seminar networking

8/8/2019 Seminar Networking

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Seminar On

NetworkingPresented by

Intramantra Global Solution PVT LTD, Indore

http://intramantra.com


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Basics of Networking

Networking began its infancy in the mid -1960s.by the US Department of Defence (DoD).

The original intention of networking was beingdeveloped to withstand a nuclear war.

Telephone networks were to vulnerable and wouldterminate all conversations should a nuclear war occur.


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You wake up at 3 a.m. to go to the bathroom and

stop and check your e-mail on the way back to bed.



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WE ARE DEALING WITH MACHINES INSTEAD OF PEOPLE IN TODAYS WORLD. OUR PRIVACY IS

AFFECTED AND ALMOST ALL OF OUR PERSONAL

INFORMATION CAN BE FOUND IN

THE VIRTUAL WORLD .



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ARPA ( Advanced R esearch P rojects Agency)was created in response with the launching of the

Sputnik in 1957. ARPA decided that a DoD network should be packet-switched networked consisting of a subnet andhost computers.

Experimental network research was awarded toUCL A, UCSB , S RI and Univ. of Utha in 1969. Theseareas were because they all had a large number of ARPA contracts.



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These 4 universities also had different and completelyincompatible host computers.

ARPA NET protocols were not suitable for running over multiple networks , so TC P/IP model and protocolswere invented in 1974.

ARPA awarded several other contracts and specificallyUniv.. of California at Berkeley to integrate theprotocols with the Berkeley UN IX.



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Berkeley developed a convenient program interfaceto the network and wrote many applications , utility,and management programs to make networking easier.

In it early infancy , the OS I protocols were crushed andthe TC P/IP protocols were already in widespread use.

The OS I Model had seven layers because at the time ,IBM had a propriety seven -layer protocol calledSN A (Systems Network Architecture).



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At the time , IBM dominated the computer companiesand every was scared to death that IBM would use

its clout to force everyone to use SN A.

The OS I was to be produced like an IBM-referencemodel.

The OS I model became the world standard and wasnot controlled by one company , but by a neutralorganization , ISO ( International Standards Association).



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TYPE S OF N ETW ORKS

L AN LOC AL AR E A NETWO RK IS A SM ALL

GEOG RAPHI C AL AR E A SUC H AS OU R SC HOOLBO AR D.

M AN MET R OP OLIT AN AR E A NETWO RK IS A NETWO RK OVE R A L AR GE R GEOG RAPHI C AL AR E A

SUC H AS T HE PR OV INC IAL GOVE R NMENT.W AN W IDE AR E A NETWO RK IS A NETWO RK USEDOVE R AN E XTR EMELY L AR GE GEOG RAPHI C AL AR E A SUC H AS T HE FEDE RA L GOVE R NMENT.



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BUS TO P OLOGY ALLOWS INFO R M ATION TO BE

DIR ECTED F R OM ONE COM P UTE R TO T HE OT HER .LOTS OF B IN AR Y COLL IS ION T HOUG H .



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ST AR TO P OLOGY IS T HE MOST COMMON TY P EUSED. ALL COM P UTE R S AR E ATT ACHED TO A HUB.LESS COLL IS IONS AND MOST EFF IC IENT.



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RI NG TO P OLOGY - USES A TO KEN TO PA SSINFO R M ATION F R OM 1 COM P UTE R TO T HE OT HER . A TO KEN IS ATT ACHED TO T HE MESS AGE BY T HESENDE R TO IDENT IFY W HICH COM P UTE R S HOULDR ECE IVE T HE MESS AGE. AS T HE MESS AGE MOVES AR OUND T HE RI NG , E ACH COM P UTE R EXAMINES

THE TO KEN. IF T HE COM P UTE R IDENT IFIES T HE TO KEN AS ITS OWN , THEN IT W ILL PR OCESS T HEINFO R M ATION.



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A DIS ADV ANT AGE OF A TO KEN RI NG IS IF ONECOM P UTE R IS B R OKEN O R DOWN , THE MESS AGEC ANNOT BE PA SSED TO T HE OT HER COM P UTE R S.



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The seven layers of the OS I Model are:

Layer 1 PH S IC LLayer 2 ATA LIN Layer 3 N E TWORKLayer 4 TRA N SPORTLayer 5 SESS IO NLayer 6 PR ESEN TATIO NLayer 7 APPL ICATIO N



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Each one of you was assigned a number whenyou entered the lab. Get together with your team

member(s).

Begin to research the layer that your number isassociated with.

Research as much information as you can in15 minutes and make notes of your finding.



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Once complete, we will create a bigger groupwith all the layer present.

You will present your finding to your group aboutthe layer. You will only have 2 minutes to present.



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THE PH YS IC AL L AYER

The physical layer is concerned with transmitting

raw bits over a communication channel thoughhubs, wires (cat5U TP ), modems, network cardsbasically anything that is physical to the network.

When looking at network cables , there are2 types that affect nodes. They are:

In networking , computers are also known asHosts or Nodes.



