saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasiœnyada-ve-tÜrk... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet...

136
SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASI Kasım 2017 ANKARA DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Upload: hoangdat

Post on 02-Nov-2018

257 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASI

Kasım 2017 ANKARA

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Page 2: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

2

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

© 2017. Sağlık-Sen. Tüm hakları saklıdır. Bu kitabın basım ve yayın hakları Sağlık-Sen Genel Merkezine aittir.

Hangi amaçla olursa olsun yazılı izin olmadan kopya edilemez ve çoğaltılamaz.

SAĞLIK-SEN YAYINLARI - 42

Sağlık-Sen Adına İmtiyaz SahibiMetin MEMİŞGenel Başkan

Genel Yayın YönetmeniMustafa ÖRNEK

Genel Başkan Yardımcısı - SASAM Genel Koordinatörü

Kasım 20171000 Adet

Baskı:

Grafik Tasarım Sedat ALTUĞ

SAĞLIK-SEN GENEL MERKEZİGMK Bulvarı Özveren Sok. No:23 Demirtepe/ANKARA

Tel: 444 1995 Faks: (0312) 230 83 65www.sagliksen.org.tr

Yayın KuruluMustafa Örnek, İdris Baykan, Abdülaziz Aslan, Fatih Seyran

Prof. Dr. Mustafa Necmi İlhan, Doç. Dr. Mehmet Merve Özaydın, Dr. Özcan Kars, Mehmet Atasever, Zafer Karaca Arş. Gör. Mehmet Gözlü

Fatma Akay, Nihan Ready, Onur Burak Barkan, Defne Demet

Araştırma Ekibi/YazarlarDoç. Dr. Mehmet Merve ÖZAYDIN

Arş. Gör. Banu KARAKAŞArş. Gör. Ömercan ÇEVİK

Page 3: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

3

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

İÇİNDEKİLER

SUNUŞ ......................................................................................................4

GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................7

1. SAĞLIK SEKTÖRÜNDE İŞGÜCÜ VE İSTİHDAM .......................... 12 1.1. Sağlık Sektörünün Ekonomik ve İşgücü Boyutu ................................ 12 1.2. Sağlık Sektöründe İstihdamın Geliştirilmesine Yönelik Uluslararası Yaklaşımlar ....................................................................... 22

2. SAĞLIK SEKTÖRÜNDE ÇALIŞAN MERKEZLİ SORUNLAR ........ 28 2.1. Sosyal Diyalog ........................................................................................ 29 2.2. Kadın ve Aile Dostu Politikalar ........................................................... 32 2.3. Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelen Şiddet .................................................... 35 2.4. Sağlık Sektöründe Çalışma Süreleri .................................................... 38 2.5. Mesleki Tehlikeler ve İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği ..................................... 42 2.6. Eğitim ve Mesleki Gelişim .................................................................... 43 2.7. Sağlık Sektöründe Çalışma Statüsünden Kaynaklanan Sorunlar ... 45

3. SAĞLIK SEKTÖRÜNDE SENDİKACILIK ........................................ 49 3.1. Dünyada Sendikacılığın Tarihsel Gelişimi ......................................... 49 3.2. Kamu Görevlileri Sendikacılığı ve Gelişimi ....................................... 51 3.3. Sağlık Sendikacılığı .............................................................................. 54

4. TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI ......................................... 58

KAYNAKLAR ......................................................................................... 64

Page 4: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

4

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

İnsana doğrudan hizmet sunması ve sunulan bu hizmetin insan ve toplum sağlığının ve geleceğinin belirleyicisi olması bakımından sağlık sektörü tüm dünyada ayrı ve önemli bir yere sahiptir. Sunulan hizmetin her aşamasında insan emeğinin belirleyici bir niteliğe sahip olması da sağlık çalışanlarını, sağlık hizmetlerinin başarısının temel aktörü haline getirmektedir. Sağlık personeli yetiştirme süreçlerinin zahmetli ve maliyetli niteliği, sağlık insan kaynağının planlanmasında çoğu zaman sorunlarla karşılaşılmasına neden olmakta bu da sağlık iş-gücü açığını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu durum mevcut sağlık işgücünün çalışma şartları üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin tetikleyicisi olmakta-dır. Bunun yanında, kadın işgücü yoğunluğunun yüksek olduğu sağlık sektöründe kadınlara yönelik destekleyici politikalara duyulan ihtiyaç fazladır. Nöbet yükü ve ağır çalışma şartları, kadın çalışanların iş ve aile hayatları arasında denge kurabilmeleri önünde önemli bir engeli teşkil etmektedir. İşteki yıpranma düzeyinin sosyal güvenlik haklarına yan-sıtılamaması, çalışanlara yönelen şiddet, sosyal diyalog mekanizma-larının yetersizliği, mesleki riskler ve uzun çalışma süreleri sağlık ça-lışanları önündeki diğer temel sorun alanları olarak öne çıkmaktadır.

Tüm bu sorunlarla mücadelede ve sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik temsilin güçlendirilmesinde sağlık sendikacılığının önemli bir eşik-te bulunduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Sağlık sendikacılığının, ka-dın çalışanların sesini ve taleplerini duymadan, nitelikli ve genç işgü-

SUNUŞ

Page 5: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

5

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

cünün çalışma sorunlarını bilmeden, yaşanan teknolojik değişim ve gelişimi takip etmeden ve sağlık politikalarının belirleyicisi bir aktör olma çabası içine girmeden yapılabilme imkanı bulunmadığını düşün-mekteyiz. Kuruluşundan itibaren istikrarlı büyümesine, 2009 yılından itibaren hizmet kolunda yetkili sendika unvanını ekleyen Sağlık-Sen, bugün 250.000’e yaklaşan üye sayısı ile Türkiye’de sağlık çalışanlarının en güçlü temsilcisidir. Sendikacılıkta elde edilen bu başarı ile yetinil-memiş, vizyoner sendikacılığın gereği olarak sürdürülebilirlik temel bir hedef haline dönüştürülmüştür. Bu amaçla 2014 yılında kurduğumuz ve alanında ilk örneği temsil eden SASAM (Sağlıksen Stratejik Araştır-malar Merkezi) Enstitüsü, bilimin ışığında sendikacılık hedeflerimizi belirlemek ve vizyoner bir anlayışla sağlık çalışanlarına en iyi hizmet sunabilme amacının kurumsallaşmış bir örneğini teşkil etmektedir.

Sendikacılıkta yapılacak ulusal ve uluslararası bilgi ve deneyim paylaşımının tüm dünyada hak mücadelesine önemli katkı sağlayaca-ğını düşünmekteyiz. Bu amaçla dünyada ve Türkiye’de sağlık sendika-cılığının tüm yönleri ile ele alındığı bu eseri, bir başlangıç kitabı olarak sizlere sunmaktan ötürü büyük mutluluk duyuyoruz. Sahasında uzman akademisyenlerce hazırlanan bu kitap, sağlık çalışanlarının mevcut so-runlarına ilişkin bir durum tespiti yapmayı ve sağlık sendikacılığında politika belirleme süreçlerine ilişkin bir rehber olma özelliğini hedefle-mektedir. Geleneksel bir hale dönüştürmeyi hedeflediğimiz uluslararası sağlık sendikacılığı buluşmalarının bu türdeki eserlerin içerik ve hacmi-nin artmasına önemli katkılar sağlayacağını umut ediyorum.

Metin MEMİŞSağlık-Sen Genel Başkanı

Page 6: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

6

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Page 7: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

7

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Giriş

Çalışanların menfaatlerini korumak amacıyla oluşturulan kurumlar olan sendikalar, “syndic” kökeninden olan ve çıkarların korunmasına aracılık edenleri ifade etmek amacıyla kullanılan eski bir kelimeden türetilmiştir. Kelimenin modern çalışma ilişkilerinde yerini tam olarak bulması ise sanayileşme süreçleri içerisinde gerçekleşmiştir. Kapitalist üretim düzeninin yaygın üretim biçimi olan sanayileşmenin ilk dönemlerinde emek arz ve talebi arasındaki uyumsuzluk ve ha-kim liberal anlayışın müdahaleden uzak niteliği, çalışma koşullarında emek sahipleri aleyhine bir durumun ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuş-tur. Kötü fabrika çalışma şartları, düşük ücretler, uzun çalışma süre-leri ve insani olmaktan uzak çalışma değerleri bu dönem çalışma ha-yatının temel özelliklerini oluşturmuştur. Ortaçağ çalışma ilişkilerinde meslek sahipleri arasında bir dayanışma aracı olan korporasyonların sanayileşmenin hemen başında güçlerini tamamen kaybetmeleri, yeni ekonomik düzende çalışanlar arasında işbirliğini sağlayacak hiç-bir mekanizmanın bulunmamasına neden olmuştur. 18.yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren işçi arkadaşlık kuruluşları ile yeniden başlayan çalışanlar arası dayanışma kurumları, kısa sayılabilecek bir sürede güçlenerek çalışma hayatının önemli kurumları haline gelmiştir.

Sendikacılığın başlangıcındaki işçi merkezli bu yapı ilerleyen yıllar-da tüm çalışanları ve sektörleri içine alan bir genişliğe sahip olmuş-tur. Sendikacılık tarihi her ne kadar 18. yüzyıldan itibaren yazılmaya başlasa da, gerçek işlevleri ile güçlü kurumlara dönüşümleri ancak II. Dünya Savaşından sonra gerçekleşebilmiştir. İşçi sendikacılığı yanında memur sendikacılığının da bir güç olarak ortaya çıkışı bu döneme denk gelmektedir. Burada kamusal görevi ifa etmesi nede-niyle çalışan kamu görevlilerinin örgütlenmesinin neden bu kadar ge-ciktiği sorusu kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu durumu hiç şüphesiz devletin sorumluluk alanının ve dolayısıyla çalışanlarının sayısındaki gelişi-

Page 8: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

8

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

min nispeten geç gerçekleşmesi ile açıklamak mümkündür. Sana-yileşmenin ilk dönemlerinde mevcut olan liberal aklın ekonomik ve sosyal sorunlara çözüm üretmede yetersiz kalması, devletin de temel bir belirleyici aktör olarak piyasanın yanında düzenleyici olarak yer almasına neden olmuştur. Devletin sosyal niteliğini geliştirmesinin bir zorunluluk ve vatandaşlarının talebi olarak ortaya çıkması, liberal devlet anlayışının da refah devleti merkezli bir değişime uğramasına neden olmuştur. Yaklaşık ikiyüz yıllık sanayileşme ve sermaye biriki-mi üzerine inşa edilen refah devleti, başta sağlık ve eğitim olmak üze-re toplumsal hayatın her yanında yerini güçlü olarak almış ve kamu hizmetlerini hak temelli olarak geliştirme yoluna gitmiştir. Bu gelişim kamu hizmetlerinin standartlarının sürekli olarak gelişimine öncülük etmiş ve vatandaşların talepleri ile şekillenen hak temelli politikalar siyasi partiler arasında önemli bir rekabet mücadelesine dönüşmüş-tür. Bu süreçte kamu hizmetlerinin kapasitesi ve doğal olarak çalışan sayılarında önemli gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. Küreselleşme etkileri ile 1980’li yıllardan itibaren yaşanan ekonomik krizler istihdam yapıları üzerinde önemli daralmalara neden olurken, bu krizlerden kamu ça-lışanlarının, kamu hizmetlerinde süreklilik temelinde daha az etkilen-diği görülmüştür.

Küreselleşme sürecinde sanayi sektöründeki daralma hizmetler sek-töründeki gelişmelerin önünü açmıştır. Özellikle bilgi ve enformasyon alanında yaşanan teknolojik gelişmeler, çalışanların nitelik düzeyinde önemli gelişmelere neden olurken, kadınların da işgücü piyasaları-na katılımına imkan sağlamıştır. İşgücü piyasalarında esneklik ara-yışları ile şekillenen bu dönemde işçi sendikacılığının da dünyanın birçok bölgesinde önemli bir gerileme içine girdiği görülmüştür. Aynı süreçte kamu hizmetlerinin yaşanan sosyal sorunlarla başa çıkmak ve istihdam düzeyini korumak adına belirli bir düzeyde korunduğu görülmüştür.

