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Television Viewing Among

Adolescent Students

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Television Viewing

Among Adolescent

Students

Dr. Syed Noor ul Amin

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in

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iv

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Syed Noor-ul-Amin earned

his degrees of M.A, B.Ed and

M.Phil in Education from

University of Kashmir (J&K). He

received his P.hD. degree from the

same University in the aforesaid

discipline. Besides that he has

qualified the University grants

commission‟s National Eligibility Test for Assistant

Professor (UGC, NET) in Education. He has been

working as Assistant Professor (Contractual) in the

Department of Education, University of Kashmir and has

been actively engaged in research, teaching and

extension work for last seven years. He has also

contributed as a resource person to delivering the

lectures in IGNOU, Distance Education and in different

Collages of the state. He contributed numerous research

papers in the area of ICT in education published in the

reputed National and International Journals with

impressive citation Index. He has participated in many

national level seminars and educational conferences

orginised by different agencies. His areas of

specialization are: Educational Technology, Information

and communication Technology (ICT) in Education,

Educational Sociology and Educational Psychology. He

is deeply involved in the promotion of education and

currently engaged in his academic pursuits.

*****

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vi

ABOUT THE BOOK

Television has a uniqueness that is shared by no other

communication media, and its impact on student‟s

behavior is similarly unique. Today one can watch

television via the internet, by means of mobile phones

and with the help of little pocket TV sets. It is

everywhere and for everyone. Television viewing is a

major activity and influence on adolescent students. The

duration of the television viewing among students is

prime concern which influences the viewers on their

study habits and academic accomplishment.

This book is the product of a comprehensive study

which offers empirical analysis of the extent of influence

of television watching among the heavy and low

television viewers. Besides detailed growth of television

and its impact on student viewers, present publication

provide the detailed data and makes scientific analysis of

television watching among the adolescent students

having different socio-economic status and explores the

their study habits and academic achievement in concern

to their television watching. It also narrates the way in

which the television watching will become a highly

beneficial for the students and devise the ways and

means to make proper use of these devices for learning

situation. This book is very informative, useful and

stimulating. It provides a comprehensive synthesis of

major issues and practices related to television watching

among students.

This book will be of immense use and prove it most

dependable, authentic and useful source of reference for

students, teachers, researchers, academicians and

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vii

all concerned in the field of modern media and

educational practices. Moreover, the policy makers of

electronic media may find the book of special interest

too.

*****

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viii

PREFACE

Television is the electronic carpet that transports

millions of persons each day to for away places. It is the

twentieth century creations of the technological

revolution that has been transforming much of the world.

Television, although relatively is a new medium, have

already made their impression on world civilization very

strikingly. When it began to make its appearance on the

world media since some sixty years ago, people were not

only skeptical about it, but were also jealous and unkind

and even hostile. Over a short span of time, however, it

has emerged as a remarkable medium of communication,

entertainment and education. It needs to be mentioned

that it has found its space in all countries of the world

and has transformed our planet into a „gigantic electronic

village.‟ In the present century not everyone had at least

one TV set at home, now almost every average family

has at least two TV sets.

The perforation of cable and satellite TV channels

has penetrated in all corners of the world cutting across

demographic and geographic barriers. On this respect

TV has enabled a level of playing opportunity and has

become homogenizes of socio-economic differences. It

is generally believed that Television has become a very

powerful medium and its contact can mold the taste,

learning and total lifestyle of the people. In recent years

increased attention has been focused on the impact of

television on the children and adolescents. Television

viewing maintained its dominant position among

adolescents because they are more impressionable than

adults. Although the introduction of computers and the

Internet has drastically altered home access to media

entertainment, television continues to persuade

adolescents to devote substantial portions of their time to

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ix

its programming. It is now readily apparent that

television can have a profound impact on adolescent‟s

development and behaviour. A very critical point about

watching television is that it affects how they learn and

study. What sorts of impressions are carried out by

adolescent while viewing TV? What are the preferences

of children about TV programmes? Besides, what study

habits these children adopt and how they prepare for

their studies & examination? Do TV viewing pattern

influence the academic performance of the students or

otherwise? These questions motivated the investigator to

peep into the existing scenario of adolescents TV

watching. It is against this background that it is

imperative to find out the extant of influence of

television watching for longer and shorter duration upon

the adolescent student viewers under the present scenario

of cable and satellite television.

