section six: scaffolds

Section Six: Scaffolds

Hod Carrier Dies In Fall From Rolling Tower Scaffold (Case

Study) Hod Carrier Dies In Fall From Rolling Tower Scaffold (Case

Study Answers) California Tailgate Training, Safety Walkaround Checklist:

Scaffolds (SBCTC, LOHP, AGC) California Tailgate Training Guide: Scaffolds (SBCTC, LOHP,

California AGC) Guide For Working Safely With Supported Scaffolds (Cal/OSHA

Consultation) Scaffolds (Safety Break, Occupational Health Branch, CA Dept.

of Health Services) Scaffold Safety For Residential Construction Contractors

(Mass. Dept. of Public Health) Suspended Scaffolds (Federal OSHA) Supported Scaffolds (Federal OSHA) OSHA Quick Card: Support Scaffold Safety Tips (Federal

OSHA)

CaseStudy

Hod Carrier Dies In Fall From Rolling Tower Scaffold

A 29-year old hod carrier died and three co-workers were injured when they fell from the fourth story of a pump house building that was under construction. The hod carrier had been working for the contractor for 4 months and onsite for one month. He and three co-workers were spraying fireproof insulation onto the structural steel frame of the building. No scaffolding was erected on the outside of the building, so the workers built an extension platform on the scaffold. They used a rolling tower scaffold to gain access to the structural steel overhead. They added Putlogs (types of trusses) to sides of the rolling tower scaffold on which an extension platform had been constructed. This platform was used to gain access to the outer side of the structural steel. The scaffold had not been engineered for the extension platform. No counterweights, anchorage or bracing were used. The scaffold was constructed using parts from different manufacturers. The rod carrier joined his three coworkers to help install a guardrail. Their combined weight caused the scaffold to tip and throw them to the concrete deck 44 feet below. No one was wearing personal fall protection.

What went wrong in this situation?

How could this incident have been prevented?

CaseStudy

Hod Carrier Dies In Fall From Rolling Tower Scaffold (Answers)

What went wrong in this situation?

Employer did not ensure that the scaffold was properly designed, engineered or constructed according to manufacturer's recommendations.

No fall protection methods were used.

Workers were not trained in proper use of rolling tower scaffolds.

How could this incident have been prevented?

Because the scaffold components were intermixed and the employer used putlogs to construct an extension platform on one end of the rolling tower scaffold involved, a professional engineer should have been consulted to determine the safe working load of the scaffold and the extension.

Employer should ensure that employees and equipment do not exceed scaffold load limits provided by the manufacturer.

Employer should provide personal fall protection and training to all workers working at heights of 44 feet above the deck floor. A personal fall protection system consists of a body harness, lanyard and anchor points. Had any of these fall protection methods been used at this job site, the workers would not have fallen to the concrete deck below.

Employer should make sure that workers are properly trained before using rolling tower scaffolds.

SOURCE

This case study is from the California FACE Report #98CA017. www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/ohb-face/Pages/FACEReports.aspx.

California Tailgate Training Scaffolds—Page 1

SAFETY WALKAROUND CHECKLIST SCAFFOLDS

2012

Date Prepared: By:

Project Name/No: Location:

• Check the box if the statement is true.

• Fill in the blanks where the appears. • Citations in brackets are from Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION NOTES

The company has a written Injury and I l l n es s Prevention Program (IIPP) that meets all Cal/OSHA requirements. It includes identification of hazards on the s i te as well as regular inspections, accident investigation, and co r r ec t ion of hazardous conditions. [1509]

PERMIT

A Cal/OSHA permit has b e en obtained for erection or dismantling of any scaffold o r falsework more than 3 stories (36 feet) high. [341(d)(5)(B)]

USE OF SCAFFOLDS

No scaffolds are necessary on this job because all of the following are true: (1) the work is of a limited nature and short duration; and (2) the fall distance is less than 15 feet; and (3) adequate risk control exists; and (4) the work is under competent supervision. [1637(a)]

No scaffolds are necessary on this job because all of the following are true: (1) the work is of short duration; and (2) the work is on joists or similar members; and (3) the joists are centered 2 feet or closer with planking at least 12" wide. [1637(a)]

Scaffolds are used. There is no permanent/solid construction at least 20" wide to stand on, and the work can’t be done safely from ladders. [1637(a)]


NOTES

THE QUALIFIED PERSON

Scaffolds are erected and dismantled under the supervision and direction of a qualified person. [1637(k)(1)]

The qualified person has a certificate of competence in scaffold erection, dismantling, and use, issued by a trade association or state approved apprenticeship program. [1637(k)(1)] Or the qualified person has been identified by the company based on other experience or training, and is familiar with the operations to be performed and the hazards involved. [1504]

Name of qualified person:

Scaffolds are tagged to show that the qualified person has met his or her responsibilities.

