#30

• Elements of Design: line, shape, form, space, color, value and texture.

#31

• Line is a mark with greater length than width. Lines can be horizontal, vertical or diagonal, straight or curved, thick or thin.

#32

• Shape is a closed line. Shapes can be geometric, like squares and circles; or organic, like free formed shapes or natural shapes. Shapes are flat and express length and width.

#34

• Forms are three-dimensional shapes, expressing length, width, and depth. Spheres, cylinders, boxes and pyramids are forms.

#33

• Color is light reflected off objects. Color has three main characteristics: hue or its name (red, green, blue, etc.), value (how light or dark it is), and intensity (how bright or dull it is).

#35

• Name two tools that can be used to measure the temperature in a kiln?

• Pyrometer and Cones

#36

• Texture is the surface quality that can be seen and felt. Textures can be rough or smooth, soft or hard.

#37

• Value - is the degree of light and dark in a design. It is the contrast between black and white and all the tones in between. Value can be used with color as well as black and white. Contrast is the extreme changes between values.

#38

• Space is the area between and around objects. The space around objects is often called negative space; negative space has shape.

#39

• Principles of Design: balance, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, contrast and unity.

#40

• Pattern is the repeating of an object or symbol on a piece of artwork.

#41

• Movement is the path the viewer’s eye takes through the artwork, often to focal areas. Such movement can be directed along lines edges, shape and color within the artwork.

#42

• Draw and example of pattern.

#43

• Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the artwork creating a sense of completeness.

#44

• Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention. The artist will make one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas. The area will be different in size, color, texture, shape, etc.

#45

• Contrast - offers some change in value. Contrast shows the difference between shapes and can be used as a background to bring objects out and forward in a design. It can also be used to create an area of emphasis.

#46• Rhythm is created when one or more

elements of design are used repeatedly to create a feeling of organized movement. Variety is essential to keep rhythm exciting and active, and moving the viewer around the artwork. Rhythm creates a mood like music or dancing.

#47

• Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space. If the design was a scale these elements should be balanced to make a design feel stable.

• 1. Symmetrical 2. Asymmetrical 3. Radial

#48

• Radial Balance: the elements are arranged around a central point.

#49

• Name three types of balance

• Radial, Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Balance

#50

• Symmetrical Balance: the elements on one side of the design are the same as those on the other side.

#51

• Asymmetrical Balance: the sides are different but still look balanced

#52

• Rib: a tool made out of metal, wood or plastic that is used to shape the wall of the pot on a wheel. They come in all shapes and sizes.

#53

• Wire loop tool: Wire loops of different shapes that are used to carve designs into clay.

#54

• Needle tool: a needle that is used to trim the top of the pot on the wheel. In handbuilding it is used for scoring and slipping.

#55

• Wire tool: a wire that is used to cut the pot off the wheel and to cut clay in to smaller pieces for handbuilding.

#56

• Draw a picture of an object that has symmetrical balance.

#57

• Slab Roller: a machine used for making flat pieces of clay of different thicknesses.

#58

• Secondary Clay: Has been moved by geological forces, such as; glacial action, by rock folding, by water or by wind, so the clay is finer in particle size. (contains impurities that alter the color…brown or buff clay.)

#59

• Primary Clay: is found where it was formed, it is not weathered and therefore having fewer impurities.

#60

• Reduction firing: where the kiln atmosphere has insufficient oxygen for complete combustion (more gas than air)

#61

• Oxidation firing- a fire during which the kiln chamber retains an ample supply of oxygen; This means that the combustion in the firebox must be perfectly adjusted. An electric kiln always gives an oxidizing fire.

#62

• 4 Handbuilding Techniques• Pinch, Slab, Coil, Small Slab

#63

• Why does primary clay cost more than secondary clay?

• There is less primary clay on the earth since it primary clay is found where it was formed and hasn’t been moved by geological forces.

#64

• Grog- Ground fired clay or sand that is calibrated in particle size from flour to coarse grit; it is added to clay to provide texture and to reduce shrinkage. It gives strength to smooth clays.

#65

• Wax resist - wax that is used to prevent glaze from sticking to certain areas on a piece of pottery; for example the bottom of the pots and lids.

#66

• Dry Footing: refers to leaving the bottom of a piece of glazed bisque unglazed so that stilting is not required.

#67

• Crazing- A fine line pattern appearing on the surface of a glaze caused by tension between glaze and body (when these have an uneven contraction after firing). Sometimes used as a decorative process when the pattern of lines is darkened by oxides or smoke.

#68

• Settling Out: This is the most common problem for glazes prior to firing, which may also result in firing problems. This happens when heavier components of the glaze settle to the bottom of the bucket. If not stirred the glaze will be missing ingredients.

#69

• Blisters: Glaze blisters look like little craters and are caused by applying too much glaze.

#70

• Why do we put wax on the bottom of our pots?

#71

• Crawling- Retraction of the glaze during firing to expose the clay body, caused by reaction of two or more glazes fired over each other or glazing a pot which is dusty or greasy.

#72

• Pinhole: Pinholes are tiny holes in the glaze surface which penetrate all the way through to the clay body. They are caused by firing too rapidly or applying too much glaze.

#73

• Shivering: a glaze problem where the glaze pops off the rims, corners and outer edges of the pot, exposing the raw clay body underneath.

#74

• PUG-MILL: A machine used to homogenize plastic claybodies. De-airing pugmill has vacuum pump attachment, effectively removes all air from clay, eliminating need for hand-wedging.

#75

• Rotary Sieve: The process of working a glaze or slip through a wire-mesh sieve to strain out impurities, and to break up clumped raw materials.

#76

• EXTRUDER: Machine which forces plastic clay through a die to produce extruded clay shapes.

#77

• Why is it important to mix glaze before you use it?

Answer: To prevent settling out

#81

• FIRING RAMP: The profile or schedule for temperature-change in a kiln-firing, often including both the heating and cooling ramps.

#79

• Updraft Kiln: A kiln in which exhaust gases exit upwards through flue in the roof of the kiln.

#80

• Downdraft Kiln: A kiln in which exhaust gases have to move downward before exiting through flue in the roof of the kiln.

#82

• What two types of kilns do we use in class?

Answer: Gas and Electric

#72

• Bloating - the bursting or warping of pots in a kiln caused by a too-rapid temperature rise; the water content of the clay turns into steam and forces the body to distort or expand and explode