Günümüz dünyasında işgücü piyasalarında yaşanan en önemli sorun

Page 9: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

9

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

hiç şüphesiz işsizlik olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütünün küresel analizlerinde işsiz sayısının tüm dünyada iki yüz milyonu aştığı ve bu eğilimin devam edeceği ifade edilmektedir. Bu durum işsizlikle mücadelede istihdam avantajı sağlayan sektörlerin desteklenmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu özelliklere sahip sektörlerin başında da sağlık sektörü gelmektedir. Üstelik sağlık sektöründe is-tihdamın artırılması sadece bir istihdam politikası aracı olmaktan öte sağlık hizmetlerinin sürdürülebilmesinin temel bir şartıdır. Sağlık sek-töründeki büyüme bir ülke için çarpan etkisine sahiptir. Bu sektördeki büyüme bir yandan sağlık çalışanlarının sayısını artırarak istihdam ve ekonomik gelişmeye katkı sağlarken diğer yandan vatandaşlarının sağlıklarının korunarak insan ve toplum sağlığının gelişimine kaynak-lık etmektedir.

Dünyanın her bölgesinde farklı oranlarında olmakla birlikte, sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik önemli bir talep mevcuttur. Nüfusun yaşlanma-sı, savaşlar, doğal afetler, salgın hastalıklar toplumun sağlık hizmet-lerine duyduğu ihtiyacın artarak devam etmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu artışın karşılanmasındaki en önemli güçlük ise sağlık persone-lini yetiştirme güçlüğünden kaynaklanmaktadır. Gelişen ve değişen teknolojiler ve yüksek bir uzmanlık düzeyine ihtiyaç duyulması sağlık hizmetlerine yönelik yetiştirilecek işgücünün eğitimini önemli bir ko-numa getirmektedir. Bu eğitim sürecinin iyi yürütülememesi, sağlıkta işgücü planlamasının ihtiyaçlarla orantılı olarak belirlenememesi ve yaşlanan sağlık personelinin yerinin doldurulamaması, sağlık sektö-ründe önemli bir işgücü açığını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu işgücü açığı ya daha düşük nitelik düzeyine sahip personelle sağlık hizmetlerinin kalitesinin düşmesine ya da mevcut nitelikli personel üzerindeki çalış-ma süresi ve nöbet baskılarının yoğunlaşmasına neden olmaktadır.

Sağlık sektörü çalışma yapısının temel özelliklerinden biri de kadın istihdam düzeyinin diğer sektörlere oranla yüksek bir düzeye sahip olmasıdır. Tüm dünyada ekonomik ve toplumsal kalkınmanın unsur-

Page 10: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

10

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

larından biri kadınların da erkekler düzeyinde iş ve çalışma hayatına katılımlarının sağlanmasıdır. Gelişmiş ülke ortalamalarında kadınla-rın işgücüne ve istihdam katılım düzeylerinde anlamlı farklılıklar ol-duğu görülmektedir. Birçok ülke destek ve teşvik mekanizmaları ile kadın istihdamı gelişimi hedeflenmektedir. Sağlık sektöründe yer alan bazı mesleklerin kadın doğası ile uyumu ve mesleklerin femi-nizasyonu, bu sektörde erkeklere oranla daha fazla yer almalarına neden olmaktadır.

Sağlık sektörü, işgücü ve istihdam yapısı bakımından sahip olduğu bu olumlu özelliklerinin yanında çalışma şartları bakımından bazı önemli zorlukları ve riskleri de içermektedir. Aşırı iş yükü, uzun çalış-ma süreleri, hizmetlerin sürekliliğinin bir gereği olarak nöbet yükleri, mesleğin değişen koşullarına ve teknolojilerine uyum sağlama zor-lukları, sağlık çalışanlarında personel devir hızı ve mesleki tüken-mişliğin artmasına, iş ve yaşam doyumunun ise azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Diğer taraftan sağlık işgücü ihtiyacının yetişmiş perso-nelle sağlanamaması, geçici ve güvencesiz istihdam biçimlerinin artmasına neden olmaktadır. Tüm bu sorunlarla mücadelede sağlık çalışanlarının örgütlenmesi ihtiyacı ayrı bir önem kazanmaktadır. Bi-reysel ve mesleki mücadelenin belirli sınırlılıklara sahip olduğu sağlık sektöründe sendikalaşma yoluyla elde edilen kazanımların önemli bir yere sahip olduğu görülmektedir.

Sağlık sendikacılığında sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik tehditlerin belir-lenmesi ve mücadele politikalarının bu eksende geliştirilmesi özel bir öneme sahiptir. Sektörün kadın çalışanların ağırlıklı olduğu bir yapıya sahip olması, sendikal politikalar içinde cinsiyet merkezli stratejilerin oluşturulmasına kaynaklık etmelidir. Bu çerçevede iş ve aile hayatının uyumlaştırılmasına öncülük edecek politikalar titizlikle ele alınmalı ve cinsiyet merkezli her türlü ayrımcılık uygulaması ile etkin mücadele araçları belirlenmelidir. Bununla birlikte gençlerin eğitim kurumların-dan istihdam geçişlerinde önemli bir potansiyele sahip olan sağlık

Page 11: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

11

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

sektöründe sendikaların, örgütlenme yönünden de gençlere fırsatlar sağlaması gerekmektedir.

Sağlık sendikacılığı da sağlık sektöründe çalışan olmanın zorlukla-rından üst düzeyde etkilenmektedir. Sağlık çalışanlarının yüksek bir eğitim ve uzmanlık düzeyine sahip olmaları, sorunlarının çözümünde daha bireyci yöntemleri tercih etmelerine neden olabilmektedir. Yine sağlık işgücü açığının güvencesiz ve geçici istihdam yöntemleri ile kapatılması çabası sağlık çalışanlarının örgütlenmesi önünde önemli bir engel olarak yerini almaktadır. Kadın ve gençlerin tüm dünyada ol-duğu gibi sendikacılık konusundaki şüpheci tutumları da sendikacılık düzeyinde olumsuz etkiler oluşturmaktadır.

Page 12: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

12

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

1. SAĞLIK SEKTÖRÜNDE İŞGÜCÜ VE İSTİHDAM1.1. Sağlık Sektörünün Ekonomik ve İşgücü BoyutuSağlık sektörü tüm dünyada, sağlık bakım hizmetlerinin yanında, yar-dımcı hizmetler, tıbbi cihazların geliştirilmesi, ilaç kullanımı ve ar-ge çalışmaları gibi çeşitli dalların toplamına denk önemli bir ekonomik alanı oluşturmaktadır. Yıllık 6 trilyon dolara yaklaşan bir ekonomik büyüklüğü oluşturan sağlık harcamalarının, ülkelerin gayrı safi milli hasılası içinde gelişmişlik düzeylerine bağlı olarak değişen oranlar-da pay aldığı görülmektedir. Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü (OECD) ülkelerinin sağlık harcamalarının gayrı safi yurt içi hasıla-ya oranı ortalama %9’dur. En yüksek oran %17 ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne aittir. Öte yandan sağlık harcamalarının Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde gayrı safi milli hasılaya oranı ortalama %5 ile %11 arasın-da değişmektedir.

Şekil 1: OECD Ülkeleri Sağlık Harcamalarının GSYİH İçindeki PayıKaynak: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-statistics.htm,

Erişim: 14.10.2017

Sağlık sektörü, kapsamlı ekonomik büyüme, insan güvenliği ve sür-dürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerinin gerçekleştirilebilmesi açısından önemli bir sektör olarak kabul edilmektedir. Tüm dünyada böylesi-ne önemli bir sektörün çalışanlarına yönelik yapılan yatırımlar önem kazanmaktadır. Zira, sağlık çalışanlarına yatırım yapmak hem insan sağlığını geliştirmek hem de istihdam yaratıp ekonomik büyümeyi

Kaynak: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-statistics.htm, EriĢim: 14.10.2017

Sağlık sektörü, kapsamlı ekonomik büyüme, insan güvenliği ve sürdürülebilir

kalkınma hedeflerinin gerçekleĢtirilebilmesi açısından önemli bir sektör olarak kabul

edilmektedir. Tüm dünyada böylesine önemli bir sektörün çalıĢanlarına yönelik

yapılan yatırımlar önem kazanmaktadır. Zira, sağlık çalıĢanlarına yatırım yapmak

hem insan sağlığını geliĢtirmek hem de istihdam yaratıp ekonomik büyümeyi teĢvik

etmek için bir fırsat olarak görülmektedir. Sağlık çalıĢanlarına yatırım yapan ülkeler

sağlıklı insanlara sahip olacak ve sağlıklı insanlar sağlıklı ve daha sürdürülebilir

ekonomiler yaratabilecektir. Sağlık çalıĢanlarına yetersiz yatırım yapan ülkeler ise,

halklarının sağlığını tehlikeye atmakla birlikte, sağlık alanındaki çeĢitli risklere karĢı

daha savunmasız olacaklardır (http://www.who.int/hrh/com-

heeg/WHO_CHEflyerEn.pdf?ua=1, EriĢim: 15.10.2017).

ġekil 2: Gelir Gruplarına Göre Ülkelerde Sağlık ve Sosyal Sektör Ġstihdamının Toplam Ġstihdama Oranları, 2013 (%)

0

5

10

15

20

Sağlık Harcamalarının GSYİH İçindeki Payı (%)

Sağlık Harcamalarının GSYİH İçindeki Payı (%)

Page 13: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

13

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

teşvik etmek için bir fırsat olarak görülmektedir. Sağlık çalışanlarına yatırım yapan ülkeler sağlıklı insanlara sahip olacak ve sağlıklı insan-lar sağlıklı ve daha sürdürülebilir ekonomiler yaratabilecektir. Sağlık çalışanlarına yetersiz yatırım yapan ülkeler ise, halklarının sağlığını tehlikeye atmakla birlikte, sağlık alanındaki çeşitli risklere karşı daha savunmasız olacaklardır (http://www.who.int/hrh/com-heeg/WHO_CHEflyerEn.pdf?ua=1, Erişim: 15.10.2017).

Şekil 2: Gelir Gruplarına Göre Ülkelerde Sağlık ve Sosyal Sektör İstihdamının Toplam İstihdama Oranları, 2013 (%)

Kaynak: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a s:13.

Sağlık istihdamı ile ekonomik büyüme arasında pozitif yönlü bir iliş-ki mevcuttur. Sağlık ve sosyal hizmet sektör istihdamı yüksek gelir-li ülkelerdeki istihdamın yaklaşık yüzde 10’unu oluştururken, düşük gelirli ülkelerde bu oran yüzde birlik düzeyin de altında kalmaktadır. Bölgeler arasında bir değerlendirme yapıldığında, toplam istihdamın payı olarak sağlık ve sosyal kesimdeki istihdam oranı Afrika, Asya ve Pasifik’te (yüzde 1,6) en düşük, Avrupa ve Orta Asya’da ise (yüzde 8,8) en yüksektir. Diğer yandan sırasıyla Arap ülkelerinde ve Amerika›da yüzde 3,7 ve yüzde 7,4 olarak görülmektedir (ILO, 2017a: 13).

Kaynak: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a s:13.

Sağlık istihdamı ile ekonomik büyüme arasında pozitif yönlü bir iliĢki mevcuttur.

Sağlık ve sosyal hizmet sektör istihdamı yüksek gelirli ülkelerdeki istihdamın yaklaĢık

yüzde 10'unu oluĢtururken, düĢük gelirli ülkelerde bu oran yüzde birlik düzeyin de

altında kalmaktadır. Bölgeler arasında bir değerlendirme yapıldığında, toplam

istihdamın payı olarak sağlık ve sosyal kesimdeki istihdam oranı Afrika, Asya ve

Pasifik'te (yüzde 1,6) en düĢük, Avrupa ve Orta Asya'da ise (yüzde 8,8) en yüksektir.

