scir spring 2014 issue

Southern California International Review

The Southern California International Review (SCIR

SCIR

SCIR


Southern California InternationalReview


StaffEditor-in-Chief:

Editors:

LayoutCover

Contents

The Development Potential of African Migrant Players11

A Case Study of Midlarsky’s Ephemeral Gains Theory33

An Examination of Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Cuba43

An Analysis of Language Policy in the Former Yugoslavia53

The Disparity Between the Rhetoric and Actions of Canadian Mining Companies

Southern California International Review (SCIR)

SCIR

Editor-in-Chief

Editor’s Note:

Following the Ball The Development Potential of African Migrant Soccer Players

Introduction

1

3

4

5

Soccer & Society

The Economics of Football

is a junior at American University.

Southern California International Review - Vol. 4 No. 1

Xan Avendano-Garro

11

13

Ibid.

11 Ibid.

Soccer & Society

13


Following the Ball

Literature Review

14

Sport in Society, European Journal for Sport and Society, International Journal of the History of Sport Journal of Sport and Social Issues

‐

Ibid.

14


Xan Avendano-Garro

Methodology

15


Following the Ball

Transfermarkt.co.uk

The Guardian The Times

The African Migrant Soccer Player

Nation-Building Exercise: Sporting Culture and the Rise of Football in Colonial Nigeria


Xan Avendano-Garro

The Times

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.


Following the Ball

31

Africans in Big Five Leagues

33

34

33 Ibid.


Xan Avendano-Garro

Figure 2: Player Composition of Big Five Leagues Adjusted for Multiple Nationalities

1 14

14

EUS. AmericaAfricaOther EuropeOceaniaAsiaN. America

1 15

EUS. AmericaAfricaOther EuropeOceaniaAsiaN. America

13

Figure 1: Player Composition of Big Five Leagues by Birthplace

1


Following the Ball

35

African Migrant Salaries

Some

France Football

Ibid.


Xan Avendano-Garro

41

43


Following the Ball

44

The Propensity to Give

45


Xan Avendano-Garro

Ignoring the Relevant: A Media Review

The Guardian The Times

The Guardian


Following the Ball

51

53

The Times,

54

51 Ibid.

55 Ibid. Ibid.


Xan Avendano-Garro

The African Commitment and National Identity

Ibid.


Following the Ball


Xan Avendano-Garro

Conclusion


Following the Ball


Xan Avendano-Garro

Bibliography


Following the Ball

Culture, Sport, Society

Journal of Sport & Social Issues

Le sport en noir et blanc : Du sport colonial au sport africain dans les anciens territoires francais d’Afrique occidentale 1920-1965

Le Football et l’Afrique

The Economics of Football

DT Football FinanceSoccer & Society

The TimesThe Guardian

FIFA Statutes: Regulations Governing the Application of the Statutes,BBC

Soccer & Society

European Sport Management Quarterly

Sport in SocietyThe Guardian,

The Guardian,

The Times,

Soccer & Society

The Times


Xan Avendano-Garro

Soccer & SocietyThe Times

The Sunday Times,

MediaUK.com

The World’s Game: A History of Soccer

Sport in Society

The Sunday Times

Sport in Society

Soccer & Society

(The World Bank

IFAD

31


Following the Ball

The Guardian

The Guard-ian,

Explaining Jewish Terrorism in Mandatory PalestineA Case Study of Midlarsky’s Ephemeral Gains Theory

Why do some minority ethnic, religious, or cultural groups turn violent against a region’s ruling majority, while others do not? Dr. Manus I. Midlarsky’s theory of ephemeral gains pro-vides a framework to analyze and answer this question, and this paper provides a case study to test the theory. The British gained control of Mandatory Palestine in 1920, and adopted pro-Jewish policies that cleared the way for the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. However, the Jewish population in the region actively and violently resisted British rule begin-ning in 1939. Midlarsky’s theory predicts such violence to emerge following a significant expan-sion in a minority group’s authority space, followed by a sudden and unexpected contraction. This paper charts the history of Jewish authority space in Palestine from the Ottoman period through the Mandatory period. It finds that Midlasky’s pattern accurately describes the conflict in the region.

