silicon based microwave devices

8/6/2019 Silicon Based Microwave Devices

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Introduction of Silicon-based Microwave Devices Application

uses in Telecommunication, Military and Digital Imaging

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Table of Content

Table of Content........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ............. 1

Preface ....................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... .... 2 Introduction of Silicon-based Microwave Devices Application use in Telecommunication,

Military and Digital Imaging. .......................... .......................... ........................... ...................... 3

Abstract..... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ............. 3

The History of Microwave................................... .......................... ........................... .................. 3

Silicon-Based Microwave Devices....................... .......................... ........................... .................. 4

Telecommunication: The Major Applicant of Microwave Devices ........................ ...................... 5

An Introduction ......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ......... 5

The Products and their Use of Microwave Devices...................... ........................... ............. 5 The Broader Perspective........................ ........................... ........................... ....................... 7

Silicon Based Microwave Devices in The Field of Military.................................. ....................... 8

Cost efficiency........................................ ........................... ........................... ...................... 8

Si and Ga in Navy................................... ........................... ........................... ...................... 9

CCD: Imaging Devices..............................................................................................................10

An Introduction ......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ........10

CCD in Imaging Sensor ......................... ........................... ........................... ......................10

CMOS and CCD in Digtal Imaging, the Digital Cameras. ......................... .........................11

Other Microwave Devices and Their Applications.......................... ........................... ................13

Conclusion .......................... ........................... ........................... ........................... .....................14

References.................................................................................................................................15

Telecommunication: The Major Applicant of Microwave Devices .................... .................15

Silicon Based Microwave Devices in The Field of Military................................................15

CCD: The Imaging Devices ......................... .......................... ........................... .................15

Other Microwave Devices and Their Applications ........................... ........................... .......15





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Preface

The explosion of technology development revolutionary not only improves the existing

technology but also the world living. Today, we can see people smiling in front of machine, laugh

in front of them, communicate with millions of people at one time and offices become smaller

and smaller. These are all the advantages of the application of sciences, the technology.

Telecommunication has brought people closer as close as nail and finger. Digital world

has brought the entertainment in living and make the life easy rapidly. The world is not complete

if there are no security and safety. Military division is become stronger and futuristic.

Beside conventional electronics, microwave is an alternative. The features of microwave

application have brought the revolutionary of electronics world. It brings the world that the

worlds never think of. The secret behind these are the component or devices used. This paper will

try to break the secret and tell the truth of behind the usefulness of microwave technology.

Zulakmar Hazwan , Lwando Ziqhu and Low Chun Keat are the students of Multimedia

University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia. This paper is written as one of the course work

requirement. Lwando focuses on telecommunication, Zulakmar focuses on Digital Imaging and

Low Chun Keat focuses on military.

Thank you to our God for giving us a great chance to learn by completing this

coursework. We would like to give our highest appreciation to our lecturers, Dr. Vivekanand

Misra and Mr. Gobi a/l Vethrathnam. Thank you for helping us in accomplishing this

coursework. Thank you also to all other people who are involved in this coursework directly and

indirectly.

Zulakmar Hazwan , Lwando Ziqhu & Low Chun Keat





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use in Telecommunication, Military and Digital Imaging.

by Zulakmar Hazwan , Lwando Ziqhu & Low Chun Keat

Abstract

Microwave is the waves that travel at the speed of light (186, 282 miles per second) and very

short in wavelength are called microwave. It is very powerful since it can travel millions of miles

through the emptiness of space. In other words, it do not need any medium to propagate or travel.

This is due to the wave itself carries energy (stored energy in motion). In frequency spectrum, the

microwave is placed between 2.45GHz to 13GHz. The devices are used for microwave spectrum

range are specially design and fabricated. This paper is explaining briefly the application of

silicon-based microwave devices in telecommunication, military, and consumer electronics

(digital imaging).

The History of Microwave

Microwave research and development started as early in 1940s when microwave technology was

found. The American physicist who contributes to the development of radar is known, as the

Microwave Technology Founder is Sir William Webster Hansen. He developed the Klystron, a

vacuum tube essential to radar technology (1937). Based on amplitude modulation of an electron

beam, it permits the generation of powerful and stable high-frequency oscillations (microwave). It

revolutionized high-energy physics and microwave research and led to airborne radar. The

klystron also has been used in satellite communications, airplane and missile guidance systems,

and telephone and television transmission.

It is clear from the history; generally the microwave devices are used in some area of

technology, such as telecommunication, consumer electronics and military. Nowadays, the

microwave devices application is extend more, the microwave device are also used in aerospace

technology. As additional benefit, the characteristics of silicon material are extending the

application of microwave devices.





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Silicon-Based Microwave Devices

Semiconductor has become very important devices in our daily live today. Semiconductors are

everywhere; from the transistor radio to the fastest supercomputer. Some of the important devices

are silicon-based bipolar and field effect transistors. It is very fundamental to discuss the

characteristic of silicon-based microwave devices before we look into their application..