Diğer yandan sırasıyla Arap ülkelerinde ve Amerika'da yüzde 3,7 ve yüzde 7,4 olarak

görülmektedir (ILO, 2017a: 13).

ġekil 3: Yıllık Ortalama Ġstihdam ArtıĢı, (ILO bölgesi, 2005-13), (%)

0,9 1,4

1,9

3,4

10,1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Düşük Gelir Alt-Orta Gelir Üst-Orta Gelir Dünya Yüksek Gelir

Toplam İstihdamın Yüzdesi (%)

Sağlık ve Sosyal Sektör İstihdamı (%)

Page 14: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

14

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Şekil 3: Yıllık Ortalama İstihdam Artışı, (ILO bölgesi, 2005-13), (%)

Kaynak: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a s:14.

İstihdam artışı, küresel olarak analiz edildiğinde, sağlık istihdamındaki yıllık ortalama büyümenin (%1,3), toplam istihdam artışından (%2,8) iki katından daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Bölgeler arasında ise Amerika dışında, sağlık ve sosyal hizmet alanlarında istihdam artışı, özellikle Asya ve Pasifik›te ile Afrika’da toplam istihdam artışını geri-de bırakmıştır. Kriz döneminde ve sonrasında gelişmiş ekonomilerde gerçekleşen yavaş büyüme, istihdam kapasitesini olumsuz etkilemiş-tir (ILO, 2017a: 14).

Sağlık sektörü sağlık çalışanlarından bağımsız düşünülemez. Sağ-lıklı bir toplum oluşturmanın yolu sağlık alanında gerekli insan gü-cünü yetiştirmekten geçmektedir. Sağlık insan gücü, “kamu ya da özel tüm sağlık kesiminde toplumun ihtiyaç duyduğu sağlık hizmetini üreten personelin tamamı” şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır (Solak, 2014: 3). Dolayısıyla bir toplumda, en önemli kalkınma parametrelerinden birinin sağlık hizmetlerinin kalite ve standartları olduğu ve bunun en temel belirleyicisinin de sağlık sektörü için gerekli insangücünün ye-tiştirilmesinden olduğu açıktır.

Kaynak: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a s:14.

Ġstihdam artıĢı, küresel olarak analiz edildiğinde, sağlık istihdamındaki yıllık ortalama

büyümenin (%1,3), toplam istihdam artıĢından (%2,8) iki katından daha yüksek

olduğu görülmektedir. Bölgeler arasında ise Amerika dıĢında, sağlık ve sosyal hizmet

alanlarında istihdam artıĢı, özellikle Asya ve Pasifik'te ile Afrika'da toplam istihdam

artıĢını geride bırakmıĢtır. Kriz döneminde ve sonrasında geliĢmiĢ ekonomilerde

gerçekleĢen yavaĢ büyüme, istihdam kapasitesini olumsuz etkilemiĢtir (ILO, 2017a:

14).

Sağlık sektörü sağlık çalıĢanlarından bağımsız düĢünülemez. Sağlıklı bir toplum

oluĢturmanın yolu sağlık alanında gerekli insan gücünü yetiĢtirmekten geçmektedir.

Sağlık insan gücü, “kamu ya da özel tüm sağlık kesiminde toplumun ihtiyaç duyduğu

sağlık hizmetini üreten personelin tamamı” Ģeklinde tanımlanmaktadır (Solak, 2014:

3). Dolayısıyla bir toplumda, en önemli kalkınma parametrelerinden birinin sağlık

hizmetlerinin kalite ve standartları olduğu ve bunun en temel belirleyicisinin de sağlık

sektörü için gerekli insangücünün yetiĢtirilmesinden olduğu açıktır.

BirleĢmiĢ Milletler 2030 yılına kadar sağlık ve sosyal hizmet sektöründe 40 milyon

yeni istihdam oluĢturulması gerektiğini belirtmektedir. Bu bağlamda BirleĢmiĢ

Milletler’in sağlık ve bakım sektörüne yapılacak olan yatırımları Sürdürülebilir

Kalkınma Hedefleri (Sustainable Development Goals) çerçevesinde ele aldığı ve

sağlıkta insan kaynağına yatırımın yoksullukla mücadele, toplum sağlığı ve iyiliği,

1,2 1,9

2,8

5,2 5,9 6

1,4

0,6 1,3

1

2,9

5,6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Amerika Avrupa ve OrtaAsya

Dünya Asya ve Pasifik Afrika Arap Devletleri

Ortalama Yıllık İstihdam Artışı (%)

Sağlık ve Sosyal Sektör Toplam

Page 15: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

15

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Birleşmiş Milletler 2030 yılına kadar sağlık ve sosyal hizmet sektörün-de 40 milyon yeni istihdam oluşturulması gerektiğini belirtmektedir. Bu bağlamda Birleşmiş Milletler’in sağlık ve bakım sektörüne yapı-lacak olan yatırımları Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri (Sustainable Development Goals) çerçevesinde ele aldığı ve sağlıkta insan kay-nağına yatırımın yoksullukla mücadele, toplum sağlığı ve iyiliği, top-lumsal cinsiyet eşitliği, düzgün işler ve ekonomik büyümeyi de içeren çeşitli yararlarına vurgu yaptığı görülmektedir (WHO, 2016a: 8).

Şekil 4: Bölgelere Göre Sağlık Çalışanları Sayısı (Milyon)

Kaynak: Stock of health workers (in millions), 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, s:41.

Sağlık çalışanlarına olan talebin bölgesel olarak değerlendirildiği Dünya Sağlık Örgütü projeksiyonu (Tablo 5), 2030 yılına gelindiğin-de dünya genelinde yaklaşık olarak 80,2 milyon sağlık çalışanı talebi

toplumsal cinsiyet eĢitliği, düzgün iĢler ve ekonomik büyümeyi de içeren çeĢitli

yararlarına vurgu yaptığı görülmektedir (WHO, 2016a: 8).

ġekil 4: Bölgelere Göre Sağlık ÇalıĢanları Sayısı (Milyon)

WHO Bölgeleri

Doktor HemĢire/Ebe Diğer Sağlık ÇalıĢanları

Toplam Sağlık ÇalıĢanları

2013 2030 2013 2030 2013 2030 2013 2030 ArtıĢ

Afrika 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.6 1.0 1.9 3.1 %63

Amerika 2.0 2.4 4.7 8.2 2.6 3.4 9.4 14.0 %50

Doğu Akdeniz

0.8 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.0 2.2 3.1 5.3 %72

Avrupa 2.9 3.5 6.2 8.5 3.6 4.8 12.7 16.8 %32

Güney-Doğu Asya

1.1 1.9 2.9 5.2 2.2 3.7 6.2 10.9 %75

Batı Pasifik 2.7 4.2 4.6 7.0 3.0 6.1 10.3 17.3 %68

Genel Toplam

9.8 13.8 20.7 32.3 13.0 21.2 43.5 67.3 %55

Kaynak: Stock of health workers (in millions), 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy

Workforce 2030, s:41.

Sağlık çalıĢanlarına olan talebin bölgesel olarak değerlendirildiği Dünya Sağlık

Örgütü projeksiyonu (Tablo 5), 2030 yılına gelindiğinde dünya genelinde yaklaĢık

olarak 80,2 milyon sağlık çalıĢanı talebi olacağını göstermektedir. Buna göre

Amerika, Doğu Akdeniz ve Güney Doğu Asya bölgelerinde mevcut sağlık çalıĢanı

sayısının yaklaĢık 2 katı sağlık çalıĢanı talebi olacaktır. Bu oran Afrika bölgesinde,

1,1 milyon sağlık çalıĢanı talebinden 2,4 milyon kiĢiye yükselerek 2 kattan fazla bir

artıĢ gösterecektir.

ġekil 5: Bölgelere Göre Sağlık ÇalıĢanı Talebi (Milyon)

Page 16: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

16

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

olacağını göstermektedir. Buna göre Amerika, Doğu Akdeniz ve Gü-ney Doğu Asya bölgelerinde mevcut sağlık çalışanı sayısının yakla-şık 2 katı sağlık çalışanı talebi olacaktır. Bu oran Afrika bölgesinde, 1,1 milyon sağlık çalışanı talebinden 2,4 milyon kişiye yükselerek 2 kattan fazla bir artış gösterecektir.

Şekil 5: Bölgelere Göre Sağlık Çalışanı Talebi (Milyon)

Kaynak: Dünya Bankası tahminleri; Estimated health worker demand (in millions) in 165 countries, by Region. WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, s:45.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün ihtiyaç tahminleri doğrultusunda yaptığı değerlendirmelere göre dünya genelinde 17 milyondan fazla sağlık çalışanı açığı bulunmaktadır. Bu sayı sadece doktorları değil; hemşi-re, ebe ve diğer tüm sağlık çalışanlarını kapsamaktadır. Sağlık çalı-şanı açığının bölgelere göre dağılımı incelendiğinde sırasıyla Güney Doğu Asya, Afrika ve Batı Pasifik bölgeleri en çok sağlık çalışanı açı-ğı olan bölgeleri oluşturmaktadır. Avrupa, ihtiyaca göre en az sağlık çalışanı açığı olan bölge iken bu bölgeyi Amerika izlemektedir. Eko-nomik gelişme ve refah düzeyi bakımından da dünyanın geri kala-nından ayrılan bu iki bölge, aynı zamanda sağlık harcamalarının milli gelire kıyasla en yüksek olduğu bölgelerdir.

WHO Bölgeleri 2013 2030

Afrika 1.1 2.4

Amerika 8.8 15.3

Doğu Akdeniz 3.1 6.2

Avrupa 14.2 18.2

Güney-Doğu Asya 6.0 12.2

Batı Pasifik 15.1 25.9

Genel Toplam 48.3 80.2

Kaynak: Dünya Bankası tahminleri; Estimated health worker demand (in millions) in 165

countries, by Region. WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, s:45.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün ihtiyaç tahminleri doğrultusunda yaptığı değerlendirmelere

göre dünya genelinde 17 milyondan fazla sağlık çalıĢanı açığı bulunmaktadır. Bu

sayı sadece doktorları değil; hemĢire, ebe ve diğer tüm sağlık çalıĢanlarını

kapsamaktadır. Sağlık çalıĢanı açığının bölgelere göre dağılımı incelendiğinde

sırasıyla Güney Doğu Asya, Afrika ve Batı Pasifik bölgeleri en çok sağlık çalıĢanı

açığı olan bölgeleri oluĢturmaktadır. Avrupa, ihtiyaca göre en az sağlık çalıĢanı açığı

olan bölge iken bu bölgeyi Amerika izlemektedir. Ekonomik geliĢme ve refah düzeyi

bakımından da dünyanın geri kalanından ayrılan bu iki bölge, aynı zamanda sağlık

harcamalarının milli gelire kıyasla en yüksek olduğu bölgelerdir.

Sağlık sektöründe iĢgücü açığına iliĢkin Avrupa düzeyinde yapılacak bir

değerlendirmede, kıtanın bütününde bu sorunun olmadığını ifade etmek mümkün

olmakla birlikte bazı bölgelerin bu durumun istisnasını oluĢturduğu görülmektedir.

