Skeletal, Muscular, & Nervous Skeletal, Muscular, & Nervous SystemSystem

Chapter 15Chapter 15

Functions of the skeletal systemFunctions of the skeletal system

Provides a living structure for your Provides a living structure for your bodybody

Supports your upper body and headSupports your upper body and head

Plays a crucial role in movementPlays a crucial role in movement

Protects internal tissues and organs Protects internal tissues and organs from traumafrom trauma

Store minerals Store minerals

Structure of the skeletonStructure of the skeleton

You have 206 bones in your bodyYou have 206 bones in your body

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton – the 80 bones of the – the 80 bones of the skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae, and skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum or breastbonesternum or breastbone

Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton – the – the remaining 126 bones of the upper remaining 126 bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulders, and hipsand lower limbs, shoulders, and hips

Types of bonesTypes of bones

Long BonesLong Bones – your arms and legs – your arms and legs– Humerus is the bone in your upper armHumerus is the bone in your upper arm– Diaphysis main column of a long boneDiaphysis main column of a long bone– Epiphysis is the end of a long boneEpiphysis is the end of a long bone

Types of bonesTypes of bones

Short BonesShort Bones – are almost equal in – are almost equal in length and widthlength and width– Small bones in the wrist & anklesSmall bones in the wrist & ankles

Types of bonesTypes of bones

Flat BonesFlat Bones – somewhat thinner and – somewhat thinner and much flatter than other bonesmuch flatter than other bones– The skull, scapula, or shoulder blade are The skull, scapula, or shoulder blade are

all examplesall examples

Types of bonesTypes of bones

Irregular Bones – are irregularly Irregular Bones – are irregularly shapedshaped– Some facial bones & vertebrae are Some facial bones & vertebrae are

examplesexamples

CartilageCartilage

CartilageCartilage – a strong, flexible – a strong, flexible connective tissueconnective tissue– Found at the ends of long bonesFound at the ends of long bones– End of the noseEnd of the nose– Within the outer earWithin the outer ear– In some joints like the knee & acts like a In some joints like the knee & acts like a

cushioncushion

CartilageCartilage

OssificationOssification – is the process by which – is the process by which bone is formed, renewed, & repairedbone is formed, renewed, & repaired– This happens early in the embryonic This happens early in the embryonic

developmental stagedevelopmental stage

JointsJoints

JointsJoints are points at which bones meet are points at which bones meet

Types of JointsTypes of Joints

Ball-&-socket jointBall-&-socket joint – formed when the – formed when the rounded head of one bone fits into rounded head of one bone fits into the rounded cavity of an adjoining the rounded cavity of an adjoining bonebone

Hinge jointHinge joint – found at the elbow, – found at the elbow, knee, ankle & fingersknee, ankle & fingers

Pivot jointsPivot joints – allow limited rotation or – allow limited rotation or turning of the headturning of the head

Types of JointsTypes of Joints

Ellipsoidal jointsEllipsoidal joints – such as the ones in – such as the ones in your wrist, have an oval-shaped part your wrist, have an oval-shaped part that fits into a curved spacethat fits into a curved space

LigamentLigament – a band of fibrous, slightly – a band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to boneattaches bone to bone

Tendon Tendon – a fibrous cord that attaches – a fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the bonemuscle to the bone

Care & Problems of the Care & Problems of the Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Lesson 2Lesson 2

Problems of the skeletal systemProblems of the skeletal system

FracturesFractures – any type of break in a – any type of break in a bonebone

They can be either compound or They can be either compound or simplesimple

CompoundCompound – one in which the broken – one in which the broken bones protrudes through the skinbones protrudes through the skin

SimpleSimple – one in which the broken – one in which the broken bone does not protrudebone does not protrude

Types of FracturesTypes of Fractures

Hairline fractureHairline fracture –the fracture is –the fracture is incomplete & the two parts of the incomplete & the two parts of the bones do not separatebones do not separate

Transverse fractureTransverse fracture – the fracture is – the fracture is completely across the bonecompletely across the bone

Comminuted fractureComminuted fracture – the bone – the bone shatters into more than 2 piecesshatters into more than 2 pieces