Silicon or Si has band gap energy 1.16eV at 0°K and 1.12eV at 300°K. The mobility of

Si at 300°K is 450cm2 /Vs for holes and 1600 cm2 /Vs for electrons. Silicon has relative dielectric

constant of 11.8.

Silicon is a semiconductor. The value of band gap energy, which is, placed at the middle

range of energy gap give a few advantages. Silicon is easy to be excited by external energy such

as thermal energy. This gives advantages in changing state rate. Most cases, Silicon is doped to

maximize the advantages and for some specific purposes.





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Telecommunication: The Major Applicant of Microwave

Devices

An Introduction

Semiconductors are the heart of microprocessor chips as well as transistors. Almost all products

that depend upon electronics, microwaves and RF signals are dependant upon semiconductors.

The main material component of almost all semiconductor chips and transistors is silicon, which

is used because of its crystalline structure. Silicone chips can be turned into a conductor by

adding other materials to it. These materials add certain impurities, which as a classification are

referred to as "doping.

Categories within the Semiconductors family include analog linear devices,

communications and telecommunications chips, data acquisition chips, data converter chips,

digital logic devices, diodes, IC interface devices, IC passive components, IC timing devices,

memory chips, microprocessors and microcontrollers, power management chips, programmable

logic devices, rf and wireless IC chips, sensor chips, thyristors, transistors, and video, audio,

multimedia chips.

The Products and their Use of Microwave Devices

Bluetooth is a wireless specification that defines short-range radio communication between

devices equipped with small, specialized Bluetooth chips. More than just a replacement for

cables, Bluetooth provides a wireless way to connect computers with all types of portable,

electronic devices, forming small, private networks often referred to as PANs (personal area

networks). The T7024 is a monolithic SiGe transmit/receive front-end IC with power amplifier,

low-noise amplifier and T/R switch driver. The T7024 is designed especially for applications in

the 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz frequency band. The front end consists of a Power Amplifier, a Low-

Noise Amplifier and a switch driver for a PIN diode antenna switch. The microwave pin diode is

used to activate an external antenna switch.

ParthusCeva is the world's leading licensor of DSP cores and related Platform-level

Intellectual Property (IP) to the semiconductor and electronics industry. ParthusCeva also provide





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(Gunn, IMPATT, Schottky, and varactor) and/or three terminal devices MESFET, HEMT, or

HBT) integrated with planar antennas such as printed dipoles, microstrip patches, bowties, or slot

antennas. Choosing the adequate configuration, multiple communications can be realized. Using a

tunnel diode, a mixer can be integrated with an antenna, called an “antennaverter”. A traveling

wave antenna can also be used, together with tunnel diodes, to operate as a traveling wave

amplifier, called an “antennafier”. The above are some of the developments in designing Active

integrated antennas. The potential for applications of AIAs is broad. The need for automatic

identification of articles and personnel has grown rapidly in recent years with the increased use of

computerized systems for security and control tasks. The primary limitation of traditional

magnetically encoded cards is the need for physical contact between the card and the reader.

Noncontact identifications systems in which identification can be made at a distance are either

optical (bar code reader) or use radio frequencies. Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems

have several advantages compared to optical systems, such as better penetration of obstructing

materials (e.g. clothing, plastic cover) and easier processing of the identifying signals. In addition,

RFID systems can be used for high-speed data transfers and synchronous read-write operation.

The Broader Perspective

The above mentioned examples and illustrations of silicon (Si) and silicon-germanium (SiGe)

microwave devices in the form of microwave diodes clearly established the idea that microwave

devices are indeed important components in the development and implementation of

communication and telecommunication systems and chips. PIN diodes, Schottky barrier devices,

bipolar diodes and the likes prove to very useful in this effect. From wireless products and

antenna circuitry to fiber-optic communication medium and the popular Bluetooth technology,

microwave devices are applicable in a wide range of communication and telecommunication

systems and devices. Moreover, Silicon-based microwave devices present various advantages

from devices made of other semiconductor materials. The communications and

telecommunications industry and its efficiency have been drastically improved by the

development and development of Silicon microwave devices. With development of suchrevolutionary equipment meant for integrated circuit, the future promised more progressive

development in the field of making communication/telecommunication chips as well as other

fields and industries that require microwave applications.





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Silicon Based Microwave Devices in The Field of Military

Cost efficiency

Applications of advanced microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits have long been

dominated by military users. As in so many other areas of electronics, however, price-driven

commercial users are emerging as a significant market force and technology driver. While

continuing to use the highest performance gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphate (InP)

devices in many applications, we can also anticipate that the military user will try to exploit much

lower cost, dual-use microwave technologies and manufacturing methods. These include the use

of silicon germanium (SiGe); micro-electromechanical switches and phase shifters; low-cost, flip-

chip packaging; microwave photonics; and dual-use, computer-aided engineering tools and

environments for first-pass design success.