Özellikle de Merkez ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinden Batı Avrupa ülkelerine olan

yetiĢmiĢ sağlık iĢgücü göçü, göç veren ülkelerde iĢgücü açığına yol açmaktadır

(ETUCt.y.:, 2). Öte yandan, Avrupa’da ciddi oranda bir sağlık çalıĢanı açığı

olmamakla birlikte, bir yandan nüfusun yaĢlanmasının sağlık ve sosyal bakım hizmeti

ihtiyacını arttırması diğer yandan sağlık çalıĢanlarının yaĢlanması ve yeni sağlık

çalıĢanları yetiĢtirilmesinde karĢılaĢılan sorunların ilerleyen yıllarda sağlık sektöründe

iĢgücü açığı ortaya çıkmasına neden olabileceği endiĢesi gerek Avrupa Birliği

Page 17: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

17

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Sağlık sektöründe işgücü açığına ilişkin Avrupa düzeyinde yapılacak bir değerlendirmede, kıtanın bütününde bu sorunun olmadığını ifade etmek mümkün olmakla birlikte bazı bölgelerin bu durumun istisna-sını oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle de Merkez ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinden Batı Avrupa ülkelerine olan yetişmiş sağlık işgücü göçü, göç veren ülkelerde işgücü açığına yol açmaktadır (ETUCt.y.:, 2). Öte yandan, Avrupa’da ciddi oranda bir sağlık çalışanı açığı olmamakla birlikte, bir yandan nüfusun yaşlanmasının sağlık ve sosyal bakım hizmeti ihtiyacını arttırması diğer yandan sağlık çalışanlarının yaşlan-ması ve yeni sağlık çalışanları yetiştirilmesinde karşılaşılan sorunla-rın ilerleyen yıllarda sağlık sektöründe işgücü açığı ortaya çıkmasına neden olabileceği endişesi gerek Avrupa Birliği organları gerekse de sosyal taraflarca dile getirilmektedir (EPSU ve HOSPEEM, 2010: 1).

Şekil 6: İhtiyaca Göre Sağlık Personeli Açığı (Milyon), 2013

Kaynak: Estimates of health worker needs-based shortages (in millions), in countries below the SDG Index threshold by region 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, s:44.

organları gerekse de sosyal taraflarca dile getirilmektedir (EPSU ve HOSPEEM,

2010: 1).

ġekil 6: Ġhtiyaca Göre Sağlık Personeli Açığı (Milyon), 2013

WHO Bölgeleri

Doktor HemĢire/Ebe Diğer Sağlık ÇalıĢanları

Toplam

Afrika 0.9 1.8 1.5 4.2

Amerika 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.8

Doğu Akdeniz

0.2 0.9 0.6 1.7

Avrupa 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1

Güney-Doğu Asya

1.3 3.2 2.5 6.9

Batı Pasifik 0.1 2.6 1.1 3.7

Genel Toplam

2.6 9.0 5.9 17.4

Kaynak: Estimates of health worker needs-based shortages (in millions), in countries below

the SDG Index threshold by region 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030,

s:44.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne göre sağlık sektörü kritik bir ekonomik sektör olmasının yanı

sıra önemli bir istihdam kaynağıdır. Dünya genelinde sağlık sektörünün ekonomik

büyüklüğünün yıllık 5,8 trilyon ABD dolarına ulaĢtığı tahmin edilmektedir. Ekonomik

büyüme ve kalkınmanın ancak sağlıklı bir nüfusla gerçekleĢebileceğinin altı çizilirken,

nüfusun yaĢam beklentisinin 1 yıl uzamasının milli gelirde %4 civarında bir artıĢa yol

açabileceği belirtilmektedir. Aynı zamanda sağlık sektörünün büyümesinin çarpan

etkisi yapacağı düĢünülmektedir. Buna göre, sağlık yatırımlarının artması ve düzgün

iĢler yaratılması ekonomik büyümeyi tetikleyecek ve sağlık sistemlerinin geliĢtirilmesi

sosyal koruma ve sosyal birleĢmeyi arttırabilecektir (WHO, 2016a: 9- 10). GeliĢmiĢ

Page 18: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

18

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne göre sağlık sektörü kritik bir ekonomik sektör olmasının yanı sıra önemli bir istihdam kaynağıdır. Dünya genelin-de sağlık sektörünün ekonomik büyüklüğünün yıllık 5,8 trilyon ABD dolarına ulaştığı tahmin edilmektedir. Ekonomik büyüme ve kalkın-manın ancak sağlıklı bir nüfusla gerçekleşebileceğinin altı çizilirken, nüfusun yaşam beklentisinin 1 yıl uzamasının milli gelirde %4 civa-rında bir artışa yol açabileceği belirtilmektedir. Aynı zamanda sağlık sektörünün büyümesinin çarpan etkisi yapacağı düşünülmektedir. Buna göre, sağlık yatırımlarının artması ve düzgün işler yaratılması ekonomik büyümeyi tetikleyecek ve sağlık sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi sosyal koruma ve sosyal birleşmeyi arttırabilecektir (WHO, 2016a: 9- 10). Gelişmiş ülkelerde sağlık sektörüne harcanan 1 doların dolaylı ve doğrudan etkileriyle beraber ekonomik büyümeye 0,77 dolar katkı yaptığı hesaplanmıştır (WHO, 2016a: 20).

Sağlık sektörü istihdamının ülkeler arası karşılaştırılmasında kulla-nılan bir başka yöntem de 10 bin kişiye düşen yetişmiş sağlık iş-gücü sayısıdır. Aşağıdaki grafikte Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün bölgeler ve ülkeler arasında yapmış olduğu karşılaştırma görülmektedir. 2015 verilerine göre, 10 bin kişiye düşen yetişmiş sağlık işgücü ortalaması 45,6 kişidir. Türkiye 42,7’lik bir oranla dünya ortalamasına yakın bir seyir izlemektedir. Bölgeler arasında karşılaştırmada ise Avrupa’da 10 bin kişiye ortalama 106.4 kişi düşmekte iken ABD’de ise 117.8 kişi düşmektedir.

Page 19: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

19

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Şekil 7: 10.000 Kişiye Düşen Sağlık Personeli Sayısı, WHO Bölgeleri, 2005-2015.

Kaynak: Health workers density and distribution, WHO, World Health Statistics data visualizations dashboard, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-c-viz?lang=en , erişim: 09.10.2017.

Sağlık sektörü istihdamı ile ilgili olarak Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü’nün tahminlerine göre, her bir hekim, hemşire, fizyoterapist gibi sağlık meslek işi, sağlık dışı mesleklerde çalışan işçiler için (ida-re, temizlik, imalat gibi ) 1,5 ilave iş imkanı doğurmaktadır. Bu hesap-lamaya ödenmeyen uzun süreli yaşlı bakım işi de dâhil edildiğinde, bu oran 1 sağlık mesleği için mesleği için 2,3 sağlık dışı işler olarak gerçekleşecektir (ILO, 2017a: 16).

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü sağlık ve bakım hizmetlerine ve sağlık çalışan-larına olan ihtiyacın gelecekte de artacağını belirtmektedir. OECD ülkeleri arasında 2000 ile 2014 yılları arasında sağlık ve sosyal hiz-met sektöründe istihdam ortalama % 48 dolayında büyümüştür. Bu oran özellikle de 2008 krizi sonrasında sanayi ve tarım sektörü baş-ta olmak üzere istihdam daralması yaşayan sektörlere kıyasla sağlık sektörünün istihdam kapasitesi bakımından ne kadar kritik önemde olduğunu göstermektedir (WHO, 2016a: 9). OECD ülkeleri içinde sağlık ve sosyal hizmet sektörü toplam istihdamın yaklaşık %11’ni oluşturmaktadır (WHO, 2016a: 23). Sağlık sektöründe yeni işler yara-tılmasının özellikle nüfusun %70’inden fazlasını 30 yaş altındakilerin oluşturduğu Sahra Altı Afrika ülkelerinde gençlerin istihdam edilmesi için önemli bir fırsat olacaktır (WHO, 2016a: 25).

ülkelerde sağlık sektörüne harcanan 1 doların dolaylı ve doğrudan etkileriyle beraber

ekonomik büyümeye 0,77 dolar katkı yaptığı hesaplanmıĢtır (WHO, 2016a: 20).

Sağlık sektörü istihdamının ülkeler arası karĢılaĢtırılmasında kullanılan bir baĢka

yöntem de 10 bin kiĢiye düĢen yetiĢmiĢ sağlık iĢgücü sayısıdır. AĢağıdaki grafikte

Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün bölgeler ve ülkeler arasında yapmıĢ olduğu karĢılaĢtırma

görülmektedir. 2015 verilerine göre, 10 bin kiĢiye düĢen yetiĢmiĢ sağlık iĢgücü

ortalaması 45,6 kiĢidir. Türkiye 42,7’lik bir oranla dünya ortalamasına yakın bir seyir

izlemektedir. Bölgeler arasında karĢılaĢtırmada ise Avrupa’da 10 bin kiĢiye ortalama

106.4 kiĢi düĢmekte iken ABD’de ise 117.8 kiĢi düĢmektedir.

ġekil 7: 10.000 KiĢiye DüĢen Sağlık Personeli Sayısı, WHO Bölgeleri, 2005-2015.

Kaynak: Health workers density and distribution, WHO, World Health Statistics data

visualizations dashboard, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-c-viz?lang=en ,

eriĢim: 09.10.2017.

Sağlık sektörü istihdamı ile ilgili olarak Uluslararası ÇalıĢma Örgütü’nün tahminlerine

göre, her bir hekim, hemĢire, fizyoterapist gibi sağlık meslek iĢi, sağlık dıĢı

mesleklerde çalıĢan iĢçiler için (idare, temizlik, imalat gibi ) 1,5 ilave iĢ imkanı

doğurmaktadır. Bu hesaplamaya ödenmeyen uzun süreli yaĢlı bakım iĢi de dâhil

edildiğinde, bu oran 1 sağlık mesleği için mesleği için 2,3 sağlık dıĢı iĢler olarak

gerçekleĢecektir (ILO, 2017a: 16).

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü sağlık ve bakım hizmetlerine ve sağlık çalıĢanlarına olan

ihtiyacın gelecekte de artacağını belirtmektedir. OECD ülkeleri arasında 2000 ile

2014 yılları arasında sağlık ve sosyal hizmet sektöründe istihdam ortalama % 48

dolayında büyümüĢtür. Bu oran özellikle de 2008 krizi sonrasında sanayi ve tarım

Page 20: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

20

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü, Afrika kıtasında yapılmış olan bir araş-tırmaya atıfta bulunarak, zayıf personel yönetimi, çalışanların uygun ve etkin olmayan şekilde yayılması, beceri uyumsuzlukları ve zayıf iş sağlığı ve güvenliği önlemlerinin sağlık işgücünün israfına yol açtığı-nı aktarmaktadır. Bu gibi israfların önlenmesi, ihtiyaca uygun sayıda ve nitelikte personelin işe yerleştirilmesi ve yüksek kaliteli çalışma ortamlarının yaratılması hususunda Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü sendikaların ve diğer çalışan örgütlerinin işbir-liği geliştirme rollerinin önem kazanması gerektiğini belirtmektedir. Çalışan bağlılığının sağlanması, kurum içi iletişim yollarının gelişti-rilmesi ve çalışanlar ile yöneticiler arasında güven ilişkisinin kurul-ması, çalışanların çalışma ortamı ve yaptıkları işle ilgili olarak fikir ve değerlendirmelerinin alınması, çalışanların sahip oldukları hakları ve iş sağlığı ve güvenliği önlemleri konusunda eğitilmesi noktasında sendikaların yöneticilerle birlikte hareket ederek işbirliği geliştirmele-ri tavsiye edilmektedir (ILO, 2014: 117-119). Bu özellikleri ile sağlık sektörü çalışan ile iş arasındaki bağlantının diğer sektörlere oranla daha yüksek olduğu bir sektördür. Bu ilişkinin daha güçlü ve etkin bir biçimde sürdürülmesinde hiç şüphesiz çalışanların örgütlü kurumsal yapıları olan sendikalar büyük öneme sahiptirler. Sağlık sektöründe gerek kamu gerekse özel sektör örgütlenmesinde güçlü bir yere olan sendikaların, sağlık hizmetlerinin standartlarının geliştirilmesinde, sağlık hizmetinden duyulan memnuniyetin artırılmasında ve nihayet tüm bu gelişmelerin kaynağı olan çalışan memnuniyetinin sağlanma-sında önemli bir görevi yerine getirdikleri görülmektedir.