PROHIBITED SCAFFOLDS

No lean-to or jack scaffolds. [1637(j)]

No shore scaffolds. [1637(j)]

No nailed brackets. [1637(j)]

No loose tile, brick, or blocks used on a working platform. [1637(j)]

No stilts. [1637(j)]

DESIGN OF THE SCAFFOLD

Any wooden pole scaffold over 60 feet is designed by a California registered civil engineer. [1643]

Any tube and coupler scaffold over 125 feet is designed by a California registered civil engineer. [1644(b)(5)]

Any tubular welded frame scaffold over 125 feet is designed by a California registered civil engineer. [1644(c)(7)]

If an engineer designed the scaffold, the drawings are on site during the erection of the scaffold. [1637(k)(2)]

Single or tiered horse scaffolds are not over 10 feet high. [1647(e)(1)]

MATERIALS AND PLANKING

The scaffold uses suitable "selected" lumber (or metal such as aluminum if structural integrity is maintained). [1637(b)(1)]


NOTES

The wood is not cracked, warped, knotted, or defective. [1637(d)]

All lumber is visually inspected for defects before and during use. No defective lumber is used. [1637(h)]

Planking is at least nominal 2" x 10" scaffold grade plank. [1637(f)(1)]

The 2" x 10" spans no more than 10 feet if the working load is 25 pounds per square foot (light trades). It spans no more than 8 feet if the load is 50 psf (medium trades), or 7 feet for 75 psf (heavy trades). [1637(f)(2)]

Manufactured planks longer than 10 feet are labeled with their maximum load. [1637(f)(3)]

The platforms are planked solid, except open area under the back railing. [1640(b)(5)(A) and 1644(a)(7)]

Planks don’t overhang their support by more than 18 inches unless access is prevented by a barrier or plank end secured. [1637(g)]

Metal is not rusted or corroded.

Nails are not smaller than 8-penny. [1637(i)(4)]

Bolts are of a size and in sufficient number at each connection to develop the designed strength of the scaffold. [1637(r)]

EXTENSION PLANKING

Has 5 fingers on each side and is at least 1" x 2-1/8" select straight- grained Douglas fir or equivalent material. [1637(e)(1)]

Is no longer than 12½ feet, with overlap between the 2 halves not less than 1/8 the length of the extended planking. A substantial stop is provided to maintain this overlap. [1637(e)(2)]

Is not used as a platform on ladder-jack, suspended, or other unstable scaffolds. [1637(e)(4)]

ERECTION AND DISMANTLING OF THE SCAFFOLD

Each level is maintained plumb.

Scaffolds are built from the bottom up and dismantled from the top down. [1637(k)]

The scaffold is secured to the structure during erection. Ties to the structure are installed as soon as the scaffold is completed to each tie-in area. [1637(k)(3)]


NOTES

The scaffold is secured to the structure during dismantling. Ties are removed only as the work progresses downward, unless other methods are used to prevent the scaffold from falling over. [1637(k)(4)]

When dismantling, structural members are not removed below the level being dismantled. [1637(k)(5)]

If platforms are sloped, the slope is no more than 2 feet vertical to 10 feet horizontal. Platforms are also secured so they can’t slip. [1637(o)]

When a platform turns a corner, planks are laid so as to prevent tipping. [1637(t)]

INTEGRITY OF SCAFFOLD

Braces, uprights, or supports are not removed unless other members of equivalent strength are substituted. [1637(l)]

The scaffold is not overloaded. [1637(m)]

Planks are capable of sustaining the load. [1637(f)(4)]

The scaffold is tied off and secure. [1637(c)]

ACCESS

There are safe, unblocked means of access to all scaffold platforms (such as a ladder, walkway, or stairs). [1637(n)(1)]

Ladders or stairways are located so as not to make the scaffold unstable. [1637(n)(2)]

If a ladder is used for access, it is securely attached to the scaffold and extends at least 3 feet above the platform level. [1637(n)(2)(A-B)]

GUARDRAILS

There are top rails, between 42" and 45" high, for all open sides and ends that are 7½ feet high or more. Rails are constructed of 2" x 4", double 1" x 4", or equivalent. [1620(a)(1) and (b)(3)]

There are midrails halfway between the work platform and the guardrail. Midrails are constructed of at least 1" x 6" or equivalent. [1620(a)(2) and (b)(3)]

There are vertical posts spaced at 8 foot intervals or closer. Posts are constructed of 2" x 4" or equivalent. [1620(b)(2)]

Toprails withstand at least a 200 pound test load with deflection to a height of 39" or less. Midrails can withstand 150 pound force. [1620(c)(1)]


NOTES

There are toeboards at least 4 inches high on all open sides and ends of platforms if there are workers below. If material is piled high, there are also panels or screens. [1621(b) and (c)]

WORKING ON THE COMPLETED SCAFFOLD

No one is permitted to work on a scaffold in slippery conditions (unless a necessary part of work). [1637(p)]

There is protection from overhead hazards. [1637(q)]

Only one person at a time may work on extension planking over 3 feet high. [1637(e)(3)]

ROLLING SCAFFOLDS

Wheels on rolling scaffolds are locked or blocked before anyone gets on. [1646(c)]

Adjusting screws extend 1/3 of length into leg. [1646(b)(2)]

Horizontal cross bracing is used to prevent skew. [1646(b)(1)]

No one rides on a moving scaffold. (See exceptions.) [1646(f)(1-3)]

METAL SCAFFOLDS

All stationary scaffold legs, including those of outriggers, must rest on base plates. Each base plate shall be able to sustain the load and prevent horizontal movement. The base plate must be secured to a 2-inch by 10-inch by 10-inch wooden base.