Research study is unlike any other academic

activities, needs constant encouragement, support and

inspiration to sustain. In the course of this research work

I have had the opportunity and privilege to benefit from

the help, support and constructive comments of many

wonderful people. Foremost, I would like to place my

deep debt of respect and gratitude to my teacher, mentor

and guide, Prof .Mohammad Iqbal Mattoo, for his

benevolent abilities, scholarly, dynamic and sincere

guidance.

I acknowledge my deepest gratitude to my parents

for their unflagging love, moral, spiritual, and

sympathetic support. Without whose support and

blessings this cumbersome and uphill task would not

have been possible. I am thankful to my brother Syed

Murtaza and my beloved sister Tabasum for their love

and encouragement. Besides thanks are reserved to

Sunhir Quyoom for his love and support and inspired me

during my study.

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I wish to express my thanks to all the Principals,

teachers, students and other staff members of various

High and Higher Secondary Schools of District Srinagar

for cooperating and providing the necessary data

relevant to the present study.

Last but not least, I wish to avail myself of this

opportunity to express a sense of gratitude, love and

thanks to my wife Aqsa Amin who remains with me

from dawn to dusk and through thick and thin during my

research period.

Dr. Syed Noor-ul-Amin

*****

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xi

CONTENTS

Sr. Description Page

1 INTRODUCTION 1

i Significance of the Study 14

ii Objectives and Hypotheses of the Study 31

iii Operational Definitions of Variables

32

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 39

3 DESIGN OF THE STUDY 72

i Sample Size and Coverage 74

ii Selection and Description of Tools 74

iii Statistical Treatment

89

4 ANALYSIS NTERPRETATION AND

DISCUSSION

90

i Review of Hypotheses 125

5 KEY FINDINGS 128

i Suggestions for Future Research 133

6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 135

*****

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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS

1

INTRODUCING THE STUDY

It is reliable so true that technology is embedded in our

culture and that we are immersed and dependent on it, as

well. Technology changes so rapidly and has such a

pervasive impact that it is actually determining our

culture. Children and adolescents are considered to be

the prime users and beneficiaries. Administrators and

educators need to keep pace with life outside the

classroom in order to integrate and access the wonderful

learning opportunities-the Internet, the cell phones, the

pod casting and even the social networking sites.

Teachers need to invite students to learn by using what

they know about the best teaching gadgets.

Technology has found its way into every aspect of

our culture in the present scenario. It's in medicine, in

social work and not even more than to be in our

education system. Teachers are frequently being

emboldened to take technology classes so that their

students can benefit from their knowledge. In Education,

technology plays very indispensable role in the

classrooms, in assistive technology products and

software that is brought into the school. So what exactly

is the role of technology in Education? What is it doing

for our students and children? Or is it doing anything?

Let's take a closer look.

There has been substantial evidence around the

world that technology has become one of the most

significant and vivifying components to the success of a

child's education. Here are some of the pompous facts

that technology helps children of today. Technology has

proved to help students in reading, writing and

arithmetic. Each year teachers are instructed and

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Dr. Syed Noor ul Amin

2

challenged to meet AYP's (Adequate Yearly Progress)

under the “No Child left Behind Act” of 2001. Not only

does technology benefit students in the education

system, it also benefits the educator for their

professional requirements. There are so many fortuitous

opportunities for teachers to learn and to acquire new

skills over the internet, keep up with credentials and in

return help them to improve their teaching abilities.

Technology, more unequivocally with the assistive

technology specially needs students and the students

with disabilities have able to achieve in areas and ways

that would not have been possible. Technology creates

individualized learning environments for students and

infact can play a major role in special needs. Technology

has also made it possible for those who didn't finish

college or high school education to get back into things

without having to even leave the comfort of their own

home. It has also made compatible to continue

education; those who wants to reach a little higher and

gain more knowledge in something new or old.