2008 krizinden sonra Avrupa’da istihdam kapasitenin sağlık ve eğitim gibi sektörlerde arttığı görülürken; sanayi ve inşaat sektörlerinde is-tihdam oranlarının düştüğü belirtilmektedir. 13 milyonu hastanelerde çalışanlar olmak üzere Avrupa çapında 23 milyondan fazla sağlık ve sosyal hizmet çalışanı olduğu tahmin edilmektedir (Avrupa Komisyo-nu, 2015).

Page 21: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

21

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Şekil 8: AB 28 Ülkeleri İçin Sektörlerin Toplam İstihdam İçindeki Oranı (%)

Kaynak: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). EU-LFS 2008-2015’den aktaran, Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, S:20.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün 123 ülkeden oluşturduğu veriye göre sağlık ve sosyal hizmet sektörü kadın yoğun istihdam görünümüne sahiptir. Buna göre toplam istihdamın yaklaşık %67’sini kadınlar oluşturmak-tadır (WHO, 2016a: 25). Benzeri veriler Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri içinde mevcuttur. Aşağıdaki tabloda Avrupa Birliği’nde cinsiyete göre istih-damın sektörel dağılımı gösterilmektedir. Tabloda görülebileceği gibi; sağlık sektörü kadınların en yoğun istihdam edildiği sektördür ve ken-disini eğitim sektörü izlemektedir.

ġekil 8: AB 28 Ülkeleri Ġçin Sektörlerin Toplam Ġstihdam Ġçindeki Oranı (%)

Kaynak: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). EU-LFS 2008-2015’den aktaran,

Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, S:20.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün 123 ülkeden oluĢturduğu veriye göre sağlık ve sosyal

hizmet sektörü kadın yoğun istihdam görünümüne sahiptir. Buna göre toplam

istihdamın yaklaĢık %67’sini kadınlar oluĢturmaktadır (WHO, 2016a: 25). Benzeri

veriler Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri içinde mevcuttur. AĢağıdaki tabloda Avrupa Birliği’nde

cinsiyete göre istihdamın sektörel dağılımı gösterilmektedir. Tabloda görülebileceği

gibi; sağlık sektörü kadınların en yoğun istihdam edildiği sektördür ve kendisini eğitim

sektörü izlemektedir.

ġekil 9: AB 28 Ülkelerinde Cinsiyete Göre Sektörlerde Ġstihdam Oranları (%)

19 18

17 11

8 7 7

5 4 4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Ticaret ve hizmetler

Sanayi

Eğitim

İnşaat

Tarım

AB 28, 2015 Yılı, Sektörlerin Toplam Istihdam Içindeki Oranı (%)

AB 28 için 2015 yılı sektörlerin toplam istihdam içindeki oranı (%)

Page 22: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

22

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Şekil 9: AB 28 Ülkelerinde Cinsiyete Göre Sektörlerde İstihdam Oranları (%)

Kaynak: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). EU-LFS 2008-2015’den aktaran, Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, S:26.

Sağlıkta istihdamın durumuyla ilgili öne çıkan bir başka husus ise, sağlık çalışanlarının yaşlanması olgusudur. Buna göre, 2014 yılında Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde, hekimlerin 37’si 55 yaş ve üzerinde iken bu oran 2013 yılında OECD ülkelerinde %33 olarak hesaplanmıştır (ILO, 2017a: 17-18). Bu durum, yakın gelecekte yeterli sağlık işgücü yetiştirilemezse sağlıkta daha yüksek oranda işgücü açıklarının gö-rülebileceğinin işaretidir. Dolayısıyla sağlık alanında istihdamın hem nicelik hem nitelik olarak geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır.

1.2.Sağlık Sektöründe İstihdamın Geliştirilmesine Yönelik Uluslararası Yaklaşımlar

Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü sağlık çalışanlarını, ulusal sağlık sis-temlerinin omurgası olarak görmektedir. Sağlık çalışanlarının bu önemli fonksiyonlarını etkin şekilde yerine getirebilmeleri için ise; istihdam fırsatları, yeterli ücret, güvenli ve sağlıklı çalışma şartları,

Kaynak: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). EU-LFS 2008-2015’den aktaran,

Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, S:26.

Sağlıkta istihdamın durumuyla ilgili öne çıkan bir baĢka husus ise, sağlık

çalıĢanlarının yaĢlanması olgusudur. Buna göre, 2014 yılında Avrupa Birliği

ülkelerinde, hekimlerin 37’si 55 yaĢ ve üzerinde iken bu oran 2013 yılında OECD

ülkelerinde %33 olarak hesaplanmıĢtır (ILO, 2017a: 17-18). Bu durum, yakın

gelecekte yeterli sağlık iĢgücü yetiĢtirilemezse sağlıkta daha yüksek oranda iĢgücü

açıklarının görülebileceğinin iĢaretidir. Dolayısıyla sağlık alanında istihdamın hem

nicelik hem nitelik olarak geliĢtirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır.

1.2.Sağlık Sektöründe Ġstihdamın GeliĢtirilmesine Yönelik Uluslararası YaklaĢımlar

Uluslararası ÇalıĢma Örgütü sağlık çalıĢanlarını, ulusal sağlık sistemlerinin omurgası

olarak görmektedir. Sağlık çalıĢanlarının bu önemli fonksiyonlarını etkin Ģekilde

yerine getirebilmeleri için ise; istihdam fırsatları, yeterli ücret, güvenli ve sağlıklı

çalıĢma Ģartları, uygun eğitim ve devam eden profesyonel geliĢim, kariyer fırsatları,

eĢit muamele ve sosyal koruma olanaklarının geliĢtirilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır

(ILO, 2017a: 10).

22

28

49

50

50

53

65

72

78

90

78

72

51

50

50

47

35

28

22

10

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Sağlık

Eğitim

Finansal servisler

Ticaret ve hizmetler

Diğer servisler

Kamu yönetimi

Tarım

Sanayi

Ulaşım

İnşaat

AB 28 Ülkelerinde Cinsiyete Göre Sektörlerde İstihdam Oranları (%)

Erkek Kadın

Page 23: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

23

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

uygun eğitim ve devam eden profesyonel gelişim, kariyer fırsatları, eşit muamele ve sosyal koruma olanaklarının geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır (ILO, 2017a: 10).

Sağlık çalışanlarının düşük ücretler, aşırı iş yükü, uzun çalışma sa-atleri ve zayıf kariyer imkânları gibi çalışma koşullarıyla ilgili olarak yaşadıkları memnuniyetsizlik bazı ülkeler için sağlık sektöründe ça-lışan devir hızının yüksek olmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu noktada Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü, ülkeler ve meslek grupları arasındaki farklılıklara rağmen, sağlık çalışanlarının iş memnuniyeti ve işten ay-rılma eğilimlerinin birbirine bağlı olduğunu ortaya koyan araştırmalara vurgu yapmaktadır (ILO, 2017a: 10-11).

Sağlık çalışanlarının çalışma şartları sunulan hizmetin kalitesini et-kilemektedir. Bu doğrultuda çeşitli ülkelerde yapılmış araştırmaların sonuçları bu yargıyı desteklemektedir. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgü-tü tarafından sonuçları aktarılan ve 9 Avrupa ülkesinde yapılmış bir araştırmaya göre; hemşirelerin bakmakla sorumlu olduğu hasta yükü 1 kişi arttığında, hastanede yatan hastalar için ölüm oranı %7 artmak-tadır. Benzer şekilde hemşirelerin sayısı %10 oranında arttığında, hasta ölüm oranlarının %7 azaldığı görülmüştür (ILO, 2017a: 11).

Belirtilen tüm bu nedenler doğrultusunda Birleşmiş Milletler bünye-sinde, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü ve Eko-nomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü’nün diğer uluslararası örgütler ve hükümetler ile bir araya gelmesiyle “Sağlık İstihdamı ve Ekonomik Büyüme Yüksek Komisyonu” oluşturulmuştur. Komisyon, 2016 yı-lında hazırladığı raporda; sağlık işgücüyle ilgili olarak Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri doğrultusunda dönüştürülmesi gereken 6 başlık belirlemiştir. Bu başlıklar (WHO, 2016b: 11);

• Yeni işler yaratılması,

• Toplumsal cinsiyet ve kadın hakları,

• Eğitim, mesleki eğitim ve beceriler,

Page 24: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

24

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

• Sağlık hizmetlerinin organizasyonu,

• Teknoloji,

• Acil sağlık krizlerine karşı işgücünün hazırlanması olarak sa-yılmaktadır.

Avrupa Komisyonu da benzer şekilde, önümüzdeki dönemde sağ-lık sektöründe öncelikli olarak ele alınması gereken konuları sırala-mıştır. Bu konular; işgücünü işe alma ve işte tutma, yaşlanan sağ-lık işgücü, işyerinde iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, işyerindeki psiko-sosyal riskler, iğne yaralanmaları, dijital teknolojilerin artan kullanımı, yeni bakım modellerinin geliştirilmesi, beceri uyumsuzluğu ve becerilerin yükseltilmesi ve hastaların yüksek kalite sağlık hizmeti beklentileri-nin karşılanması olarak sıralanmaktadır (Avrupa Komisyonu, erişim 08.10.2017: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en).

EUROFOUND tarafından her yıl düzenli olarak gerçekleştirilen Avrupa’da Çalışma Koşulları Anketinde çalışanlara, çalıştıkları işleri beceriler ve takdir, sosyal çevre, fiziksel çevre, iş yoğunluğu, beklenti-ler, çalışma süreleri ve ücret gibi bileşenlerden oluşan bir skalaya göre nitelendirmeleri istenmiştir. Aşağıdaki tabloda bu değerlendirmelerin sonuçları özetlenmektedir. Anket sonuçlarının sektörlere göre dağılı-mına bakıldığında; sağlık sektöründe çalışanların ancak %19’u işleri-ni yüksek kaliteli iş olarak nitelendirmiştir. Çalışanların yaklaşık %45’i işleri kabul edilebilir düzgün seviyede işler olarak nitelendirirken, %11’i ise işlerini düşük kaliteli işler olarak betimlemiştir. Sağlık sektö-ründe istihdamın arttırılmasının yanında, çalışanların yüksek kaliteli olarak tanımlayacağı işlerin oluşturulması da önemlidir. Bu bakımdan öncelikli olarak Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütünün düzgün iş tanımının sağlıkta her kademe işlerde başarılması, ardından işlerin kalitesinin artırılması hedeflenmelidir.

Page 25: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

25

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Şekil 10: AB 28 Ülkelerinde Sektörlere Göre İşlerin Niteliği, 2015 (%)

Kaynak: Job quality profiles, by sector and occupation, EU28 (% of workers in each category). Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, S:131.

Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün birlikte geliştirdikleri “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde İşin Geliştirilmesi” (Work Impro-vement in Health Services [HealthWISE]), sağlık kurumlarına çalı-şanların çalışma koşullarını ve iş sağlığı ve güvenliği önlemlerini, ça-lışan performansını ve sunulan hizmetlerin kalitesini; pratik, katılımcı ve maliyet açısından etkin yöntemlerle geliştirme imkânı sunan bir araçtır. 8 modülden oluşan HealthWISE, aynı zamanda Toplam Kalite Yönetimi (TKY) ve 5S Kaizen gibi genel kabul görmüş yönetim mo-dellerinin etkilerini taşımaktadır (ILO, 2014:1).

Sağlık sektöründe güvenli, sağlıklı ve düzgün işlerin geliştirilmesinde yol gösterici olmak amacıyla Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü (ILO) ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) uzmanları, hükümet temsilcileri ve işçi ve işveren tarafları gibi tüm sosyal tarafların katılımıyla birlikte 2010 yılında hazırlanmasına başlanan HealthWISE modüllerine ilişkin, 2011 yılında Senegal, Tanzanya ve Tayland’da pilot uygulamalar ger-çekleştirilmiştir. Pilot uygulamaların sonuçları ışığında revize edilen taslak 2013 yılında son şeklini almıştır (ILO, 2014: 1).