Note: A 1 1/8-inch by 10-inch by 10-inch piece of exterior grade plywood

may be used in lieu of the wooden base mentioned above. [1644(a)(3)]

Metal scaffolds must be securely tied to the building or structure with a double looped No. 12 iron wire, a single looped No. 10 iron wire, or the equivalent, at intervals no greater than 30 feet horizontally and subject to the following [1644(a)(5)(a-d)]:

(A) Ties are required at the free ends of the scaffold when the height of the scaffold platform exceeds 3 times the smallest base dimension. The remaining ties of the first row are required when the height of the scaffold platform is four times the smallest base dimensions. (B) Ties for subsequent levels shall be installed at 26-foot intervals vertically, with the last tie no further from the top than four times the smallest base dimensions.


NOTES

(C) As an alternate means, scaffolds shall be guyed or outriggers shall be used to prevent tipping. (D) Wind Loading. When scaffolds are partially or fully enclosed, specific precautions shall be taken to assure the frequency and adequacy of ties attaching the scaffolding to the building.

Note: Toeboards or side screens may also be required. (See Section 1621.)

Securely attached railings as provided by the scaffold manufacturer, or other material equivalent in strength to the standard 2- by 4-inch wood railing made from "selected lumber" (see definition), shall be installed on open sides and ends of work platforms 7 1/2 feet or more above grade. The top rail shall be not less than 42 inches or more than 45 inches from the upper surface of the top rail to the platform level. A midrail shall be provided approximately halfway between the top rail and the platform. [1644(a) (6)] Note: Toeboards or side screens may also be required. (See Section 1621.)

“X” bracing is acceptable as a toprail if the intersection of the "X" occurs at 45 inches (plus or minus 3 inches) above the work platform, provided a horizontal rail is installed as a midrail between 19 and 25 inches above the work platform. The maximum vertical distance between the "X" brace members at the uprights shall not exceed 48 inches. [1644(a)(6)(a)]

“X” bracing is acceptable as a midrail if the intersection of the "X" falls between 20 inches and 30 inches above the work platform. [1644(a)(6)(b)] Exceptions:

(1) Railings are not required on that side of bricklayers' and masons' scaffold adjacent to the work under construction provided the wall is higher than the adjacent work platform. (2) For end rail openings less than 3 feet, double wrapped iron wire at least No. 12 gauge in thickness, or wire rope at least 1/4 inch minimum diameter is permitted, provided the wire or wire rope is securely fastened.

Platform planks shall be of 2-inch by 10-inch or wider material and of

such length that they overlap the ledgers at each end by at least 6 inches. [1644(a)(7)]

A plank shall not overlap an unsupported end of another plank. The working platform shall cover the entire space between scaffold uprights, except for the open area under the back railing. Such open area shall not exceed 10 inches in width.


NOTES

The inboard edge of the work platform shall be no more than 16 inches from the building or structure wall except for those scaffolds used by bricklayers and stonemasons the platforms of which shall extend to within 7 inches of the finish face of the building or structure on which the work is being performed. All ladders used for access must conform to Cal/OSHA standards, Article 25. [1644(a)(8)]

Requirements for these and other types of scaffolds can be found in the Cal/OSHA Construction Safety Orders, Article 22 Scaffolds.


TRAINING GUIDE

SCAFFOLDS

Before you begin the meeting...

2012

Does this t opi c relate to the work the crew is doing? If not, choose another topic.

Did you read this Tra in ing Guide and f i l l in the blanks where the appears? (To find

the information you need, look over the Safety Walkaround Checklist for this topic.)

Did you locate a place to hold this meeting with a scaffold nearby?

Begin: Most scaffold injuries happen because the scaffold itself is unsafe. Scaffolds are often set

up by another contractor, so we don’t have as much control over them as we would like. But

no matter who sets up the scaffold, don’t work on it if you think there’s a problem.

If you’re not sure a scaffold is safe, talk to a supervisor, foreman, or other site safety staff.

Scaffolds are strictly regulated, and today we’ll look at some of the rules for building a safe

scaffold and working on it safely. Keep in mind that you should never use unstable objects like stilts, bricks, blocks, or loose tile as a substitute for a scaffold. And some kinds of

scaffolds are outlawed—like shore scaffolds, lean-to scaffolds, and jack scaffolds. Don’t take a

chance on a scaffold that won’t do the job.

You or a crew member may want to add a personal story about scaffolds.

Next, discuss with the crew where scaffolds will be used at this particular job site:

ASK THE CREW THESE QUESTIONS:

After each question, give the crew time to suggest possible answers. Use the information

following each question to add points that no one mentions.

1. When and where do you need to use a scaffold?

• When there is no solid construction (at least 20 inches wide) to stand on.

• When the work can’t be done safely while standing on a ladder.


2. When a scaffold is built or dismantled, Cal/OSHA says that a “qualified person”

must supervise. What does that person do?

• Advises on safety requirements.

• Inspects materials and construction methods used.

Name of qualified person:

3. According to Cal/OSHA, certain types of scaffolds must be designed by a

registered civil engineer. Do you know which types?

• Wooden pole scaffolds (over 60 feet).