Keywords: British Mandate for Palestine, ephemeral gains, terrorism, religious violence, Israel

Introduction

1

graduated from the University of Southern California in December 2013 with degrees in International Relations and Economics.

34


Sean McGuire

Theory

3

4

5

4

35


Explaining Jewish Terrorism in Mandatory Palestine

Data

Figure 1Source


Sean McGuire

millet

millet



11

13

11


Sean McGuire

14

,

15

14 15


Sean McGuire

Conclusions

expansion

Figure 2

41



Kristallnacht


Sean McGuire

BibliographyInternational

Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society

The “Bergson Boys” and the Origins of Contemporary Zionist Mili-tancy.

War on Sacred Grounds.Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S.-Arab Relations: 1820-

2003.The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century.

Journal of Genocide Research

The Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Be-yond.

Religion, Identity and Global Governance: Ideas, Evidence, and Practice.

Britain, Palestine and Empire: The Mandate Years.

Palestine. Memorandum by Mr. MacDon-ald. (Secretary of State for the Colonies.)

Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the present.

Jewish Terrorism in Israel.

One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs under the Mandate.

Blood in Zion: How the Jewish Guerrillas Drove the British out of Palestine.

Women in Central American Guerilla MovementsAn Examination of Nigaragua, El Salvador, and Cuba

This paper is an examination of the changing roles of women in Latin American guerrilla movements in the late 20th century, focusing in particular on studies of Nicaragua, El Salva-dor, and Cuba. The arguments will focus on socioeconomic changes, a changing ideological landscape, and the personal situations of each individual guerrilla as motivating factors for militant or non-militant action. Socioeconomically, the impacts of import substitution indus-trialization (ISI) on urban migration and community organization served to encourage and provide support for guerrilla mobilization. Ideological changes in feminist theory, guerrilla warfare strategy, and the emergence of liberation theology domestically and internationally proved to promote more militant guerrilla action in Nicaragua and El Salvador. Ultimately, individual influences such as family involvement and specific external pressures proved to be the catalysts.

is a junior at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. She is majoring in Political Science and minoring in History and International

Development Studies.

44


Siobhan Brown

1

3

4

5

1 Norma Stoltz Chinchilla, Women in Revolutionary Movements, (Michigan State University, 1983), 6. Karen Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements, (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), 24.

34 5 Jocelyn S. Viterna, “Pushed, Pulled, and Persuaded: Explaining Women’s Mobilization in the Salvadoran GuerrillaMovement,” The American Journal of Sociology 12.1, (2006), 4.

Linda Rief-Labao, “Women in Latin American Guerrilla Movements: A Comparative Perspective,” Comparative Politics18.2, (1986), 148-69.

Myra Marx Ferree and Carol Mueller, Feminist Organizations: Harvest of the New Women’s Movement, (Oxford:Blackwell, 1995), The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, 8.

45


Women in Central American Guerrilla Movements

Women and Guerrilla Movements

11

13

14

Carlos Vilas, Between Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Market, State and the Revolutions in Central America, (New York:Monthly Review Press, 1995), 59.

David T Mason, “Women’s Participation in Central American Revolutions,” Comparative Political Studies 25.1, (1992), 74. Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements, 28.

11 Timothy P Wickham-Crowley, Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents andRegimes Since 1956, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 119.

Ibid.13 Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements, 122.14 Jaime Suchlicki, University Students and Revolution in Cuba, 1920-1968, (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press,1969), 79.