Kaynak: Job quality profiles, by sector and occupation, EU28 (% of workers in each

category). Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, S:131.

Uluslararası ÇalıĢma Örgütü ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün birlikte geliĢtirdikleri “Sağlık

Hizmetlerinde ĠĢin GeliĢtirilmesi” (Work Improvement in Health Services

[HealthWISE]), sağlık kurumlarına çalıĢanların çalıĢma koĢullarını ve iĢ sağlığı ve

güvenliği önlemlerini, çalıĢan performansını ve sunulan hizmetlerin kalitesini; pratik,

katılımcı ve maliyet açısından etkin yöntemlerle geliĢtirme imkânı sunan bir araçtır. 8

modülden oluĢan HealthWISE, aynı zamanda Toplam Kalite Yönetimi (TKY) ve 5S

Kaizen gibi genel kabul görmüĢ yönetim modellerinin etkilerini taĢımaktadır (ILO,

2014:1).

Sağlık sektöründe güvenli, sağlıklı ve düzgün iĢlerin geliĢtirilmesinde yol gösterici

olmak amacıyla Uluslararası ÇalıĢma Örgütü (ILO) ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO)

uzmanları, hükümet temsilcileri ve iĢçi ve iĢveren tarafları gibi tüm sosyal tarafların

katılımıyla birlikte 2010 yılında hazırlanmasına baĢlanan HealthWISE modüllerine

iliĢkin, 2011 yılında Senegal, Tanzanya ve Tayland’da pilot uygulamalar

10

18

10

13

6

56

27

35

19

31

11

19

10

30

25

25

32

36

22

28

29

33

54

18

29

2

12

4

23

10

4

8

11

8

12

14

23

20

26

10

46

22

16

32

28

3

6

5

11

21

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Tarım

Sanayi

İnşaat

Ticaret ve hizmetler

Ulaşım

Finansal hizmetler

Kamu yönetimi

Eğitim

Sağlık

Diğer servisler

AB28 Ülkelerinde Sektörlere Göre İşlerin Niteliği, 2015 (%)

Yüksek kalite Düzgün seviye Üretken Baskı altında Düşük kalite

Page 26: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

26

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

HealthWISE, 2 önemli özelliğe sahiptir. Birincisi, HealthWISE’ın sağ-lık kurumlarında birbirinden farklı görev ve sorumlulukları olan üni-telerin “temel amacı kaliteli sağlık hizmeti ve bakımı sunmak olan bir bütünün parçaları” olduğu ve bir ünitede ortaya çıkacak değişiklik veya aksamanın diğer ünitelerin işleyişini etkileyebileceği ön kabu-lüne dayanmasıdır. İkincisi ise, HealthWISE içinde bulunan 8 modü-lün tamamının, çalışanlar ve yöneticilerin işbirliğine dayalı yöntem ve öneriler içermesidir (ILO, 2014: 2). Bahsi geçen 8 modül aşağıda sıralanmaktadır.

Avrupa’da da sağlık sektöründe çalışma koşullarına ilişkin standartlar oluşturulmasına yönelik olarak sosyal tarafların önemli çabaları bu-lunmaktadır. The European Hospital and Healthcare Employers’ As-sociation- “HOSPEEM” ile Avrupa Kamu Hizmetleri Sendikaları Fe-derasyonu (European Federation of Public Service Unions – “EPSU” tarafından 2010 yılında deklare edilen İstihdam ve İstihdamı Elde Tutma Eylem Çerçevesi bu çabalar arasında öne çıkmaktadır. Sağ-lık hizmetlerine erişimin temel bir insan hakkı olduğu vurgusundan hareketle Avrupa’da bu alanda yaşanan eksikliklere yönelik çözüm önerileri açısından bir çerçeve çizilmeye çalışılan belgede, nüfusun yaşlanmasının iki boyutlu olarak sağlık işgücü açığı oluşturacağı;

gerçekleĢtirilmiĢtir. Pilot uygulamaların sonuçları ıĢığında revize edilen taslak 2013

yılında son Ģeklini almıĢtır (ILO, 2014: 1).

HealthWISE, 2 önemli özelliğe sahiptir. Birincisi, HealthWISE’ın sağlık kurumlarında

birbirinden farklı görev ve sorumlulukları olan ünitelerin “temel amacı kaliteli sağlık

hizmeti ve bakımı sunmak olan bir bütünün parçaları” olduğu ve bir ünitede ortaya

çıkacak değiĢiklik veya aksamanın diğer ünitelerin iĢleyiĢini etkileyebileceği ön

kabulüne dayanmasıdır. Ġkincisi ise, HealthWISE içinde bulunan 8 modülün

tamamının, çalıĢanlar ve yöneticilerin iĢbirliğine dayalı yöntem ve öneriler içermesidir

(ILO, 2014: 2). Bahsi geçen 8 modül aĢağıda sıralanmaktadır.

Avrupa’da da sağlık sektöründe çalıĢma koĢullarına iliĢkin standartlar

oluĢturulmasına yönelik olarak sosyal tarafların önemli çabaları bulunmaktadır. The

European Hospital and Healthcare Employers’ Association- “HOSPEEM” ile Avrupa

Kamu Hizmetleri Sendikaları Federasyonu (European Federation of Public Service

Unions – “EPSU” tarafından 2010 yılında deklare edilen Ġstihdam ve Ġstihdamı Elde

Tutma Eylem Çerçevesi bu çabalar arasında öne çıkmaktadır. Sağlık hizmetlerine

eriĢimin temel bir insan hakkı olduğu vurgusundan hareketle Avrupa’da bu alanda

yaĢanan eksikliklere yönelik çözüm önerileri açısından bir çerçeve çizilmeye çalıĢılan

Modül 1: Mesleki tehlikeleri kontrol altına almak ve işyeri güvenliğini geliştirmek

Modül 2: Kas-iskelet sistemi tehlikelerine karşı ergonomik çözümler

Modül 3: Biyolojik tehlikeler ve enfeksiyon kontrolü

Modül 4: İşyerinde ayrımcılık, şiddet ve tacizle mücadele etmek

Modül 5: Yeşil ve sağlıklı işyerleri

Modül 6: Çalışanların işe alınması, desteklenmesi ve elde tutulması

Modül 7: Çalışma süreleri ve aile dostu önlemler

• ILO ve WHO'nun Geliştirdiği "HealthWISE - Sağlık Hizmetlerinde İşin Geliştirilmesi" Modülleri

Modül 8: Ekipman ve malzemelerin seçimi, muhafazası ve yönetimi

Page 27: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

27

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

hastaların yüksek kalitede hizmet alabilmesi için sağlık sektörü çalı-şanlarının optimum çalışma sürelerinde çalışması gerektiği; ekono-mik kriz ortamlarından etkilenen sağlık hizmetleri sistemlerinin sürdü-rülebilirliği açısından sistemin krizlere dayanıklı olarak planlanması gerektiği belirtilmektedir (EPSU ve HOSPEEM, 2010: 1).

Yukarıdaki açıklamalar doğrultusunda, sağlık sektöründe istihdamın geliştirilmesine yönelik olarak girişimde bulunan tüm uluslararası ör-gütlerin benzer sorun alanlarına dikkat çektiği ve çözüm önerileri ge-liştirilmesinde mutlaka sosyal tarafların birlikte çalışması gerektiğine vurgu yaptığı görülmektedir.

Page 28: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

28

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

2. SAĞLIK SEKTÖRÜNDE ÇALIŞAN MERKEZLİ SORUNLARSosyal faktörlerin birçok yönden sağlık üzerinde etkili olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü sağlık üzerinde etkili olan fak-törleri “sağlığın sosyal belirleyicileri” olarak ifade etmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütüne göre sağlığın sosyal belirleyicileri, “insanların içinde doğduğu, büyüdüğü, yaşadığı, çalıştığı ve yaşlandığı koşullar” olarak tanımlamaktadır (http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecom-mission/en/, Erişim: 15.10.2017).

Sağlığın sosyal belirleyicileri bireysel özellikler (yaş ve cinsiyet), sos-yo-ekonomik belirleyiciler (çalışma şartları, yoksulluk), çevresel be-lirleyiciler (konut, temiz su ve gıda), yaşam tarzı ile ilgili belirleyiciler (fiziksel aktivite, bağımlılık, cinsel tercihler), ulaşım ve sosyal hizmet-lerle ilgili belirleyiciler (ulaşım) olmak üzere 5 ana grupta toplanmak-tadır (Öner, 2014: 16).

Sağlığın sosyal belirleyicileri içerisinde sosyo-ekonomik belirleyici-ler içerisinde yer alan çalışma şartları her çalışan açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bütün çalışanlarda olduğu gibi sağlık sektörü çalışanları-nın çalışma şartlarının da her açıdan iyi düzenlenmesi bir gerekliliktir. Ancak günümüzde özellikle sağlık çalışanlarının çalışma hayatından kaynaklanan birçok sorunla yüz yüze geldiği bilinmektedir. Oluştu-rularak politikalar yoluyla bu sorunların ortadan kaldırılması, sağlık alanındaki gelişmeleri hızlandıracaktır. Bu bağlamda, sağlık çalışan-larının sağlık ve iyiliğini tehdit eden risklerin ortadan kaldırılması yö-nünde girişimlerde bulunmak ve çalışmalara destek sağlamak, sağlık sendikalarının önemli görevlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Bu çerçeve-de, önümüzdeki dönemde sağlık sendikacılığının gündeminde daha fazla yer alması gereken konular, sosyal diyalog, sağlık sektörünün feminizasyonu, mesleki tehlike ve riskler, sağlık çalışanlarının eği-timi, sağlık sektöründe çalışma süreleri, sağlık çalışanına yönelik şiddet ve sağlık çalışanlarının statülerinden kaynaklanan sorunları olarak sıralanabilmektedir.

Page 29: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

29

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

2.1. Sosyal Diyalog

Sağlık sektöründe sosyal diyaloğun gerçekleştirilmesi bakımından ulusal uygulamalara yön veren bir takım uluslararası girişimden bah-setmek mümkündür. Bunlardan birisi olan ve 2002 yılında gerçek-leştirilen Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü bünyesinde düzenlenen Sağlık Sektöründe Sosyal Diyalog Ortak Toplantısı sonucu sağlık sistemle-rinin geliştirilmesi noktasında diyaloğun pozitif etki yapacağı kararına varılmıştır (ILO, 2017a: 40).

Birleşmiş Milletler bünyesinde oluşturulan Sağlık İstihdamı ve Ekono-mik Kalkınma Yüksek Komisyonu da sağlıkta düzgün işler oluşturul-masının sosyal tarafların birlikte çalışmasıyla mümkün olabileceğine ve sosyal diyaloğun önemine dikkat çekmektedir (WHO, 2016b: 32). Sosyal diyalog, toplu görüşme de dâhil olmak üzere, ILO’nun çalışma gündemine esas teşkil eden ilkelerinden biridir. ILO’ya göre sosyal di-yalog, kamu sektöründe çalışma ilişkilerinin düzenlenmesinin bir par-çası olmalıdır çünkü kamu sektöründe performans, verimlilik ve eşitlik için diyalog ve pazarlık süreçleri oldukça önemli bir katkı sağlamakta-dır. Bununla birlikte tarafların menfaatleri zaman zaman rekabet ha-lindeymiş gibi gözükse de diyalog ve toplu pazarlığın çelişkili süreçler olarak görülmemesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır (ILO, 2015: vi).

Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü’ne göre, sosyal diyalog sağlıkta düzgün işler hedefinin yakalanmasının da bir aracıdır. Çalışanların örgütlen-me haklarını kullanmalarının ve karar alma süreçlerine katılmalarının bir göstergesi olan sağlıkta sosyal diyalog; sadece çalışma koşulları gibi konularla değil, sağlık çalışanlarının profesyonel gelişimi ve eği-timi, sağlık reformları gibi konuları da içermelidir (ILO, 2017b: 3-4).Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü’nün 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren ısrarla gün-demde tutma çabası içinde olduğu düzgün iş kavramı, sağlık çalışan-ları bakımından daha büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Çalışanların eğitim, sağlık, güvenlik ve örgütlenme gibi temel haklarını içinde barındıran düzgün iş, aynı zamanda sağlık sektöründe hizmetin temel belirleyi-cisidir. Sağlık sektöründe çok paydaşlı yapılar ve diyalog mekaniz-

Page 30: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

30

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

maları dahilinde gerçekleşecek işbirliği, hem çalışan memnuniyetinin hem de hizmetlerden yararlanacak olanların memnuniyetinin temel kaynağını oluşturacaktır.

Sağlık sektöründe sosyal diyaloğun en etkin uygulama alanlarından birinin de Avrupa Birliği olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. EPSU ve HOSPEEM’in Avrupa Komisyonu bünyesinde birlikte oluşturdukları hastane ve sağlık bakımı sektörü sosyal diyalog komitesi bu alan-da sosyal diyaloğun oluşturulmasına yönelik en somut başarılardan birisidir. 1990’ların sonuna doğru Avrupa’da sağlık işverenlerinin ve sendikaların bir sosyal diyalog ortamı oluşturma çabaları etkisini gös-termeye başlamış ve 2005 yılında kurulan Avrupa Hastane ve Sağlık Bakımı İşverenler Birliği-HOSPEEM, 2006 yılında Avrupa Komisyo-nu tarafından, Avrupa Kamu Hizmetleri Sendikaları Federasyonu-EPSU’nun yanı sıra “hastane sektöründe sosyal diyalog partneri” (Social Partner in the Hospital Sector Social Dialogue) olarak tanın-mıştır. 2016 yılı sonu itibariyle farklı Avrupa ülkelerinde faaliyet gös-teren 14 tam üyeye ve 4 gözlemci statüsündeki üyeye sahip olan HOSPEEM, bir sosyal partner olarak kıta çapında sağlık işverenleri-nin sesinin Avrupa kurumları içinde en yüksek seviyede duyulmasına aracılık etmiştir (HOSPEEM, 2016: 4-7).

EPSU ve HOSPEEM’in birlikte çalıştıkları konular; iş sağlığı ve gü-venliği, işgücünü işe alma ve işte tutma, sağlık çalışanları için pro-fesyonel gelişim ve hayat boyu öğrenme imkânlarının geliştirilmesi, Avrupa çapında hastane ve sağlık bakımı sektöründe sosyal diya-loğun güçlendirilmesi, sosyal partnerlerin temsil ettiği kurumlar ara-sında bilgi ve deneyim alışverişinin sağlanması, Avrupa Birliği ça-pında alanla ilgili yasama faaliyetleri ve politikaların geliştirilmesine etki etmek ve katkı sağlamak olarak belirtilmektedir (Avrupa Komis-yonu, erişim: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, 08.10.2017). Aşağıdaki tabloda bu iki örgütün başarıya ulaşmış sosyal diyalog girişimleri tarihsel sıralamaya göre aktarılmaktadır.

Page 31: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

31

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Tablo 1: EPSU ve HOSPEEM’in Sosyal Diyalog Girişimleri

Kaynak: Avrupa Komisyonu, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, erişim: 14.10.2017.

Sağlık alanında başarılı bir başka sosyal diyalog örneği ise Güney Kore’den verilebilir. Tarihsel olarak 1987 yılındaki demokratikleşme ile birlikte sendikaların faaliyetlerinin ve örgütlenme düzeylerinin art-tığı Güney Kore’de yine de sendikal yoğunluk Batı Avrupa ülkeleri kadar yüksek seviyelere ulaşmamış ve müzakere ve toplu pazarlık süreçleri 1997/98 ekonomik krizine kadar işletme düzeyini geçme-miştir. Ekonomik krize karşı önlemler alınması için hükümet, işveren ve işçi temsilcilerinden oluşan bir komisyon kurulması Güney Kore’de sosyal diyaloğun ilk örneğini oluşturmuştur (Kim, 2017: 135).

2017 yılında ise Güney Kore’de sağlık sektöründe ilk sosyal diyalog gerçekleşmiş ve tüm taraflar için olumlu sonuçlar doğurmuştur. Hü-kümet temsilcileri, işveren temsilcileri (The Healthcare Sector Emplo-yers’ Council) ve çalışan temsilcileri (The Korean Health and Medical Workers’ Union-KHMU) yaklaşık bir ay süren müzakerelerden sonra toplu sözleşme imzalanmıştır. Buna göre taraflar; sağlık sektöründe 500.000 yeni iş imkânı yaratılması, insan kaynakları yönetimi sistem-

dahilinde gerçekleĢecek iĢbirliği, hem çalıĢan memnuniyetinin hem de hizmetlerden

yararlanacak olanların memnuniyetinin temel kaynağını oluĢturacaktır.

Sağlık sektöründe sosyal diyaloğun en etkin uygulama alanlarından birinin de Avrupa

Birliği olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. EPSU ve HOSPEEM’in Avrupa Komisyonu

bünyesinde birlikte oluĢturdukları hastane ve sağlık bakımı sektörü sosyal diyalog

komitesi bu alanda sosyal diyaloğun oluĢturulmasına yönelik en somut baĢarılardan

birisidir. 1990’ların sonuna doğru Avrupa’da sağlık iĢverenlerinin ve sendikaların bir

sosyal diyalog ortamı oluĢturma çabaları etkisini göstermeye baĢlamıĢ ve 2005

yılında kurulan Avrupa Hastane ve Sağlık Bakımı ĠĢverenler Birliği-HOSPEEM, 2006

yılında Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından, Avrupa Kamu Hizmetleri Sendikaları

Federasyonu-EPSU’nun yanı sıra “hastane sektöründe sosyal diyalog partneri”

(Social Partner in the Hospital Sector Social Dialogue) olarak tanınmıĢtır. 2016 yılı

sonu itibariyle farklı Avrupa ülkelerinde faaliyet gösteren 14 tam üyeye ve 4 gözlemci

statüsündeki üyeye sahip olan HOSPEEM, bir sosyal partner olarak kıta çapında

sağlık iĢverenlerinin sesinin Avrupa kurumları içinde en yüksek seviyede

duyulmasına aracılık etmiĢtir (HOSPEEM, 2016: 4-7).

EPSU ve HOSPEEM’in birlikte çalıĢtıkları konular; iĢ sağlığı ve güvenliği, iĢgücünü

iĢe alma ve iĢte tutma, sağlık çalıĢanları için profesyonel geliĢim ve hayat boyu

öğrenme imkânlarının geliĢtirilmesi, Avrupa çapında hastane ve sağlık bakımı

sektöründe sosyal diyaloğun güçlendirilmesi, sosyal partnerlerin temsil ettiği kurumlar

arasında bilgi ve deneyim alıĢveriĢinin sağlanması, Avrupa Birliği çapında alanla ilgili

yasama faaliyetleri ve politikaların geliĢtirilmesine etki etmek ve katkı sağlamak

olarak belirtilmektedir (Avrupa Komisyonu, eriĢim:

http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en,

08.10.2017). AĢağıdaki tabloda bu iki örgütün baĢarıya ulaĢmıĢ sosyal diyalog

giriĢimleri tarihsel sıralamaya göre aktarılmaktadır.

Tablo 1: EPSU ve HOSPEEM’in Sosyal Diyalog GiriĢimleri

EPSU ve HOSPEEM’in Sosyal Diyalog GiriĢimleri 2008 Sınır ötesi iĢe alımlarda etik davranıĢ kodu geliĢtirilmesi

2009 ġiddetli yaralanmaların önlenmesine yönelik çerçeve anlaĢma

2010 Sağlık çalıĢanlarının maruz kaldığı Ģiddet ve tacize yönelik ilkeler

2010 ĠĢe Alma ve ĠĢte Tutma Eylem Çerçevesi

2011 Mesleki yeterliliklerin tanınmasına yönelik AB Direktifine iliĢkin ortak

açıklama

2012 Sınır ötesi iĢe alımlarda etik davranıĢ koduna iliĢkin ortak rapor

2012 Avrupa Sağlık ĠĢgücü Eylem Planı’na iliĢkin ortak açıklama

2013 YaĢlanan iĢgücüne iliĢkin iyi uygulamalar ve ilkeler

2014 Yeni AB iĢ sağlığı ve güvenliği politika çerçevesine iliĢkin ortak açıklama

2015 HOSPEEM ve EPSU ĠĢe Alma ve ĠĢte Tutma Eylem Çerçevesine iliĢkin

müĢterek izleme raporu

2016 Profesyonel geliĢim ve hayat boyu öğrenme üzerine ortak açıklama

Kaynak: Avrupa Komisyonu, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, eriĢim: 14.10.2017.

Sağlık alanında baĢarılı bir baĢka sosyal diyalog örneği ise Güney Kore’den

verilebilir. Tarihsel olarak 1987 yılındaki demokratikleĢme ile birlikte sendikaların

faaliyetlerinin ve örgütlenme düzeylerinin arttığı Güney Kore’de yine de sendikal

yoğunluk Batı Avrupa ülkeleri kadar yüksek seviyelere ulaĢmamıĢ ve müzakere ve

toplu pazarlık süreçleri 1997/98 ekonomik krizine kadar iĢletme düzeyini geçmemiĢtir.

Ekonomik krize karĢı önlemler alınması için hükümet, iĢveren ve iĢçi temsilcilerinden

oluĢan bir komisyon kurulması Güney Kore’de sosyal diyaloğun ilk örneğini

oluĢturmuĢtur (Kim, 2017: 135).

2017 yılında ise Güney Kore’de sağlık sektöründe ilk sosyal diyalog gerçekleĢmiĢ ve

tüm taraflar için olumlu sonuçlar doğurmuĢtur. Hükümet temsilcileri, iĢveren

temsilcileri (The Healthcare Sector Employers’ Council) ve çalıĢan temsilcileri (The

Korean Health and Medical Workers’ Union-KHMU) yaklaĢık bir ay süren

müzakerelerden sonra toplu sözleĢme imzalanmıĢtır. Buna göre taraflar; sağlık

sektöründe 500.000 yeni iĢ imkânı yaratılması, insan kaynakları yönetimi

sistemlerinin geliĢtirilmesi, kamu hastanelerinde personel sayısını sınırlandırmak için

konulmuĢ kota sistemini kaldırmak ve 2018 yılının ilk yarısına kadar iĢveren ve

çalıĢan temsilcilerinden oluĢan bir sektörel konsey oluĢturulması üzerinde anlaĢma

sağlanmıĢtır (KHMU, 2017).

Page 32: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

32

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

lerinin geliştirilmesi, kamu hastanelerinde personel sayısını sınırlan-dırmak için konulmuş kota sistemini kaldırmak ve 2018 yılının ilk ya-rısına kadar işveren ve çalışan temsilcilerinden oluşan bir sektörel konsey oluşturulması üzerinde anlaşma sağlanmıştır (KHMU, 2017).

2.2. Kadın ve Aile Dostu Politikalar

Gerek kamu gerekse özel sektör içerisinde kadın işgücünün en yük-sek olduğu sektörlerden biri sağlık sektörüdür. Zorunlu hizmet, nö-bet, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği riskleri, kariyer zorlukları gibi nedenlerden ötürü bütün çalışanlar açısından önemli zorlukları içinde barındıran sağlık sektörü, iş ve aile yaşamı dengesini sürdürmekle yükümlü olan kadın çalışanlar üzerinde daha derin etkiler oluşturmaktadır (Özay-dın, 2015: 3).

