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Symbol and Referent

SYMBOL AND REFERENT

what That it’s mean?

As nouns the difference between Referent and Symbol

is that referent is (semantics) the specific entity in the world that world or phrase identifies.

or denotes while symbol is a character or glyph representing an idea, concept or object.

For example;

 "the cat over there looks unfriendly"

the symbol : the catthe content : what a cat is likethe referent : the cat over there

so..

symbol is something which we use to represent another thing - it might be a picture, a letter, a spoken or witten word - anything we use conventionally for the purpose.

referent is everything that related with symbol

this may sometimes be an object in the physical world ( the world rover is the symbol; a real dog is the referent). but it may be something which is not at all, or not obviously, present - like freedom, unicorns or hamlet.

EUPHEMISM

What is EUPHEMISM?

A euphemism is used on polite expressions are words or phrases that might be considered rude or distasteful to be heard. Euphemism used regularly, and there are many examples of the use of euphemism in everyday language.

Replacement of offensive expressions (such as "just passed away") to replace the word deemed objectionable ("dead").

In his Oxford Dictionary of euphemism (2007), the record Holder in the speech that the RW or writing "we use the euphemism for dealing with things that are taboo or touchy subjects. That is the language of the embezzlement, hypocrisy, coquettishness, and lies.

For example• Some euphemism used to make truth the less fun it looks softer.• Euphemism examples that are included in this category include:•

Using just Passed away than died to declare death•

Use Correctional facility rather than jail to State prison•

Use the Departed than died to declare dead•

Use Differently-abled instead of handicapped or disabled to reveal defects•

Use Fell off the back of a truck than to reveal the stolen stolen•

Using Ethnic cleansing rather than genocide to State Tribes•

Use Turn a trick rather than engage in prostitution to declare prostitution•

Using Negative patient outcomes than dead to declare dead•

Use the Relocation center rather than the prison camp to State prison

Denotation,connotation and implication

• Denotation 

The language consists of a large number of words and each word has a direct correlation with something outside language. And if we communicate with each other through language we all must be the same ' idea ' or ' concept ' associated with each word.Ogden and Richard mentioned the bond between the object and the word meaning. When we hear or read the word, we often form a mental picture of what that word represents, and equate "concept" with a mental picture.The reference is the relationship between the expression language like this door, both doors, the dog, another dog and anything else related to expression in certain situations when the use of language, including what the speaker might imagine. Denoted is the potential of words like door or dog to enter into the expression language like that. The reference was the way the speaker and the listener using the expression work. Denoted is the knowledge that they have that makes them use successfully.The problem with the theory of mentalistik meaning, first, that not all words can be associated with a mental image. the example Sentence "The dog bit a man ' and ' The man bit a dog ', using ordinary instance, contain the same words but they do not express the same meaning.

• CONNOTION

The connotations are affective or emotional Association of menthol, which obviously doesn't need to be the same for all those who know and use the word. Identify the central aspects of denoted meaning of the word, where every people generally agree about. The connotation of referring to the personal aspect of meaning, evoke emotional Association said. Connotation varies according to experience, some words have the connotation of sharing.

Implication• what is implication

An implication is something that is suggested, or happens, indirectly. When you left the gate open and the dog escaped, you were guilty by implication.Implication has many different senses: Usually used in the plural, implications are effects or consequences that may happen in the future. You might ask, "What are the implications of our decision?" Implication is also the state of being implicated, or connected to something bad: "Are you surprised by their implication that you were involved in the crime?"

Examples of implication in a sentence• … but whereas Updike and Roth work to establish connection and coherence in the

face of time's chaos, DeLillo is an artist of diffusion and dispersal, of implication and missing information. —A. O. Scott, New York Times Book Review, 21 May 2006

• … the power of ideas to transform the world is itself accelerating. Although people readily agree with this observation when simply stated, very few people truly appreciate its profound implications. —Ray Kurzweil, Curious Minds, (2004) 2005\