• Tube and coupler scaffolds (over 125 feet).

• Tubular welded scaffolds (over 125 feet).

4. Cal/OSHA says that scaffolds must be built to meet certain standards. Do you

know any of the “specs” for scaffolds?

Using a nearby scaffold, demonstrate the requirements below.

• A Cal/OSHA permit is required to erect a scaffold more than 36 feet high (3 stories).

• If a scaffold is 7½ feet or higher, it must have standard guardrails on its open sides

and ends. (Guardrails are covered in more detail in a separate Training Guide.)

• If people work or pass below, the scaffold must have toeboards at least 4 inches high

to keep tools and debris from falling on them.

• The scaffold must be tied off, using a double wrap of No. 12 wire. Begin tying off as

the scaffold is built. Improper tying off is one of the main reasons for scaffold

accidents.

5. Do you know any of the requirements for platforms on a scaffold?

Using a nearby scaffold, demonstrate the requirements below.

• They must be planked solid, without openings or gaps. (Standard planking is 2"x10".)

• They must be able to support i t s ow n w e igh t a nd a t l e a s t 4 t im es the

maximum intended load.

• They must not slope or be slippery.

• If work is done above the platform, the platform must be protected from falling

objects.

6. Any special rules for rolling scaffolds?

• Always lock or block the wheels before anyone gets on.

• After you move a rolling scaffold, adjust it to make sure it’s still plumb. Never extend

adjusting screws all the way.

• Always get off before the scaffold is moved, even if only a few feet.

• Use horizontal cross bracing to prevent skew.


7. Is it OK for heavy and light trades to work from the same scaffold?

• Light trades may work from heavy trade scaffolds.

• Heavy trades may not work from light trade scaffolds.

8. What is the right way to get on and off a scaffold?

• Use a ladder to go up to the working platform and to get down.

• Make sure the ladder is secured to the scaffold.

• Never jump from a scaffold.

CAL/OSHA REGULATIONS

Explain: Most of the safety measures we’ve talked about are required by Cal/OSHA. We have

to take these precautions—it’s the law. I have a Checklist of the Cal/OSHA regulations on

scaffolds. If you’d like to know more, see me after the meeting.

COMPANY RULES

(Only if applicable.) Besides the Cal/OSHA regulations, we have some additional company

rules about scaffolds.

Discuss company rules:

COMMENTS FROM THE CREW

Ask: Do you have any other concerns about scaffolds? Do you see any problems on our job?

(Let the steward answer first, if there is one.)

What about other jobs you’ve worked on? Have you had any experience with scaffolds that

might help us work safer on this job?


SIGN-OFF FORM

SCAFFOLDS Date Presented: By:

Project Name/No.: Location:

NAMES OF THOSE WHO ATTENDED THIS SAFETY MEETING

PRINTED NAME

SIGNATURE

SCAFFOLDS—CASE STUDY

One Killed, Three Injured in Scaffold Accident

A 29-year-old hod carrier died and three co-workers were

injured when they fell from the fourth story of a pump house building

that was under construction at a reservoir.

The hod carrier and others had been spraying fireproof insulation onto

the structural steel frame of the building. They used a rolling tower

scaffold to gain access to the structural steel overhead.

Putlogs (types of trusses) had been added to the sides of the rolling

tower scaffold, and an extension platform had been built there. This

platform was used to reach the outer side of the structural steel.

On this day, a supervisor said a guardrail was needed on the scaffold.

The hod carrier joined three co-workers on the extension platform to

help install the guardrail. Their combined weight caused the scaffold

to tip. They were all thrown to the concrete deck 44 feet below.

The scaffold had not been engineered for the extension platform. No

counterweights, anchorage, or bracing were used. Neither the hod

carrier nor his co-workers were wearing personal fall protection. The

scaffold and platform had been constructed using parts from different

manufacturers.

December 8, 1998

What should have been done to prevent this accident?

Preventive Measures Cal/OSHA investigated this accident and made the following recommendations.

Employers should:

• Ensure that scaffolds are assembled according to the manufacturer ’s recommendations.

If locally built, they must be properly designed and engineered.

• Ensure that no extensions or auxiliary parts are added to scaffolds unless designed and

approved by an engineer.

• Ensure that workers follow safe work practices when constructing scaffolds.

• Ensure that scaffold load limits given by the manufacturer or engineer are not

exceeded.

This Case Study is based on an actual California incident. For

details, refer to California Dept. of Health Services, Occupational

Health Branch, Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation

(FACE) Report #98CA017.

Com

mon

ly Used

Su

pp

orted S

caffolds S

elected C

al/OS

HA

Regu

lations G

UID

E F

OR

WO

RK

ING

SA

FE

LY

WIT

H

SUP

PO

RT

ED

SCA

FF

OL

DS

Scaffolding provides safety and adds to

• F

rame or F

abricated •

Tube and C

oupler •

Outrigger S

caffold •

Bracket S

caffold

• Tow

er/Rolling

• Horse S

caffold • L

adder Jack • S

ystem S

caffolds

(See T

itle 8 CA

Code of R

egulations for all regulations) T

he company’s C

ode of S

afe Practice (C

OS

P)

must include safety requirem

ents for erection, use, and dism

antling of scaffolds.

the efficiency of work. H

owever, unsafe

scaffolding can lead to accidents, serious injuries and death.