For interfacing with the physical world (the job that microwave and millimeter-wave

circuits are asked to do), the first transistor and the last transistor have extraordinary importance,

the first because of noise figure and dynamic range, and the last because of power efficiency and

waveform control. For these reasons, these transistors have seen extraordinary focus and

specialization. Even below one gigahertz, GaAs has often replaced Si for these interface

transistors. Specialized processing coupled with yield maximization has slowed the progress of

monolithic integration. Even after the MIMIC program, and despite a steady progress on

integrating more onto a single chip, hybrid solutions are common and will remain so for the

foreseeable future. Integration is most commonly applied to the transistors between the first and

the last.

In terms of the technology base, there are two "wild card" material systems: indium

phosphide and silicon germanium. InP is at the top of the spectrum. For receivers, InP yields a

few tens of percent lower equivalent noise temperature and has better power added efficiency for

transmitters because the maximum frequency is greater. It is unlikely, however, that without a

technology driver other than millimeter waves, InP would make much progress against the

incumbent GaAs.





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SiGe, at the lower end of the spectrum, presents a similar situation. SiGe has higher

performance than Si and potentially lower cost than GaAs, but that advantage is by itself not yet

compelling. Luckily, in both cases, these upstart technologies have separate technology drivers.

For InP, it is the optoelectronics telecommunication field; for SiGe, it is digital complementary

metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS). So there is the potential for GaAs to be squeezed out of

applications on the low end by SiGe and the high end by InP. However, this is unlikely to happen

in the next decade. People tend to underestimate the tenacity of an incumbent technology. The

challenger must be compelling, often offering an order-of-magnitude improvement to be adopted,

and further fragmenting an existing market.

Si and Ga in NavyThe Navy and the Department of Defense have increasing needs for electronic devices which

operate at higher frequency, higher power, higher temperature and in harsh environments, for

applications such as sensor components in jet engines or airborne microwave devices. GaN is an

excellent candidate material for such applications, because it is chemically stable at high

temperatures, has good thermal conductivity, a high breakdown field and a large electron

saturation velocity. Consequently, the Division is putting a significant effort into advancing GaN

device technology. GaN and its alloys are currently being studied for applications in field effect

transistors (FET's), in p-n diodes, and as new light sources, particularly in the blue and

ultraviolet.

The Electronic Materials Branch has a solid record of contributions in wide bandgap

semiconductor research, with work on silicon carbide, diamond and the nitrides. Currently the

Branch plays a key role in the advancement of GaN and SiC technologies within the Division by

addressing the essential issues of materials growth and impurity incorporation in both current and

newly-emerging growth techniques.





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CCD: Imaging Devices

An IntroductionSilicon detectors have found in many fields of physical research. Their application extends from

the interaction of leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, and the hunt for particles at the scale of <10E-

20m to investigation of large scales (>10E28m) of the entire universe.

In between these extremes, the Silicon detectors are used in Nuclear Physics,

Crystallography, and Medical for imaging and Mechanical for alignment. In each of the many

applications, they have been modified to fit energy scale, time structure and signal characteristic

for the applications.

One primary reason for the common use of Silicon as detector material is that is a

semiconductor with a moderate band gap of 1.12eV. Searches a different material could replace

Silicon as the semiconductor of choice tracking devices by a lot of engineers and scientist have

not been successful. One reason for the uniqueness of Silicon is its wide technology base and it

has helped to spawn the use of pixel detector such as hybrid, CCD’s and CMOS detectors for

truly applications.

CCD in Imaging Sensor

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is used as image sensor since it is fabricated on high-resistivity

silicon, about 10k-Ohm. According to Stower in his paper published in 1996, the resistivity

characteristic allows for operation of the CCD with the entire 300 micro-metre substrate depleted.

This results in better read to near infrared response. In additions, the CCD has good blue response

when back illuminated.

Andor Technology describes its CCD products DV 401, DV 420 and DV 440, CCD is

used in its product because CCD allow optimized pixel size for high dynamic range. The

resolution is in the range of 13micro-metre to 26 micro-metre. The products are used as

spectroscopy, such as X-ray spectroscopy and measuring ozone, gasses traces.





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CMOS and CCD in Digtal I maging, the Digital Cameras.

CCD comprises photo sites, typically arranged in an X-Y matrix rows and columns. The

photodiode converts light, the photons, into charge, the electrons. Theoretically the number of

electrons collected is proportional to the light intensity. The charges are then read out by each

row of data is moved to separated horizontal charge transfer register. The reading is in serial and

sensed by a charge-to-voltage conversion.