Technology brings the learning right to our students;

wherever they may be. Lastly, but certainly not the

lastly, technology has served students well because it has

provided them with the skill and knowledge they need to

enter the workforce. It is becoming increasingly difficult

for teachers to reach every child in the classroom. Class

sizes keep getting larger, but teachers remain still one of

the humblest paid salary jobs. Yet the need is still there

to teach and prepare the children for the future; the need

to prepare them for the "real" world and the real world

today is a world full of technology. So if we don't

provided technology in our education system, then when

will students have a chance to get familiar with it? How

will they train themselves for the "real" world?

Technology is making it possible for teachers to reach

more students, allowing students the time they need to

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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS

3

succeed and providing our future workforce with

competent, knowledgeable employees.

In the world of mass media, the television is surely

one of the top one. It is an amazing window on the

world. At the flick of a button, you can travel from the

North Pole to Serengeti, watch men walking on the

Moon, see athletes breaking records, or listen to world

leaders making historic speeches. Television has

transformed entertainment and education. Television

plays an important role in every-day life of the average

citizen, in all parts of the world. It's the usual scene

when you see a person sitting in front of the TV set

eating something and living in the world of soap operas

or movies. Children, parents, their grandparents and

everyone watch TV every day. Television is really a

indispensable invention that keeps us in touch with every

part of the world, giving us the latest news and

entertaining us the whole day round. It also educates and

raises our cultural level giving a great amount of useful

information on ethnic, scientific, social, political and

economic aspects of life. It also contains thousands

"trash" programmes, shows and movies that it is very

hard to choose something really interesting and useful.

Television (often abbreviated as TV) is a widely

used telecommunication medium for transmitting and

receiving moving images, either monochromatic ("black

and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound.

"Television" may also refer specifically to a television

set, television programming or television transmission.

The word is derived from mixed Latin and Greek roots,

meaning "far sight" - Greek tele (τῆλε), far, and Latin

visio, sight (from video, vis- to see, or to view in the first

person). A standard television set comprehends

electronic circuits, including those for receiving and

decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device

which lacks a tuner is properly called a monitor, rather

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Dr. Syed Noor ul Amin

4

than a television. A television system may use different

technical standards such as digital television (DTV) and

high-definition television (HDTV). HDTV costs more

than normal TV but is becoming more available. The

development of the television occurred over a number of

years and a sizeable number of countries are using a

wide application of sciences, including electricity,

mechanical engineering, electromagnetism, sound

technology, and electrochemistry. No single person

invented the television; instead, it is a compilation of

inventions perfected by fierce competition. Chemicals

that are conductors of electricity were among the first

discoveries leading to the TV. Baron Berzelius of

Sweden isolated selenium in 1817 and Louis May of

Great Britain, in 1873 discovered that the element is a

strong electrical conductor. Sir William Crookes devised

cathode ray tube in 1878, but these discoveries took

many years to merge into the common ground of

television. Paul Nipkow of Germany best owed the first

crude television in 1884. His mechanical system applied

a scanning disk with small holes to pick up image

fragments and imprint them on a light-sensitive selenium

tube. A receiver reassembled the picture. In 1888, W.

Hallwachs applied photoelectric cells in cameras;

cathode rays were demonstrated as devices for

reassembling the image at the receiver by Boris Rosing

of Russia and A. A. Campbell-Swinton of Great Britain,

both working independently in 1907. Countless radio

pioneers including Thomas Edison devised methods of

broadcasting television signals. John Logie Baird of

Scotland and Charles F. Jenkins of the United States

designed the first true television sets in the 1920s by

combining Nipkow's mechanical scanning disk with

vacuum-tube amplifiers and photoelectric cells. The

1920s were the critical decade in television development

since a number of major corporations including General

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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS

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Electric (GE), the Radio Corporation of America (RCA),

Westinghouse, and American Telephone & Telegraph

(AT&T) began serious television research. Philo T.