T

his GU

IDE

promotes aw

areness of safe w

ork practices for supported scaffolds and covers: •

Types of C

omm

only Used

Su

pp

orted

Scaffold

s •

Com

mon

Scaffold

ing H

azards

• S

elected C

AL

/OSH

A R

egulation

s •

Safe W

ork P

ractices

Safety T

ip

Following m

anufacturer’s instructions, com

plying with C

al/OS

HA

regulations, and using this G

UID

E as a reference help

you in working safely w

ith supported scaffolds.

For h

elp from

Cal/O

SH

A call

1-800-963-9424 or visit

http://ww

w.dir.ca.gov/dosh/dosh1.htm

l

Com

mon

Scaffolding Hazards

Individuals exposed to scaffolding hazards include scaffold erectors and dism

antlers, personnel working

on/under scaffolds, and employees and the general

public near scaffolding. Scaffold erectors and

dismantlers are at particular risk, since they w

ork on scaffolds before ladders, guardrails, platform

s, and planks are com

pletely installed. Com

mon scaffolding

hazards are:

Hazard

s From

Structu

ral Flaw

s • M

issing/improperly supported base plates

• Scaffold not tied properly to building

• Platform

slope exceeds requirement

• Legs not plum

b • B

races/runners/cross-bracing not secure • M

issing braces/runners and cross-bracing • S

ome planks overextended/under extended

• Severe overloading/danger of collapse

• Broken pins on fram

es

Fall H

azards

• Missing m

id and top guardrails • Im

proper access • P

latforms not fully planked

• Substandard planks

• Falling objects/m

issing toe boards • S

lippery platforms

E

lectrical Hazard

s • B

uilding scaffold too close to power lines

• Ungrounded/dam

aged tools & equipm

ent on scaffold

These hazards m

ainly come from

parts failure, not follow

ing proper installation, inspection, and dism

antling procedures, the failures at attachment

points, inadequate fall protection, changing w

eather conditions, and overloading of scaffolds.

Bew

are of falls and

scaffold collap

se.

The com

pany’s Injury & Illness Prevention

Program

(IIPP

) must provide inform

ation on inspection of scaffolds, correction of hazards found, and training for scaffold erectors, users and dism

antlers. • T

he design and construction of scaffolds must

conform to standards and requirem

ents of 1637.

• Each scaffold m

ust be designed to support its ow

n weight and 4 tim

es the maxim

um load. S

ee 1637(b) for m

aximum

working loads.

• Scaffold erection and dism

antlement m

ust be supervised by a qualified person. Scaffold m

ust be erected and dism

antled according to design standards, engineered specifications, or m

anufacturer’s instructions. 1637

• A C

al/OS

HA

permit is required for erecting and

dismantling scaffolds that exceed three stories or

36 ft. in height. 341(d)(5)(B)

• A safe and unobstructed m

eans of access, such as a w

alkway, stair, or ladder shall be provided to all

scaffold platforms. 1637(n)(1)

• Anchorage and bracing shall be such that

scaffolds and falsework w

ill be prevented from

swaying, tipping, or collapsing. 1637(c)

• Manufactured planks shall be able to support its

weight plus 4 tim

es the live load. 1637(f)(3)(A)

• Workers on scaffolds w

ho are exposed to overhead hazards shall be provided w

ith overhead protection or other m

eans that will

effectively eliminate the hazard. 1637(q)

• Platform

must be at least 20” w

ide and shall not be sloped m

ore than 2 to 10. Slippery platform

conditions are prohibited. 1637(p)

S

elected regulations continued in next page.....

Novem

ber 20

12

http://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/1637.html


http://www.dir.ca.gov/samples/search/query.htm

http://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/dosh1.html






http://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/puborder.asp


















http://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/

http://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/






Cal/OSHA publications are available at http://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/puborder.asp

• Guardrails m

ust be installed on open sides and ends of platform

s that are 7 1/2 ft. or higher. 1621(a)

• Toeboards are required on all railed sides

of work surfaces w

here employees w

ork or pass below

. 1621(b)

• Follow

height limits (see exceptions):

1643, 1644 ¾

Wood (fram

e/post): 60 ft. ¾

Tube &

coupler/ Tubular (w

elded): 125 ft.

• No w

ork shall be done on or from scaffolds

during storms or high w

inds (see exceptions). 1637(u)

In addition, specific types of supported scaffolds have their ow

n set of Cal/O

SH

A

requirements. B

elow is a partial list:

Metal scaffolds 1644

T

ower and rolling scaffolds 1646

L

adder jack scaffolds 1648

O

utrigger and bracket scaffolds 1645

H

orse scaffolds 1647

W

indow jack scaffolds 1654

S

afety Tip

s for W

orkin

g Safely w

ith S

caffolds

• S

elect the right type for the job.

• D

esign and construct to standards.

• Follow

manufacturer’s guidelines for

proper erection, use and dismantling.

• Inspect daily and before each use.

• M

aintain stability at all times.

• D

on’t climb using railings. U

se the provided access. D

on’t take short cuts.

• D

o not overload the scaffold.