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

You can only develop bone now while You can only develop bone now while you are growing. Your habits now you are growing. Your habits now will affect you later in lifewill affect you later in life

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis – a condition in which – a condition in which progressive loss of bone tissue progressive loss of bone tissue occursoccurs

Usually affects millions of older Usually affects millions of older Americans & has no warning signsAmericans & has no warning signs

ScoliosisScoliosis

Scoliosis – is a lateral, or side-to-side, Scoliosis – is a lateral, or side-to-side, curvature of the spinecurvature of the spine

This may exist at the time of birth, or This may exist at the time of birth, or it can develop during childhoodit can develop during childhood

Treatments include wearing braces Treatments include wearing braces to help straighten the spine and to help straighten the spine and possibly even surgery in severe possibly even surgery in severe casescases

Injuries to JointsInjuries to JointsDislocationDislocation – results when the – results when the ligaments that attach the bone at the ligaments that attach the bone at the joint are torn as the bone slips out of joint are torn as the bone slips out of placeplaceTorn cartilageTorn cartilage – can result from a – can result from a sharp blow or the twisting of a jointsharp blow or the twisting of a jointBursitis Bursitis – results from the – results from the inflammation of a fluid-filled sac inflammation of a fluid-filled sac called the bursacalled the bursa

Injuries to JointsInjuries to JointsBunionBunion – is a painful swelling of the – is a painful swelling of the bursa in the first joint of the big toebursa in the first joint of the big toeArthritisArthritis – is the inflammation of a – is the inflammation of a jointjointRepetitive motion injuryRepetitive motion injury – is damage – is damage to tissue caused by prolonged, to tissue caused by prolonged, repeated movements such as in repeated movements such as in computer work, sewing or assembly computer work, sewing or assembly line workline work

The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

Lesson 3Lesson 3

Functions of the muscular systemFunctions of the muscular system

Help you to breathe, make your Help you to breathe, make your heart beat, and move food through heart beat, and move food through your digestive systemyour digestive system

Voluntary musclesVoluntary muscles – muscles you – muscles you knowingly moveknowingly move

Involuntary musclesInvoluntary muscles – muscles that – muscles that move without your conscious controlmove without your conscious control

Structure of the Muscular SystemStructure of the Muscular System

Muscles are made up of hundreds of Muscles are made up of hundreds of long cells called fiberslong cells called fibers

Muscles work by means of two Muscles work by means of two complementary or opposing actionscomplementary or opposing actions

Contraction – shortening of the Contraction – shortening of the musclesmuscles

Extension – lengthening of the Extension – lengthening of the musclesmuscles

Types of MusclesTypes of Muscles

Smooth musclesSmooth muscles – act on the lining of – act on the lining of passageways and internal organs passageways and internal organs (they are involuntary)(they are involuntary)

Skeletal MusclesSkeletal Muscles – are attached to – are attached to bone and cause body movements bone and cause body movements (they are voluntary)(they are voluntary)– FlexorFlexor – the muscle that close a joint – the muscle that close a joint– ExtensorExtensor – the muscle that opens a joint – the muscle that opens a joint

Types of MusclesTypes of Muscles

Cardiac musclesCardiac muscles – a type of striated – a type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the muscle that forms the wall of the heart (it is an involuntary muscle)heart (it is an involuntary muscle)

Care of the Muscular SystemCare of the Muscular System

Muscle toneMuscle tone – the natural tension in – the natural tension in the fibers of a musclethe fibers of a muscle– Regular physical activity can help to Regular physical activity can help to

keep your muscles tonedkeep your muscles toned

Problems of the Muscular SystemProblems of the Muscular System

Bruise – is an area of discolored skin Bruise – is an area of discolored skin that appears after an injury causes that appears after an injury causes the blood vessels beneath the skin to the blood vessels beneath the skin to rupture and leakrupture and leak

Muscle sprain or strain – a strained Muscle sprain or strain – a strained muscles results when a muscle is muscles results when a muscle is stretched or partially torn as a result stretched or partially torn as a result of overexertionof overexertion