Siobhan Brown

foquismo

15

Cuban Women Now (La Mujer Cuban de Hoy)

15 Rief-Labao, “Women in Latin American Guerrilla Movements,” 148-69. Chinchilla, Women in Revolutionary Movements, 4. Margaret Randall, Sandino’s Daughters: Testimonies of Nicaraguan Women in Struggle, (Vancouver: New Star Books,

1981). Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements, 32. Ibid. Tommie Sue Montgomery, “Liberation and Revolution: Christianity as a Subversive Activity in Central America”, Trouble

in Our Backyard: Central America and the United States in the Eighties, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983), 92. Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements, 34.



Viterna, “Pushed, Pulled, and Persuaded,” 8. Ibid. Margaret Crahan, Religion and Revolution: Cuba and Nicaragua, , (Washington: Wilson Centre, 1987), Latin American

Program, Wilson Centre, 4. Ibid. Lois Smith and Alfred Padula, Sex and Revolution: Women in Socialist Cuba, (New York: Oxford Press, 1996), 24. Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements, 127.


Siobhan Brown

31

Viterna, “Pushed, Pulled, and Persuaded,” 30. Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements, 35. Ibid, 34.

31 Chinchilla, Women in Revolutionary Movements. Marilyn Thompson, Women of El Salvador: The Price of Freedom, Comision de Derechos de Humanos de El Salvador:

Mexico City, 1986).



33

34

35

33 Chinchilla, Women in Revolutionary Movements, 7.34 Ibid, 9.35 Kampwirth, Women and Guerrilla Movements, 37.

Viterna, “Pushed, Pulled, and Persuaded,” 28. Ibid, 26. Ibid, 25, 27.


Siobhan Brown

51



BibliographyWomen in Revolutionary Movements

Religion and Revolution: Cuba and Nicaragua

Feminist Organizations: Harvest of the New Women’s Movement

Women and Guerrilla Movements

The Politics of Antipolitics

Comparative PoliticsComparative

Political Studies

Trouble in Our Backyard: Central America and the United States in the Eighties

Sandino’s Daughters: Testimonies of Nicaraguan Women in Struggle

Sex and Revolution: Women in Socialist Cuba

University Students and Revolution in Cuba, 1920-1968

Women of El Salvador: The Price of Freedom

Between Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Market, State and the Revolutions in Cen-tral America

The American Journal of Sociology


Siobhan Brown

Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Compara-tive Study of Insurgents and Regimes Since 1956

The Interplay Between Language and Nationalism An analysis of language policy in the former Yugoslavia

Linguistic determinism is one of the key factors that lent a guiding hand to state formation following the breakup of the former Yugoslavia. Politically, new governments were assembled and borders were drawn anew. Socially, those who once were ethnic minorities in Yugoslavia found themselves with their own state – and the need to craft identity-related policies. Experts have often questioned the nature of harsh language policies: are they just a disguised form of ultra-nationalism? In Slovenia, this concept was exploited by newly-empowered nationalists. Language can play a fundamental role in national identity. As the European ideal continues to evolve, it is important to consider what this intersection of language and identity might mean for modern language policy. In Eastern Europe, an area still rife with ethnic tension, there is no panacea for language policy regarding national minorities. With the heightening of nationalist tensions, marginalization of ethnic minorities in the former Yugoslavia occurred by means of language policy, which was used as a tool of self-determination; as such, early notions of iden-tity crumbled, catalyzing the fall of Yugoslavia, and forever changing history.

Introduction

1

is a junior in the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service studying Science, Technology, and International Affairs with a certificate

in European Studies.