Farnsworth and Allen B. Dumont, both Americans,

developed a pickup tube that became the home television

receiver by 1939. The Columbia Broadcasting System

(CBS) had entered the colour TV fray and battled with

RCA to perfect color television, initially with

mechanical methods until an all-electronic colour system

could be developed. Rival broadcasts appeared

throughout the 1940s although progress was slowed by

both World War II and the Korean War. The first CBS

color broadcast on June 25, 1951, featured Ed Sullivan

and other stars of the network. Commercial color

television broadcasts were underway in the United States

by 1954.

During sixties none the less television services

spread like a wildfire and its utility caught attention of

the world .Since it first became commercially available

from the late 1930s, the television set has become a

prosaic household communications device in homes and

institutions. Since the 1970s, video recordings on VCR

tapes and later, digital playback systems such as DVDs,

have enabled the television to be used for viewing

recorded as well as broadcast material. Television is now

delivered in a variety of ways: “over the air” by

terrestrial radio waves (traditional broadcast TV); along

coaxial cables (cable TV); reflected off satellites held in

geo-stationary Earth orbit (direct broadcast satellite, or

DBS, TV); recorded on magnetic tape and played in

videocassette recorders (VCRs); and recorded optically

on digital video discs (DVDs). Although other forms

such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) are in use, the

most prosaic usage of the medium is for broadcast

television, which was modeled on the existing radio

broadcasting systems developed in the 1920s, and uses

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6

high powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast

the television signal to individual TV receivers. The

technical standards for modern television, both

monochrome (black-and-white) and colour, took birth in

the middle of the 20th century. Television is the

electrical transmission and reception of transient visual

images, and is probably the first invention by committee,

in the sense of resulting from the effort of hundreds of

individuals widely separated in time and space, all

prompted by the urge to produce a system of 'seeing over

the horizon'. World‟s first regular public service of

television in 1936, an entertainer sang: 'The air has eyes

that scan us from the skies. And ears that listen from the

blue. So you needn't roam‟. Improvements have been

made continuously since that time, and today television

technology is in the midst of considerable change. Much

attention is being focused on enhancing the picture

resolution and on changing the dimensions of the

television receiver to show wide-screen pictures. In

addition, the transmission of digitally encoded television

signals is being instituted, with the ultimate goal of

providing interactive service and possibly broadcasting

multiple programs in the channel space now occupied by

one program.

Since the beginning, there have been mixed

reactions to television and it was E.B. White who wrote

"I believe that television is going to be the test of the

modern world, and in this new opportunity to see beyond

the range of our own vision, we shall discover either a

new and unbearable disturbance of the general peace or a

saving radiance in the sky. We shall stand or fall by

television, of that I am sure." Ever since the first

television station licensed in 1941, our lives have been

affected by the presence of television. However, this

effect is not for the negative as it is used from simple

means of entertainment to a widely used, invaluable,

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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS

7

source of information. It is also an excellent aid in

preparing children for schools and assisting in educating

children after they have begun schools. Television has

become the fastest media, reporting on today's event, as

opposed to yesterday's events written about in a news

paper. Since there is not an area in this country, or an

area in the world that does not receive a television

signal, this, along with the fact only 2% of the

population does not have a television, ensure that this is

an extremely assessable media. Society has taken

advantage of this by broadcasting the day‟s news and

information, regardless of which part of the world it took

place in, over television signal so that 98% of the society

can view it and become informed.

Nowadays it would be considered myth any nation

without the television. It is the most widespread way of

getting information and entertainment. The most

extraordinary fact about television was the transmission

of the motion pictures that gained a great audience for

television. Moreover, television gives us the accessibility

to see the distant lands and foreign countries, to hear the

opinion and the speeches of smart people, and to listen

to the music of your favourite bands. It allows us to

watch your favourite team playing an important game.

The special feature of television is also in the fact that it

transmits the exact and natural emotions that make

people believe in what is happening. Television is so

popular nowadays that it needs some reconstructions.

That is why; today one can watch television via the

internet, by means of mobile phones and with the help of

little pocket TV sets. It is everywhere and for everyone.

Television is the most powerful medium at present.