Problems of the Muscular SystemProblems of the Muscular System

Muscles strains are treated using the Muscles strains are treated using the – RRestest– IIcece– CCompressionompression– EElevationlevation– Or RICE methodOr RICE method

Problems of the Muscular SystemProblems of the Muscular System

TendonitisTendonitis – or the inflammation of a – or the inflammation of a tendontendon

Caused by injury, overuse, or natural Caused by injury, overuse, or natural agingaging

HerniaHernia – when an organ or tissue – when an organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak protrudes through an area of weak musclemuscle

Problems of the Muscular SystemProblems of the Muscular System

Muscular DystrophyMuscular Dystrophy – is an inherited – is an inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyedfibers are progressively destroyed

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

Lesson 4Lesson 4

Functions of the nervous systemFunctions of the nervous system

It coordinates all of the activities in It coordinates all of the activities in your body includingyour body including– BreathingBreathing– Or digesting food to sensing pain or Or digesting food to sensing pain or

feeling fearfeeling fear

Functions of the nervous systemFunctions of the nervous system

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves all The brain, spinal cord, and nerves all work togetherwork together

The nervous system has 2 main The nervous system has 2 main divisionsdivisions

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

Functions of the nervous systemFunctions of the nervous system

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System – consists of – consists of the brain and spinal cordthe brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System – gathers – gathers information from inside and outside information from inside and outside your bodyyour body

NeuronsNeurons

Neurons – are nerve cellsNeurons – are nerve cells

NeuronsNeurons

Cell bodyCell body – the cell body of a neuron – the cell body of a neuron contains the nucleus, the control contains the nucleus, the control center of the cellcenter of the cell

Neuron cells have limited ability to Neuron cells have limited ability to repair damage or replace destroyed repair damage or replace destroyed cellscells

NeuronsNeurons

DendritesDendrites – are branched structures – are branched structures that extend from the cell body in that extend from the cell body in most neuronsmost neurons

They receive information from other They receive information from other neurons or sensory receptors and neurons or sensory receptors and transmit impulses toward the cell transmit impulses toward the cell bodybody

NeuronsNeurons

AxonsAxons – transmit impulses away from – transmit impulses away from the cell body and toward another the cell body and toward another neuron, muscle cell, or glandneuron, muscle cell, or gland

Axons that are covered by a myelin Axons that are covered by a myelin sheath can transmit impulses faster sheath can transmit impulses faster than those without a coverthan those without a cover

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

Parts of the central nervous system Parts of the central nervous system include the spinal cord & the brain include the spinal cord & the brain

Brain – the main job of the brain is to Brain – the main job of the brain is to integrate & control the activities of integrate & control the activities of the nervous systemthe nervous system

Parts of the brainParts of the brainCerebrumCerebrum – the largest and most – the largest and most complex part of the brain, its job is to complex part of the brain, its job is to focus on thought, learning and focus on thought, learning and memorymemory– Frontal lobe – controls voluntary Frontal lobe – controls voluntary

movements & has a role in the use of movements & has a role in the use of languagelanguage

– Parietal lobe – is involved with sensory Parietal lobe – is involved with sensory information such as heat, cold, pain, information such as heat, cold, pain, touch a, & body positiontouch a, & body position

Parts of the brainParts of the brain– Occipital lobe – controls the sense of Occipital lobe – controls the sense of

visionvision– Temporal lobe – controls the senses of Temporal lobe – controls the senses of

hearing & smell; it is also involved with hearing & smell; it is also involved with memory, thought, and judgmentmemory, thought, and judgment

Parts of the brainParts of the brain

CerebellumCerebellum – the second largest part – the second largest part of the brain, its job is to coordinate of the brain, its job is to coordinate the movement of skeletal musclesthe movement of skeletal muscles

Parts of the brainParts of the brain

Brain stemBrain stem – is a 3” stalk of nerve – is a 3” stalk of nerve cells & fibers that connects the spinal cells & fibers that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the braincord to the rest of the brain– Medulla oblongata – is the lowest part of Medulla oblongata – is the lowest part of

the brain stem, helps to regulate the brain stem, helps to regulate heartbeat & respiratory rate as well as heartbeat & respiratory rate as well as reflexes such as sneezing, coughing, & reflexes such as sneezing, coughing, & vomitingvomiting

Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata

Has 3 parts to itHas 3 parts to it– Pons – located just above the medulla. Pons – located just above the medulla.