54


Jeffrey Caso

The Importance of Language vis-à-vis Nationalism

3

4

55


The Interplay Between Language and Nationalism

The Ethnolinguistic Composition of Yugoslavia

5


Jeffrey Caso

Language Practice and Policy in Pre-War Yugoslavia

Serb

134114 143

1 31153454

45 4 14133313

5151314345 3

1 1

Figure 1: Population of Yugoslavia, 1980 (in thousands)



Postwar Language Policy and Self-Determination in Yugoslavia


Jeffrey Caso

11

13

14

13 14


Jeffrey Caso

The Formation of New States in the Former Yugoslavia

15

Conclusion


Jeffrey Caso

Bibliography

Ruining the Canadian AdvantageThe Disparity Between the Rhetoric and Actions of Canadian

Mining Companies

In the summer of 2013, I joined the team of the Kyrgyz Alliance for Water and Sanita-tion to work on a rural development project in the province of Issyk-Kul in Northern Kyrgyz-stan. During that period, a state of emergency was declared in that region following a massive demonstration at the Kumtor gold mine, a project that accounts for a significant share of the country’s gross domestic product and that is operated through a subsidiary by the Canadian mining company, Centerra Gold. The same company was also involved in many development projects as part of their corporate social responsibility strategy. This situation is an example of a larger systemic problem of incongruity between numerous mining companies’ discourse and actions that allows them to conceal their unethical behavior. This paper uncovers the lack of clear guidelines for reporting mechanisms, the flaws in the legal framework regulating mining activities and access to justice, and the role of the government in exacerbating the problem through its influence on host countries’ policymaking and compliance to lobby demands. In the following paper, the situation is analyzed through the Canadian context and uses Kumtor as a case. The conclusions are extendible to other nations and circumstances, which makes them relevant for developing recommendations to address the problem of unethical corporate behaviors.

Keywords: corporate social responsibility, corporate ethics, reporting, auditing, full-cost accounting, mining lobby, duty of care, corporate veil, voluntary compliance, environmental regulation, Kyrgyz Republic, Canadian mining industry.

Introduction

is a fourth-year student at McGill University in Montréal studying Economics and International Development


Marc-Antoine Fortin Robitaille

ContextualizationThe Kyrgyz Republic


Ruining the Canadian Advantage

1

3

4

5

Kumtor Gold Mine

1 The Economist, Stalin’s Harvest. (US, June 2010). Stalin’s Harvest. 395.8687: p26Human Development Index and its components

3 The Economist Intelligence Unit, Kygyz Republic Country Report - Main Report: November 18th 2013 (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2013)4 Ibid.5 Kumtor Gold Company, Contribution to the Economy (Kumtor: 2013)



Ibid. Centerra Gold Inc, 2012 Annual Information Form (Toronto, 2013) Ibid.

Ibid.



11

Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility

11 B. Jansky Petrov Lake- Danger of a Large-Scale Ecological Disaster ( GIZ: 2007) Centerra Gold Inc, 2012 Annual Information Form (Toronto, 2013)



Mining – the Canadian Economy

13

14

A Concerning Incongruity

13 Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, Corporate Social Responsibility (Foreign Affais, Trade and Development Canada: 2013)14 Russell Grahame, Jim Cooney, John McKay, Jaime Kneen and Normand Champigny, Canadian Mining in Latin America Panel Discussion (Montréal: McGill University 2013)



Weaknesses of Reporting Mechanisms

15

Full-Cost Accounting

15 N. Soderstrom, Sustainability reporting: past, present, and trends for the future (Melbourne: CPA Australia, 2012) Univer-sity of Melbourne Annual Research Lectur.

Ibid. Ibid.



Auditing

J.Gallu, C. Gardoll, & A. Inamdar, Review of the IFC’s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability and Policy on Disclosure of Information (Washington: World Bank Group: 2010). International Financial Corpor-WDLRQ��2I¿FH�RI�WKH�&RPSOLDQFH�$GYLVRU�2PEXVGPDQ�

M. Torrance, Global CSR Monitor - IFC Environmental & Social Performance Standards (Norton Rose Fulbright, 2010) N. Soderstrom, Sustainability reporting: past, present, and trends for the future (Melbourne: CPA Australia, 2012) Univer-

sity of Melbourne Annual Research Lectur.