Ambiguity

A word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous if it has more than one meaning. The word 'light', for example, can mean not very heavy or not very dark. Words like 'light', 'note', 'bear' and 'over' are lexically ambiguous. They induce ambiguity in phrases or sentences in which they occur, such as 'light suit' and 'The duchess can't bear children'. However, phrases and sentences can be ambiguous even if none of their constituents is. The phrase 'porcelain egg container' is structurally ambiguous, as is the sentence 'The police shot the rioters with guns'. Ambiguity can have both a lexical and a structural basis, as with sentences like 'I left her behind for you' and 'He saw her duck'.The notion of ambiguity has philosophical applications. For example, identifying an ambiguity can aid in solving a philosophical problem. Suppose one wonders how two people can have the same idea, say of a unicorn. This can seem puzzling until one distinguishes 'idea' in the sense of a particular psychological occurrence, a mental representation, from 'idea' in the sense of an abstract, shareable concept. On the other hand, gratuitous claims of ambiguity can make for overly simple solutions. Accordingly, the question arises of how genuine ambiguities can be distinguished from spurious ones. Part of the answer consists in identifying phenomena with which ambiguity may be confused, such as vagueness, unclarity, inexplicitness and indexicality.

Metaphor

• DEFINITION OF METAPHOR

A metaphor is a figure of speech that refers to something as being the same as another thing for rhetorical effect. It may provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between two ideas. Where a simile compares two items, a metaphor directly equates them, and does not use "like" or "as" as does a simile.

METAPHOR EXAMPLES • The detective listened to her tales with a wooden face.• She was fairly certain that life was a fashion show.• The typical teenage boy’s room is a disaster area.• What storms then shook the ocean of my sleep.• The children were roses grown in concrete gardens, beautiful and forlorn.

Simile

• Simile DefinitionA simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as”. Therefore, it is a direct comparison.

We can find simile examples in our daily speech. We often hear comments like “John is as slow as a snail.” Snails are notorious for their slow pace and here the slowness of John is compared to that of a snail. The use of “as” in the example helps to draw the resemblance. Some more examples of common similes are given below.

• Common Examples of Simile• Our soldiers are as brave as lions.• Her cheeks are red like a rose.• He is as funny as a monkey.The water well was as dry as a bone.• He is as cunning as a fox.• Simile inputs vividness into what we say. Authors and poets utilize comparisons to convey their

sentiments and thoughts through vivid word pictures like a simile.•

Synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy

• Definition Synonym, Antonym, hyponym

• SynonymsSynonyms are words that have the same or very similar meaning. All words can have a synonym. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions can have a synonym as long as both words are the same part of speech.

Examples of Synonyms• Adjectives: beautiful, lovely, gorgeous, stunning, striking• Nouns: House, home, dwelling, residence, abode, quarters• Verbs: jump, bound, leap, hop, skip• Prepositions: in, inside, within

Antonyms

• Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. For example, the antonym of long is short. Often words will have more than one antonym but as with synonyms it depends on the context. For instance, the word warm could have the antonym cool or chilly. In order to choose the correct antonym, you have to look at all the meanings and how the word is used. Cool can mean stylish as well as chilly so the word cool may not be the best choice.

• Types of Antonyms• Graded antonyms are word pairs that have variations between the

two opposites. For example, big and little are antonyms but there are a lot of changes before you get to the opposite meaning. Like this:

• Big, huge, bulky, full-size, slight, petite, little Other examples are:

Homonym• Two or more words that have the same sound or spelling but differ in meaning.

Generally, the term homonym refers both to homophones (words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings, such as pair and pear) and to homographs (words that are spelled the same but have different meanings, such as "bow your head" and "tied in a bow").Accordingly homonym divided into two :

• 1. Homophone • Homophone is a words that are pronounced the same but have different eanings.