• C

over scaffold safety in the CO

SP

and train all involved in erection, use, and dism

antling.

Safe W

ork Practices

Scaffolding accidents can occur during erection,

use and dismantling of scaffolds. T

he following

Safe W

ork P

ractices can help in preventing scaffold related accidents. D

o these d

urin

g scaffold d

esign and

selection:

• Select proper scaffold/scaffolding m

aterial. • F

ollow proper design for constructed scaffold.

• Follow

all requirements from

manufacturer.

• Follow

all Title 8 design requirem

ents. • H

ave the stationary scaffolds over 125 feet in height and rolling scaffolds over 60 feet in height designed by a professional engineer.

Follow

these d

urin

g erection an

d d

isman

tling:

• Scaffold and each level are m

aintained plumb.

• Scaffold is being erected under the direction of a

qualified person. • A

ll employees involved w

ith (or near) the scaffold w

ear hard hats. • F

ootings are sound and rigid. • S

caffolds are built from the bottom

up and dism

antled from the top dow

n. • T

he scaffold is secured to the structure during erection and dism

antling. • T

ies to the structure are installed as soon as the scaffold is com

pleted to each tie-in area. • If platform

s are sloped, the slope is no more than

2 feet vertical to 10 feet horizontal. • P

latforms are also secured so they can’t slip.

• When a platform

turns a corner, planks are laid so as to avoid tipping.

• Guardrails on open sides/toeboards on all

railed sides are provided as required. • P

roper access is provided. • E

lectrical safety clearance distances are maintained

and consideration for long materials such as gutters

and pipes is given when determ

ining clearances. • S

caffold requirements for your trade are

followed.

• Ties are rem

oved only as the work progresses

downw

ard, unless other methods are used to

prevent the scaffold from falling over.

• When dism

antling, structural mem

bers are not rem

oved below the level being dism

antled. D

o these d

urin

g scaffold u

se:

• Have scaffold inspected by a qualified person

before putting in use. • Inspect daily and before each use.

Qu

ick S

caffold In

spection

C

heck for:

Missing/dam

aged planks

M

issing guardrails/toeboards

P

roper access

P

roper tying off to buildings

C

learance from electric lines

Any overhead obstructions

If the scaffold is level and plumb

• U

se scaffolds as per manufacturer instructions.

• Train scaffold users on all aspects of safety

including: ¾

all potential hazards (structural, fall, falling objects, electrical, and other possible hazards)

¾

maxim

um intended load and capacity

• Do not overload scaffolds.

• Use only the safe m

eans of access. Do not

climb using railings.

• Clim

b safely using both hands. • F

ace the rungs as you climb up or dow

n. • D

o not work on slippery rungs.

• Do not extend w

orking heights. • D

o not remove any com

ponent of a completed

scaffold except under the supervision of a qualified person.

• Keep the casters locked at all tim

es the rolling scaffold is not being m

oved. • T

rain users to spot and report hazards.



























Things to Do Before Training

� Be ready to discuss where scaffolding is used or will be used on the job site.

� Make sure your company has a qualified person to work with the scaffolding company.

� In the index of the Cal/OSHA Pocket Guide for the Construction Industry, look upScaffolds and read the pages listed.

Introduction

Falls are the leading cause of death and serious injury in construction.9% of construction deaths are scaffold-related.

While scaffolding takes time to put upand take down, it saves time once work starts.

Once scaffolding is up, it is important toinspect it daily to ensure that it is safe.

SCAFFOLDS 16

QUESTIONS TO ASK� Have you or someone you know had an injury related to scaffolding? What could have

been done to prevent it?

� What should you look for when inspecting the scaffolding that you are working on?

S AF E T Y B R E A KOccupational Health Branch • California Department of Health Services • February 2003

Key Points to Keep in Mind

� Use stairs or ladder. Scaffolds must have safe access: internal stairs or ladders builtinto or attached to the frame. Do not climb the scaffold framing.

� Climb ladders carefully. Remember to use three-point climbing on ladders –always have two hands and a foot, or two feet and a hand on the ladder. Nevercarry anything in your hands when climbing.

� Maintain guardrails on all open sides and ends. Complete guardrailing is veryimportant; this includes the ends of the platforms. In two-thirds of scaffold injuriesor deaths, guardrails were missing.

� No platform holes or gaps. All platforms must be fully planked from side to side.

� Scaffolds should be inspected regularly by a qualified person. A good scaffold:

● Must have stable and firm footing: at least 2x10x10 inch wooden baseswhen set on soil.

● Must be straight, level, square, and rigid in all directions. Must have diagonal bracing.

● Must be secured to the building with strong tie-ins.

● Must have sturdy guardrails on all open sides and ends. Top rail must be 42 to 45 inches above the platform.

● Must be fully planked with 2x10 structural planks in good condition. Planksmust extend over supports by at least 6 inches but no more than 18 inches.

SCAFFOLDS • 16•

ACTION TO TAKE� Climb and walk the scaffold you are using or going to use. Check for: sound foundation

and footing, tie-ins, square alignment with diagonal bracing, complete guardrails, fullplanking, and safe access.

Keep Y

our Workers S

afe — A

ny Fall Can B

e Fatal!