Legal Framework

Economic Rationality and Voluntary Compliance

Enforcement of the IFC’s Performance Standards



The Canadian Response

J.Gallu, C. Gardoll, & A. Inamdar, Review of the IFC’s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability and Policy on Disclosure of Information ( Washington: World Bank Group: 2010). International Financial Cor-SRUWDLRQ��2I¿FH�RI�WKH�&RPSOLDQFH�$GYLVRU�2PEXVGPDQ�

M. Torrance, Global CSR Monitor - IFC Environmental & Social Performance Standards( Norton Rose Fulbright, 2010) Russell Grahame, Jim Cooney, John McKay, Jaime Kneen and Normand Champigny, Canadian Mining in Latin America

Panel Discussion (Montréal: McGill University 2013)



Corporate Veil and Duty of Care

J. McKay, Bill. C-300 (Canada: 2009) B. Curry, Lobbying blitz helps kill mining ethics bill. (The Globe and Mail: 2010). Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, Corporate Social Responsibility (Foreign Affais, Trade

and Development, Canada: 2013)



Chuc v Hudbay Minerals Inc.

Chuc v Hudbay Minerals Inc.

Solomon v Solomon & Co.

Chuc v Hudbay Minerals Inc., CV-10-411159, CV-11-423077 & CV-11-435841 (Superior Court of Justice - Ontario July 22, 2013).



The Canadian Government: a Major Drag



Free-Trade and Deregulation

Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, Corporate Social Responsibility (Foreign Affais, Trade and Development Canada: 2013)

J.-P. Laplante, & C. Nolin, Snake oil and the Myth of Corporate Social Responsibility (Canadian Dimension: 2011)MiningWatch Canada, 0HVVDJH�WR�&DQDGD¶V�,Q¿QLWR�*ROG��'URS�\RXU�RXWUDJHRXV�ELOOLRQ�GROODU�ODZVXLW�DJDLQVW�&RVWD�

Rica! (MiningWatch Canada: 2013)



31

The New Visage of Canadian Foreign Assistance

33

34

31 J.-P. Laplante, & C. Nolin, Snake oil and the Myth of Corporate Social Responsibility (Canadian Dimension: 2011) Ibid.

33 Russell Grahame, Jim Cooney, John McKay, Jaime Kneen and Normand Champigny, Canadian Mining in Latin America Panel Discussion (Montréal: McGill University 2013)34 A. Holly, Canada Supports the Military Coup in Honduras ( Global Research :2009)



35

The Almightiness of the Mining Lobby

Recommendations

35 Ibid. Ibid.



Conclusion

H. King, The Many Uses of Gold ( Geology - Geoscience News and Information: 2013)



BibliographyCanada Supports the Military Coup in Honduras

Lobbying blitz helps kill mining ethics billPetrov Lake- Danger of a Large-Scale Ecological Disaster

2012 Annual Information Form

Public Policy for Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Respon-sibility

he Many Uses of Gold

IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and So-cial Sustainability

Review of the IFC’s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability and Policy on Disclosure of Information (

Bill. C-300 Calgary-based mining company suing Costa Rica for more than $1 billion

Bill. C-300Le Canada de Stephen Harper - L’aide étrangère

Snake oil and the Myth of Corporate Social Responsibility ( Contribution to the Economy

Message to Canada’s Infinito Gold: Drop your outrageous billion-dol-lar lawsuit against Costa Rica!



M. Torrance, Global CSR Monitor - IFC Environmental & Social Performance Standards( Norton Rose Fulbright, 2010).

Sustainability reporting: past, present, and trends for the futureUniversity of Melbourne Annual Research Lectur.

Ca-nadian Mining in Latin America Panel Discussion

Stalin’s Harvest Stalin’s HarvestThe Economist Intelligence Unit, Kygyz Republic Country Report - Main Report: Novem-

ber 18th 2013 (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2013).Human Development Index and its components

scir spring 2014 issue

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