This is the pathway connecting nerve This is the pathway connecting nerve impulses to other areas of the brain. impulses to other areas of the brain. Helps regulate breathingHelps regulate breathing

– Midbrain – the highest portion of the Midbrain – the highest portion of the brain stem. Controls eyeball movementbrain stem. Controls eyeball movement

Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata– Thalamus – an important relay center Thalamus – an important relay center

for incoming sensory impulses. for incoming sensory impulses. Receives information through the eyes Receives information through the eyes and the earsand the ears

– Hypothalamus – controls balance and Hypothalamus – controls balance and various body processes to regulate body various body processes to regulate body temperature, appetite awareness, and temperature, appetite awareness, and regulates sleepregulates sleep

– Pituitary gland – controls metabolism, Pituitary gland – controls metabolism, sexual development & emotional sexual development & emotional responsesresponses

The Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Peripheral Nervous System

Includes all the nerves that are not Includes all the nerves that are not part of the Central Nervous System part of the Central Nervous System (CNS)(CNS)

The Peripheral Nervous System can The Peripheral Nervous System can be divided into 2 partsbe divided into 2 parts– Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System– Somatic Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

Controls involuntary actions such as Controls involuntary actions such as digestion & heart ratedigestion & heart rate

The Autonomic nervous system is The Autonomic nervous system is broken down into 2 partsbroken down into 2 parts– Sympathetic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system– Parasympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system

Cause your heart rate to increase Cause your heart rate to increase and blood vessels leading to your and blood vessels leading to your muscles to dilatemuscles to dilate

ReflexReflex – s spontaneous response of – s spontaneous response of the body to a stimulusthe body to a stimulus

Parasympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous system

During rest it opposes the actions of During rest it opposes the actions of the sympathetic system by slowing the sympathetic system by slowing body functionsbody functions

Slows down heartbeats, opens blood Slows down heartbeats, opens blood vessels, and lowers blood pressurevessels, and lowers blood pressure

Somatic Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous System

Consists of sensory neurons that Consists of sensory neurons that relay messages from receptors in the relay messages from receptors in the eyes, ear, nose, tongue, & skin to the eyes, ear, nose, tongue, & skin to the CNS & motor neurons that carry CNS & motor neurons that carry impulses from the CNS to the impulses from the CNS to the skeletal musclesskeletal muscles

Care & Problems of the Care & Problems of the Nervous SystemNervous System

Lesson 5Lesson 5

Problems of the Nervous SystemProblems of the Nervous System

Drug & alcohol use can destroy brain Drug & alcohol use can destroy brain cells & cause nervous system cells & cause nervous system disordersdisorders

Degenerative DiseaseDegenerative DiseaseParkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease – is the destruction of – is the destruction of nerve cells in an area of the brain that nerve cells in an area of the brain that helps coordinate skeletal muscle helps coordinate skeletal muscle movementmovement

Multiple SclerosisMultiple Sclerosis – the destruction of the – the destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of neurons in the CNS. Voluntary control of neurons in the CNS. Voluntary control of your muscles gradually decreases. The your muscles gradually decreases. The body basically attacks its own tissuesbody basically attacks its own tissues

Degenerative DiseaseDegenerative Disease

Alzheimer’s Disease – when neurons Alzheimer’s Disease – when neurons are destroyed. They are then unable are destroyed. They are then unable to transmit impulses.to transmit impulses.– Resulting in loss of memory & confusionResulting in loss of memory & confusion

Other disorders & problemsOther disorders & problemsEpilepsyEpilepsy – a disorder of the nervous – a disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by system that is characterized by recurrent seizuresrecurrent seizuresCerebral palsyCerebral palsy – a group of – a group of nonprogressive neurological nonprogressive neurological disorders that are the result of disorders that are the result of damage to the brain before, during, damage to the brain before, during, or just after birth or in early or just after birth or in early childhoodchildhood