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Wiring:1-3 White /Orange2-6 Orange3-1 White /Green6-2 Green4-4 Blue5-5 White /Blue7-7 White /Brown8-8 Brown

Typical Crossover Cable



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TW ISTED S HIELDED PAIR USED IN PH ONE L INES , NETWO RK S

UNS HIELDED TW ISTED PAIR

CO AXIAL C ABLE USED IN C ABLEV IS ION G R E AT FO R VIDEO

F IBR E O P TIC C ABLES - USES L IGHT TO C ARR Y S IGN AL BUTHAR D TO WO RK WITH AND LOOSES S IGN AL OVE R LONGE R DIST ANCES

COMMUNICA TION CHANN EL S



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Crimping Tool Hub



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THE DATA-LINK LA YER

The data link layer takes raw transmission and

transform it into a line that appears free of transmission errors in the network layer.

The Data- Link Layer also is where you would findthe MAC Address. (Media Access Control). To find the

MAC Address of your computer, or any computer:Start/ P rograms/ MS P rompt and type: ipconfig/all


"C:\ WINDO WS>" prompt , type "tracertwww.howstuffworks.com"


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THE DATA-LINK LA YER

You will also find smart devices such as switches inthe Data- Link Layer.

The digital information that needs to be sent such asand e-mail, attachments, etc needs to be broken intosmaller bits known as packets.

These packets require some information similar tosending a letter in the mail.



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Hea der Trailer (Footer)Conta ins : Conta ins :Mac Address (if a va ila ble) Ma c Address (from your computer)IP Address (where it's going) IP Address (where it ca me from)

PACKETS

Bits of information

THE RE A RE A NUMBE R OF PACKETS THAT WILLFOLLOW EACH OTHE R TO THE FI NAL DESTI NATION.



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THE NETW ORK LA YER

The network layer is concerned with controlling

the operation of the subnet. A R OUTE R is used todetermining how packets are routed from sourceto destination.

If one path is busy, then the router will select another path for the packets to travel. So really, the packetscan all have different paths and find their way to thefinal destination.



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THE NETW ORK LA YER

The router has millions of I P addressing built into

the software, and knows where to send the packets.

IP stands for Internet P rotocol and is basically anaddress that the packets will be sent to.

An example would be 216.27.61.137



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THE NETW ORK LA YERIf you look at the I P Address, the number are brokeninto different categories.

216. 27.61.137

Classification Hosts

216. 27.61.137

Octets



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Classifications can be broken into 3 classes. They are:

Class A - Only the first octet is used for addressing andthe balance used for hosts.

Class B - The first two octet are used for addressingand the balance used for hosts.

Class C - The first three octet are used for addressingand the balance used for hosts.



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Every machine on the Internet has a unique

identifying number , called an IP Address.

A typical IP address looks like this:

216.27.61.137

But computers communicate in binary form.



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The same IP address in binary:

11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001

216.27.61.137



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If you add all the positions together , you get 32 ,

which is why IP addresses are considered

32-bit numbers

Combine the four octets and you get 2 32 or a possible

4 ,2 94 ,967 ,2 96 unique values.

11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001



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Class A - This class is for very large networks ,

such as a major international company might have.

IP addresses with a first octet from 1 to 1 2 6 are

part of this class.



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Class B - This class is used for medium-sized networks.

A good example is a large college campus.

IP addresses with a first octet from 1 2 8 to 191

are part of this class. Class B addresses also include

the second octet as part of the Net identifier.



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Class C - Class C addresses are commonly used for

small to mid-size businesses. IP addresses

with a first octet from 19 2 to 22 3 are part of this

class. Class C addresses also include the second

and third octets as part of the Net identifier.



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Loopback - The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used

as the loopback address. This means that it isused by the host computer to send a message

back to itself.


LOO P BACK


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THE S ESSION LA YER

The session layer allows different machines to

establish sessions between themselves.

Once communications are established, encryptionthen begins both parties.



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THE P RES ENTATION LA YER

The P resentation Layers job is managing data

structures and converting from the representationused inside the computer to the network standardrepresentation an visa versa.

In English terms, the P resentation layer basicallytakes the packets and re-assembles them so you canopen the e-mail or the attachment.

If any packets got lost along the way, or weredamaged, then the P resentation layer will send asign to the sender that it requires the specific packet.



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THE APPL ICATION LA YER

The Application layer contains a variety of protocols

that are commonly required. Another Application layer function is file transfer.

Different file systems have different file naming

conventions , different ways of representing text lines , and so on.

Transferring a file between two different systemsrequires handling and other incompatibilities.



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SOA P - Si p le Obj ec t AccessP r o toco lSOA P de fines a s tanda r d ay to encode o bj ec tsw it i n ne two r packe ts s ing X L.

PTh e ynam ic os t on figu r a tion P r o toco l

(P

) suppo rt s au toma ti c add r ess ass ignmen tand imp r oved con figu r a tion managemen t o f I Pne two r ks .

TH E APP LI AT ION L A YER



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IP v6 - Internet P rotocol version 6

IPv6 promises to relieve the current I P addressshortage, and this new version of the protocolmay also increase performance and improveadministration capabilities.

PPP o E

The P oint to P oint P rotocol over Ethernet(PPP o E) standard helps access providersmanage their broadband service delivery, andit can a lso improve the ea se of use for DS L andcable modem customers.

THE APPL ICATION LA YER



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As you can see, the OSI Model is a sophisticatedand complicated model, but I hope you gainedsome information on the way this theoretical modelwork.

The package that I have given you also has anIP Addressing assignment that I use with my Grade12 Computer Engineering Students.



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