Scaffolds can provide a safer and more efficient w

ay to w

ork than ladders, but they must be set up

properly. The majority of construction w

orkers who

fall to their death in Massachusetts fall from

scaffolds.

As you can see from

the examples below

, falls can happen to anyone: experienced, inexperienced, young, or old. G

eneral Provisions for All Scaffolds:

• Scaffolding should be assem

bled under the supervision and direction of a competent

person. •

Provide safe ladder access—never clim

b on braces or structural mem

bers/frames.

• U

se scaffold-grade lumber for platform

s. •

Install guardrails and toeboards on all scaffolds that are 10 feet or 2 frames above the

ground (whichever is less).

• Train all personnel in safe use (training and inspection by a com

petent person). •

Ensure structure is capable of supporting 4 times the m

aximum

intended load, including its ow

n weight.

For exam

ple: A pum

p jack scaffold with poles placed 10 feet apart and tw

o 2”x10” scaffold grade planks w

ill be strong enough to hold up to 500 pounds, including people and equipm

ent.

A 29-year-old carpenter fell 19 feet to his death from

an unguarded carpenter’s bracket scaffold attached to a w

indow fram

e of a home. The carpenter w

as scraping snow

off the roof. He slipped off the platform

as snow accum

ulated around his feet. A

69-year-old mason renovating a single fam

ily home fell 20 feet from

an unguarded pipe scaffold. The staging w

as set 10 feet from the house due to a

second floor deck, and a plank walkw

ay had been rigged for roof access. The m

ason fell to his death when the plank slipped.

Additional Inform

ation

On-site C

onsultation Program

Massachusetts D

epartment of Labor

Standards

(617) 969-7177 w

ww

.mass.gov/dols

OSH

A R

egional Office

JFK Federal B

uilding- Room

E340

Boston, M

A 02203

(617) 565-9860 w

ww

.osha.gov The C

enter for Construction R

esearch and Training S

caffold safety materials and resources at:

ww

w.cpw

r.com

MA

FAC

E Project O

ccupational Health S

urveillance Program

M

assachusetts Departm

ent of Public H

ealth 250 W

ashington Street

Boston, M

A 02108

(617) 624-5627 w

ww

.mass.gov/dph/FA

CE

FA

CE is an occupational injury prevention

project conducted by the Massachusetts

Departm

ent of Public Health. FA

CE is not

responsible for the enforcement of safety

standards. FAC

E investigates workplace

fatalities to identify risk factors that lead to fatal injury in order to prevent future deaths. The FA

CE Project is funded by the N

ational Institute for O

ccupational Safety and Health

(NIO

SH).

M

any thanks to the contractors and others w

ho helped develop this brochure.

Last updated 4/2012

SC

AFFO

LD S

AFE

TY

For R

esidential Construction

Contractors

Massachusetts D

epartment of P

ublic Health

Fatality Assessm

ent and Control E

valuation

(FAC

E) P

roject

Use w

ooden poles up to 30 feet; alum

inum poles up to 50 feet.

Install guardrails. Workbench m

ay serve as top guardrail.

Secure poles to house with rigid

triangular bracing at the top, bottom, and

other points as necessary.

Make sure poles are plum

b.

Platforms should be fully planked and

secure.

Do not sit or stand on w

orkbench platform

s.

Caution : S

pliced 2”x4” poles often slip w

hen wet. Install m

ending plates at all splices.

Pum

p Jack Scaffold

Do not use over 20 feet in height.

Platforms should be a m

inimum

of 12 inches w

ide. Do not bridge platform

s to each other.

Secure ladders to prevent slipping.

Provide access ladder.

Caution: Ladder jacks are the

least safe of all staging types. Try to m

inimize use. O

SH

A requires personal

fall protection to be used on these scaffolds over 10 feet.

Caution: N

ever combine pum

p jack scaffolds w

ith ladder jacks unless you do not intend to adjust the height of the pum

p jack.

Ladder Jack: least preferred

— This brochure only highlights key points. C

onsult the OSH

A standard 29 C

FR 29 1926.451 for a com

plete list of scaffold safety requirements. —

A

sk your retailer or rental agency for specific assembly and safety instructions for your particular scaffold.

Carpenter’s B

racket

Platform m

ust be a minim

um of 12 inches

wide.

Ensure brackets are attached to stud or structural m

ember of building.

Install guardrails.

Note: Inexpensive guardrail holders are

available for all types of scaffolds.

Tubular W

elded

Cross brace the scaffold.

Secure to building.

Install guardrails.

Provide access ladder.

Fully plank all levels to be accessed.

Distribute load evenly on platform

.

C

aution: Careful footing is critical

for the stability of these scaffolds.

Bew

are of electrocution hazard when

assembling, using, or dism

antling scaffolds near pow

er lines. Call the

electric company for assistance.

Electrocution Hazard:

www.OSHA.gov A-Z Index: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Search OSHA

FAQ | Overview | Standards | Glossary | Viewing/Printing Instructions | Credits

Suspended Scaffolds: >> Two-point (swing

stage)

>> Single-point Adjustable

>> Catenary

>> Multi-point

Adjustable

>> Interior Hung

>> Needle Beam

>> Multi-level

>> Float (ship)

Suspended scaffolds are platforms suspended by ropes, or other non-rigid means, from an overhead structure. Because two-point scaffolds are the most common type of suspended scaffold, this eTool uses the Two-Point module to describe requirements that apply to all suspended scaffolds. Requirements specific to the other types are described only in their respective modules.