That optimization however, makes integrating other electronics onto the silicon

impractical. Normally CCD is used with clock signal, complicated system integration and it is

power consumption.

However, there is alternative device, which is widely used as imager. The introduction of

CMOS in imaging technology absolutely created a stop point for CCD. But CCD is still used in

Medical and Remote Sensing because there are some performances that CMOS could not

achieved especially in high-speed detection.

As example of a product using CCD, Eastman Kodak Company a few months ago

announced that Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. of Japan has selected an enhanced version of the

Kodak KAF-5101CE charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor for its new Olympus E-1

Digital Single Lens Reflex (D-SLR) camera system, the first digital camera designed for the

emerging Four Thirds System standard.

In the release documentation, Kodak announce 4 major advantages of application CCD in

their new digital camera:

Image Quality

Leverages Kodak's advanced Full-Frame CCD technology to provide ultra-wide dynamic range

for rendering fine image details in the highlight and shadow areas and excellent color fidelity for

sharp images with brilliant colors;

Speed

4/3-type image sensor enables camera designs with extremely low shutter lag, fast shutter speeds

and rapid read-out for high image burst rates;





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Size

Designed to match the new Four Thirds System interchangeable lenses resulting in a new class of

camera lenses that are more compact and half the size and weight of the equivalent focal length

lenses for traditional 35 mm cameras for improved portability;

Photosensitivity

Matching the 4/3-type imager and lenses enables wide-angle photography and improved

sensitivity (effective ISO) for image capture in dimly lit photographic condition.





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Other Microwave Devices and Their Applications

The table below shows the others application of microwave devices. There are a few types of

material used, depend to the requirements and the purpose. In the table, there are applications,

which allow silicon-based microwave devices to be used.

Devices Applications Advantages

Transistor L-band trasmitter for telemetry systems

and phased array radar system.

L- and S-band trasmitter for

communication system

Low cost, low power supply,

reliable, high CW power output, light

weight

TED C- , X- and Ku-band ECM amplifiers for

wideband systems

X- and Ku-band transmitter for radar

system such as traffic control

Low power supply(12V), low cost,

light weight, reliable, low noise, high

gain.

IMPATT Transmitter for millimeter-wave

communications systems

Low power supply, low cost,

reliable, high CW power output, light

weight

TRAPATT S-Band pulsed transmitter for phasedarray radar system

High peak and average power,reliable, low power supply, low cost

BARITT Local oscillators in communication and

radar receivers

Low cost, low power supply,

reliable, low noise

Table: Adapted from Microwave Devices and Circuit, Third Edition.





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Conclusion

Silicon-based microwave devices are widely used in communication system such as cellular

communication, radar system, GPRS, and CDMA. In military, the application of communication

system was brought the microwave devices into the field and also for other some applications. On

the other hand, application of microwave devices in consumer electronics was extend the

limitation of conventional electronics.

Generally, the advantages of silicon-based microwave devices application are, silicon-

based devices are more reliable, low cost and need low power supply. However, at the output,

these devices can give high power.

Silicon-based microwave devices have to be developing wide. All the fields and

industries should take this golden opportunity. The advantages of silicon-based microwave

devices not only can cause the industry gain more profit but the people will also experience the

advantages.





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References

Telecommunication: The Major Applicant of Microw ave Devices

1. Partusceva , http://www.parthusceva.com/products/navstream_gps/index.html, Available,

2003

2. Microsemi, Microsemi Launches Wireless LAN - 5-6GHz Antennma Switch Technology ,

News, 22 August 2001

3. Atmel, http://www.atmel.com, Available, 2003.

4. Martin Kaleja , Active Integrated Antennas for Sensor and Communication Applications,

Technischen Universität München

5. Mark D. McDonald, A Silicon Bipolar Chipset for Fiber-optic Applications to 2.5Gb/s ,

IEEE Jurnal, June 1991

Silicon Based Microwave Devices in The Field of Military

1. Lance A. Glasser, Breakthroughs in Affordability of Military Microwave Systems Defense

Advanced Research Projects Agency Arlington, Virginia

2. Characterization of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, US Navy Publication.

CCD: The Imaging Devices

1. Hartmut F.-W. Sadrozinski , Application of Silicon Detector , University of California ,

2000.

2. R.J. Stover & M. Wei, Technical Digest , Fabricated On High-Resistivity Silicon,

University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory, 1996.

3. Kodak Official Site, http://www.kodak.com , Available, 2003.

Other Microwave Devices and Their Applications

1. Samuel Y. Liao, Microwave Devices and Circuits, Third Edition, Prentice Hall

International Inc, Published in 1990.

http://www.parthusceva.com/products/navstream_gps/index.html

http://www.atmel.com/

http://www.kodak.com/

http://www.kodak.com/

http://www.atmel.com/

http://www.parthusceva.com/products/navstream_gps/index.html

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