“Television is the electronic carpet that transports

millions of persons each day to faraway places. It is the

twentieth century creations of the technological

revolution that has been transforming much of the

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8

world‟. Television, although relatively is a new medium,

have already made their impression on the world

civilization very strikingly. It has been aptly mentioned

that television is bouncing its signal of space satellites

and using oceanic cables to transmit live telecast to and

from peoples that world over. Television can represent

the world in no time. This main organ of the mass media

has made dissemination of news of information, of

comments of entertainment possible on a scale

unprecedented in human history. A distinguished media

expert, Narayana Menon has observed: “The spoken

word was rehabilitated with its full force or nearly full

force and just as the supremacy of sound was being

accepted as the key factor in communication”.

Television overtakes it, the visual elements asserting it

again. All this once lie time.

Television today is a household word, when it

began to make its appearance on the world media since

some sixty years ago, people were not only skeptical

about it, but were also jealous and unkind and even

hostile. Over a short span of time, however, it has

emerged as a remarkable medium of communication,

entertainment and education. It needs to be mentioned

that it has found its space in all countries of the world

and has transformed our planet into a „gigantic electronic

village‟ bringing various people and continents closer

(Bushan, 1992). The 20th century is the century of

globalization and technological development that gave a

chance to the particular spread of television. In the

present century not everyone had at least one TV set at

home, now almost every average family has at least two

TV sets. Television had been one of the nineteenth

century's confident predictions of the twentieth century,

but it still took many decades of the new century to

reach fruition and only in the second half of that century

has become a global phenomenon. The world indeed

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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS

9

'passed in review', but television led to a kind of

secondary environment of images in which we all now

have to live. As the twentieth century ends television is

itself undergoing a technological and institutional

transmutation, so thorough as to baffle or confound its

own surviving pioneers and founders. Between the

1950s and the 1990s television was organized as a

regulated and essentially national medium dependent on

the scarce resource of electromagnetic frequencies. At

the end of the era it is becoming a medium of

abundance, with hundreds of satellite and cable channels

becoming available in every home; these new sources of

images, passing through new technologies and produced

by a new generation of remarkably cheap miniaturized

equipment, are emerging from jurisdictions outside the

receiving countries. Television is becoming, at its roots,

international, prolific, regulated lightly if at all.

Television once provided the concentrated essence of a

nationally authorized culture; now it is inextricably part

of an international industry, increasingly beyond the

daily control of the governments who have formal

jurisdiction over it. The inventors of television from the

1890s until the 1950s thought of it as an additional

means for delivering information and entertainment, as

an extension of telephone, radio, theatre, cinema; but it

has now gathered to itself a range of functions beyond

the entertaining and informing of audiences. What the

inventors never quite realized was that television would

become normative, that so much of what we see on the

screen would contrive to suggest how things ought or

ought not to be. We see a programme containing a

depiction of family life and we learn to read it as a guide

or as a barometer of a standard; we see a school and

derive an impression of the expected behaviour of

teachers and pupils. Television has come to delineate for

us the boundaries of transgression; beneath the most

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10

routine or trivial entertainment the medium operates as a

subtle instructor, with the complicity of the audience. It

offers a continuous flowing river of experience from

which we have come to draw much of the substance of

our identities. Many have tried but no one yet has

succeeded in distilling the essence of the nature of its

influence, but much passes between us and television

that shapes and alters us. That is why television, almost

since its inception, has been the location of so many

vivid controversies. It may be difficult to trace the

ideological influence of a single programme but no one

denies that television amplifies the processes of change

in fashion and ideas. Every means of public

communication goes through a series of phases and is

eventually superseded.

Television has imposed its own ways upon

everyone in society who needs to communicate

something to an audience. Our most influential images

of authority today derive ultimately from television,

usually from television fiction; from this we register at

various levels of our minds the status of police, cabinet

ministers, international organizations, heads of state; we

learn to judge the relative measures of respect we offer

to soldiers, priests, business leaders. Television images

contain an implication of typicality and somehow

suggest the point of justice of balance, between the

myriad of opinions latent in our minds. The television

image is held at a point of pressure between innumerable

institutions of regulation, of the market place, of

expressed and inchoate opinion and it has thus come to

govern the senses and the conscience, to offer an

ordering of things, even to exaggerate the chaos and

order lessness of things.

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TELEVISION VIEWING AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS

11

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