Example:

• §  patience/patients• §  some/sum• §  knap/nap• §  knead/kneed/need• §  knead/kneed/need• §  knight/night• §  desert /dessert

Collocation

• Definition• A collocation is a familiar grouping of words,

especially words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association.Collocational range refers to the set of items that typically accompany a word. The size of a collocational range is partially determined by a word's level of specificity and number of meanings

Metonymy

• Definition Metonymy Metonymy is often confused with another figure of speech called synecdoche. They resemble each other but are not the same. Synecdoche refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. For example, calling a car “a wheel” is a synecdoche. A part of a car i.e. “a wheel” stands for the whole car. In a metonymy, on the other hand, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not a part of it. For example, “Crown” which means power or authority is a metonymy

• Examples of Metonymy in Everyday Life• We use metonymy frequently in our everyday life. For a better understanding, let us

observe a few metonymy examples:• England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers to the government.)• The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military

force.)• The Oval Office was busy in work. (“The Oval Office” is a metonymy as it stands for

people at work in the office.)• Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)

Hyperbola

• Hyperbole (pronounced hahy-pur-buh-lee, not hyper-bowl) is an exaggeration which is obvious, extreme, and intentional. Hyperbole is used in order to stir up a strong emotion or response in the reader. It is important to note, though, that hyperbole should not be taken literally. Rather, it is used to emphasize a certain statement or characteristic.

For example:• That suitcase weighed a ton! • This would mean that the suitcases weighed two thousand pounds! Of

course, the person does not mean that the suitcase actually weighed a ton. He is using hyperbole in order to point out the heavy weight.The word hyperbole is derived from the Greek word hyperbolḗ meaning “over-casting

Polysemy

Definition• Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more

distinct meanings. A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings. Adjective: polysemous or polysemic.In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. According to William Croft, "Monosemy is probably most clearly found in specialized vocabulary dealing with technical topics" (The Handbook of Linguistics, 2003).

Homonymy, homophone and homograps

homonym• A homonym is a word that is said or spelled the same way as

another word but has a different meaning. "Write” and “right” is a good example of a pair of homonyms.

• Homonym traces back to the Greek words homos, meaning “same,” and onuma, meaning “name.” So a homonym is sort of like two people who have the same name: called the same thing but different. A homonym can be a word that sounds the same as something else — like by (“near”) and buy (“purchase”) — or it can be spelled exactly the same way and pronounced differently — like minute (unit of time) and minute (“tiny”).

homophone

• A homophone is a word that sounds the same as another word but has a different meaning and/or spelling. “Flower” and “flour” are homophones because they are pronounced the same but you certainly can’t bake a cake using daffodils.

• Other common homophones are write and right, meet and meat, peace and piece. You have to listen to the context to know which word someone means if they’re spoken aloud. If they say they like your jeans (genes?), they’re probably talking about your pants and not your height and eye color — but you’d have to figure it out from the situation!

homograph

• Use the noun homograph to talk about two words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and are pronounced differently — like "sow," meaning female pig, and "sow," to plant seeds.

• The word homograph merges homos, the Greek word for "same," with graph, "to write." If two words are written identically but don't share a meaning, they are homographs. Some examples are close ("to shut") and close ("nearby"); and bass ("deep") and bass ("the fish"). Homographs are confusing at first glance, but once you read them in the context of a sentence or hear them spoken aloud, you'll easily figure out which word is intended

Proveb

• Definition of ProverbProverb is a brief, simple and popular saying, or a phrase that gives

advice and effectively embodies a commonplace truth based on practical experience or common sense. A proverb may have an allegorical message behind its odd appearance. The reason of popularity is due to its usage in spoken language as well as in the folk literature. Some authors twist and bend proverbs and create anti-proverbs to add literary effects to their works. However, in poetry, poets use proverbs strategically by employing some parts of them in poems’ titles such as Lord Kennet has written a poem, A Bird in the Bush, which is a popular proverb. Some poems contain multiple proverbs like Paul Muldoon’s poem Symposium.

idiom

• Idiom DefinitionThe term refers to a set expression or a phrase comprising two or more words. An interesting fact regarding the device is that the expression is not interpreted literally. The phrase is understood as to mean something quite different from what individual words of the phrase would imply. Alternatively, it can be said that the phrase is interpreted in a figurative sense. Further, idioms vary in different cultures and countries. Idiom Examples

• “Every cloud has its silver lining but it is sometimes a little difficult to get it to the mint.”

• The statement quoted above uses “silver lining” as an idiom which means some auspicious moment is lurking behind the cloud or the difficult time

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