Two-point (swing stage): Platform supported by hangers (stirrups) suspended by

two ropes from overhead supports and equipped with a means to permit the platform to be raised and lowered.

Single-point Adjustable: Platform suspended by one rope from an overhead support and equipped with a means to permit the platform to be moved to desired working levels.

Catenary: Platform supported by two essentially horizontal and parallel ropes attached to structural members of a building. Additional vertical pickups may also provide support.

Multi-point Adjustable: Platform(s) suspended by more than two ropes from overhead supports and equipped with a means to permit the platform to be raised and lowered. Includes chimney hoists.

Interior Hung: Platform suspended from the ceiling or roof structure by fixed-length supports.

Needle Beam: A platform suspended from needle beams. Multi-level: Two-point or multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold with a series of

platforms at various levels resting on common stirrups. Float (ship): Braced platform resting on two parallel bearers and hung from overhead

supports by ropes of fixed length.

Page 1 of 2Scaffolding eTool: Suspended Scaffolding

12/18/2012file://G:\Projects\Projects\Falls Construction Project 2012-13\Tab 6 Scaffolds\index.html

Frequently Asked Questions | Overview | Standards | Supported Scaffolds | Suspended Scaffolds | Other Scaffolds

eTool Home | Glossary | Viewing/Printing Instructions | Credits

Back to Top www.osha.gov www.dol.gov

Contact Us | Freedom of Information Act | Customer Survey Privacy and Security Statement | Disclaimers

Occupational Safety & Health Administration 200 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20210

Page 2 of 2Scaffolding eTool: Suspended Scaffolding

12/18/2012file://G:\Projects\Projects\Falls Construction Project 2012-13\Tab 6 Scaffolds\index.html

U.S. Department of LaborOccupational Safety & Health Administration

www.osha.gov Search Advanced Search |A-Z Index

FAQ| Overview |Standards| Glossary |Viewing/Printing Instructions |Credits

Supported Scaffolds:

>> Frame or Fabricated

>> Mobile

>> Pump Jack

>> Ladder Jack

>> Tube and Coupler

>> Pole

>> Specialty

Supported scaffolds consist of one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support. Because frame scaffolds are the most common type of supported scaffold, this eTool uses the Frame module to describe requirements that are common to all supported scaffolds. Requirements specific to the other types are described only in their respective modules.

Frame Scaffold or Fabricated Frame: Platform(s) supported on fabricated end frames with integral posts, horizontal bearers, and intermediate members.

Manually Propelled/Mobile: Unpowered, portable, caster- or wheel-mounted supported scaffold.

Pump Jack: Platform supported by vertical poles and movable support brackets.

Ladder Jack: Platform resting on brackets attached to ladders.

Tube and Coupler: Platform(s) supported by tubing, erected with coupling devices connecting uprights, braces, bearers, and runners.

Pole: Posts with fixed connection points that accept runners, bearers, and diagonals that can be interconnected at predetermined levels.

Specialty: Scaffold types designed for a narrow and very specific range of applications. Includes plasterers', decorators', and other large-area scaffolds; bricklayers' square scaffolds; horse scaffolds; outrigger scaffolds; step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds; form and carpenter's bracket scaffolds; window jack scaffolds; crawling boards and chicken ladders; and roof bracket scaffolds.

Page 1 of 2Scaffolding eTool: Supported Scaffolds

2/6/2013http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/scaffolding/supported/index.html

Frequently Asked Questions | Overview | Standards | Supported Scaffolds | Suspended Scaffolds | Other ScaffoldseTool Home |Glossary |Viewing/Printing Instructions |Credits

Back to Top www.osha.gov www.dol.gov

Contact Us | Freedom of Information Act |Customer Survey

Privacy and Security Statement | Disclaimers

Occupational Safety & Health Administration200 Constitution Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20210

Page 2 of 2Scaffolding eTool: Supported Scaffolds

2/6/2013http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/scaffolding/supported/index.html

QUICKCARD

Supported ScaffoldSafety Tips

OS

HA

324

2-08

-05

TM

Supported scaffolds consist of one or more platformssupported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs,uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.

Guardrails or personal fall arrest systems for fall prevention/protection are required for workers on platforms 10 feet or higher.

Working platforms/decks must be planked close to the guardrails.

Planks are to be overlapped on a support at least 6 inches, but not more than 12 inches.

Legs, posts, frames, poles, and uprights must be onbase plates and mud sills, or a firm foundation; and,be plumb and braced.

Scaffold user training must include:• The hazards of type of scaffold being used;• Maximum intended load and capacity;• Recognizing and reporting defects;• Fall hazards;• Electrical hazards including overhead lines;• Falling object hazards;• Other hazards that may be encountered.

U.S. Department of Labor

www.osha.gov (800) 321-OSHA

Fully Planked

Baseplate

Mudsill

Guardrailsand Toeboard

Crossbraces PlumbVertical

Access Ladder

Access Gate

OccupationalSafety and HealthAdministration

section six: scaffolds

Documents