Türkiye’de kadınların işgücüne katılımlarının daha çok 19. yüzyılda savaş dönemi ile birlikte ortaya çıktığı ifade edilmektedir. Kadınla-rın kamu hizmetlerine katılımları ise ilk olarak eğitim ve sağlık hiz-metleri alanında gerçekleşmiştir. 1842 yılından itibaren kadın ebe ve hemşirelerin yetiştirilmesine başlanmış, I. Dünya Savaşı yılların-da ise kadınların memuriyet, hastane ve orduda görev almaları hız kazanmıştır. İlerleyen dönemde Cumhuriyetin ilanı ile birlikte siyasal alanda sağlanan haklar, kadınların toplum ve çalışma hayatındaki kazanımlarını garanti altına almıştır. Bu dönemde kadınların memuri-yet görevlerinde daha fazla yer almaya başladıkları görülse de diğer yandan, üretim biçiminin ağırlıklı olarak tarım sektörüne dayanması, kadınların tarımda ücretsiz aile işçisi olarak çalışmalarına ve gele-neksel aile rollerine ilişkin sorumluluklarına odaklanmalarına neden olmuştur (Özaydın, 2015: 9).

Sağlık sektörü, hizmetler sektörü içinde emek yoğun niteliği ile kadın işgücü ağırlıklı bir yapıya sahiptir. Sektörün, hemşirelik ve ebelik gibi kadınlarla ilişkilendirilen işlerden oluşması, sektörün feminizasyonu-na neden olmaktadır (Özaydın, 2015: 12).

Page 33: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

33

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Şekil 11: Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Sektöründe Çalışan Kadın Oranları İle Toplam Kadın İstihdam Oranlarının Karşılaştırılması

Kaynak: ILO, 2017a: 17.

Sağlık ve sosyal hizmet sektöründe kadın emeği oldukça önemlidir. Küresel olarak bu sektörde çalışanların %70’inden fazlası kadındır. Bu oran yaklaşık olarak toplam istihdam içindeki kadın oranından 3’te bir daha büyüktür. Bölgeler arasında en düşük oranın görüldüğü Arap ülkelerinde bile, sağlık ve sosyal hizmetler istihdamında kadınların payının, toplam istihdam içindeki payının iki katından fazla olması ol-dukça dikkat çekicidir. Yüksek gelirli ülkelerde sektördeki kadınların payı %76,7 iken, alt orta ve düşük gelirli ülkelerdeki sağlık sektörü kadın istihdam oranları ise sırasıyla % 46,3 ve % 47,2 olarak en dü-şük seviyelerde görülmektedir (ILO, 2017a: 17).

Yıllar itibariyle kadın istihdamında yaşanan artış eğilimine paralel ola-rak, kadın sağlık personelinin yaşamakta olduğu sorunların da art-makta olduğu söylenebilir. Sağlık alanında çalışan kadının, çalışma şartlarının oldukça ağır olması ve gece çalışmasını da içeren nöbet uy-gulamalarından dolayı aile bütünlüğü bozulmakta ve kadınların ailesi hakkındaki endişeleri artmaktadır. Sağlık sektörünün kesintisiz hizmet

Kaynak: ILO, 2017a: 17.

Sağlık ve sosyal hizmet sektöründe kadın emeği oldukça önemlidir. Küresel olarak bu

sektörde çalıĢanların %70’inden fazlası kadındır. Bu oran yaklaĢık olarak toplam

istihdam içindeki kadın oranından 3’te bir daha büyüktür. Bölgeler arasında en düĢük

oranın görüldüğü Arap ülkelerinde bile, sağlık ve sosyal hizmetler istihdamında

kadınların payının, toplam istihdam içindeki payının iki katından fazla olması oldukça

dikkat çekicidir. Yüksek gelirli ülkelerde sektördeki kadınların payı %76,7 iken, alt orta

ve düĢük gelirli ülkelerdeki sağlık sektörü kadın istihdam oranları ise sırasıyla % 46,3

ve % 47,2 olarak en düĢük seviyelerde görülmektedir (ILO, 2017a: 17).

Yıllar itibariyle kadın istihdamında yaĢanan artıĢ eğilimine paralel olarak, kadın sağlık

personelinin yaĢamakta olduğu sorunların da artmakta olduğu söylenebilir. Sağlık

alanında çalıĢan kadının, çalıĢma Ģartlarının oldukça ağır olması ve gece çalıĢmasını

da içeren nöbet uygulamalarından dolayı aile bütünlüğü bozulmakta ve kadınların

ailesi hakkındaki endiĢeleri artmaktadır. Sağlık sektörünün kesintisiz hizmet vermesi

gereken bir sektör olması nedeniyle, (özellikle asistan hekim, hemĢireler ve ebeler

baĢta olmak üzere) tutulan nöbetler personel eksikliği nedeniyle, çalıĢma dönemi

içerisinde önemli bir yoğunluğa ulaĢabilmektedir. Bu durum sağlık çalıĢanı kadınlar

üzerinde moral açısından oldukça olumsuz bir etki yapmakta, çalıĢanların iĢ verimini

ve kalitesini düĢürmektedir. Sağlık-Sen’in 2012 yılında gerçekleĢtirdiği “Sağlık

ÇalıĢanlarının Sosyo-Demografik Durum Belirleme ve TükenmiĢlik AraĢtırması”

15,6

37,4 39,5 42,2 43,1 45,3 38,3

63,5 70,3

54,1

74 76,8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Arap Devletleri Asya ve Pasifik Dünya Afrika Amerika Avrupa ve OrtaAsya

Kadın Çalışan Oranları (%)

Toplam İstihdam Sağlık ve Sosyal Sektör İstihdamı

Page 34: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

34

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

vermesi gereken bir sektör olması nedeniyle, (özellikle asistan hekim, hemşireler ve ebeler başta olmak üzere) tutulan nöbetler personel eksikliği nedeniyle, çalışma dönemi içerisinde önemli bir yoğunluğa ulaşabilmektedir. Bu durum sağlık çalışanı kadınlar üzerinde moral açısından oldukça olumsuz bir etki yapmakta, çalışanların iş verimini ve kalitesini düşürmektedir. Sağlık-Sen’in 2012 yılında gerçekleştir-diği “Sağlık Çalışanlarının Sosyo-Demografik Durum Belirleme ve Tükenmişlik Araştırması” sonuçlarına göre nöbet sayısındaki artış, sağlık personelinde duygusal tükenmişliğin de artmasına neden ol-maktadır (Özaydın, 2015: 13-14).

Öte yandan Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından uygulanan zorunlu hizmete ve sözleşmeli personel çalıştırılmasına yönelik politikalar da sağlık çalışanlarını oldukça etkilemektedir. Ülkenin tamamına sağlık hizmeti götürmek amacıyla oluşturulan bu uygulamalar, sağlık çalışanlarının aile yaşantıları üzerinde kimi zaman olumsuz tesirlere neden olabil-mektedir. Bu uygulamalar neticesinde sağlık personeli çoğu zaman ailesinden uzakta kalabilmekte ve ailesi hakkındaki endişeleri daha da artabilmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalar, kadın sağlık çalışanlarının daha fazla strese maruz kaldığını, evlilik ve çocuk bakımı gibi neden-lerden dolayı “birincil duygusal bozukluğa” sahip olduğunu göster-mektedir. Ayrıca, işyerinde hasta bakım ve hizmetleri ile meşgul olan kadın sağlık çalışanının evde de aile ve çocuklarının bakım ve hiz-metleri ile ilgilenmesi sonucu kendilerine daha az vakit ayırmalarına neden olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır (Özaydın, 2015: 14).

Türkiye’de sağlık hizmet koluna ilişkin istatistikler incelendiğinde bu alanda çalışanların büyük kısmını kadınların oluşturduğu görülmek-tedir. Aynı durum sendikalaşma oranlarına da yansımaktadır. Aşa-ğıdaki tablodan da görüleceği üzere, Türkiye’de kadınlar sağlık ve sosyal hizmetler kolunda erkeklere kıyasla daha yüksek oranda sen-dikalaşmışlardır. Bu durum sağlık işgücüne yönelik oluşturulacak po-litikalarda da önemle üzerinde durulması gereken noktalardan biridir.

Page 35: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

35

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Şekil 12: Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Kolu Sendika Üyesi Kamu Görevlisi

Sayısı, 2015-2016Kaynak: ÇSBG, Sendikal İstatistikler

2.3. Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelen Şiddet

Günümüzde sağlık sektöründe görülen önemli sorun ve tehditlerden biri de sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik gerçekleştirilen her türlü “şiddet” eylemleridir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından şiddet; “kendine ya da bir başkasına, grup ya da topluluğa yönelik olarak ölüm, yaralama, ruhsal zedelenme, gelişimsel bozukluğa yol açabilecek fiziksel zorla-ma, güç kullanımı ya da tehdidin amaçlı olarak uygulanması” şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır. Sağlık alanında şiddet ise; “hasta, hasta yakınları ya da diğer başka bir bireyden gelen, sağlık çalışanı için risk oluştu-ran sözel ya da davranışsal tehdit, fiziksel saldırı veya cinsel saldırı” şeklinde ifade edilebilir (Annagür, 2010: 162).

Şiddet, son yıllarda dünya genelinde oldukça yaygınlaşmış ve neredeyse toplumsal yaşamın bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Toplumun tamamını etkileyen şiddet olaylarının çalışma hayatını da etkilemesi kaçınılmazdır. Bu bakımdan sağlık sektöründe şiddet olgusu, olduk-ça önemli bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çalışma hayatında

Kaynak: ÇSBG, Sendikal Ġstatistikler

2.3. Sağlık ÇalıĢanlarına Yönelen ġiddet

Günümüzde sağlık sektöründe görülen önemli sorun ve tehditlerden biri de sağlık

çalıĢanlarına yönelik gerçekleĢtirilen her türlü “Ģiddet” eylemleridir. Dünya Sağlık

Örgütü tarafından Ģiddet; “kendine ya da bir baĢkasına, grup ya da topluluğa yönelik

olarak ölüm, yaralama, ruhsal zedelenme, geliĢimsel bozukluğa yol açabilecek

fiziksel zorlama, güç kullanımı ya da tehdidin amaçlı olarak uygulanması” Ģeklinde

tanımlanmaktadır. Sağlık alanında Ģiddet ise; “hasta, hasta yakınları ya da diğer

baĢka bir bireyden gelen, sağlık çalıĢanı için risk oluĢturan sözel ya da davranıĢsal

tehdit, fiziksel saldırı veya cinsel saldırı” Ģeklinde ifade edilebilir (Annagür, 2010:

162).

ġiddet, son yıllarda dünya genelinde oldukça yaygınlaĢmıĢ ve neredeyse toplumsal

yaĢamın bir parçası haline gelmiĢtir. Toplumun tamamını etkileyen Ģiddet olaylarının

çalıĢma hayatını da etkilemesi kaçınılmazdır. Bu bakımdan sağlık sektöründe Ģiddet

olgusu, oldukça önemli bir sorun olarak karĢımıza çıkmaktadır. ÇalıĢma hayatında

sektör bazlı analiz yapıldığında Ģiddetten en çok etkilenen sektörlerin baĢında sağlık

sektörünün geldiği görülmektedir. Sağlık çalıĢanları iĢyeri Ģiddetinin en büyük hedefi

haline gelmiĢtir (Ġlhan vd., 2013: 6). Yapılan çalıĢmalar sağlık çalıĢanlarının diğer

alanlarda çalıĢanlara göre daha fazla risk altında olduklarını göstermektedir. Bu

bağlamda, sağlık alanında çalıĢanların diğer alanlarda çalıĢanlara göre (örneğin;

157,975 163,988

208,255 217,09

0

50

100

150

200

250

2015 2016

Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Kolu Sendika Üyesi Kamu Görevlisi Sayısı

Erkek Kadın

Page 36: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

36

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

sektör bazlı analiz yapıldığında şiddetten en çok etkilenen sektörlerin başında sağlık sektörünün geldiği görülmektedir. Sağlık çalışanları işyeri şiddetinin en büyük hedefi haline gelmiştir (İlhan vd., 2013: 6). Yapılan çalışmalar sağlık çalışanlarının diğer alanlarda çalışanlara göre daha fazla risk altında olduklarını göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, sağlık alanında çalışanların diğer alanlarda çalışanlara göre (örne-ğin; gardiyan, polis, bankacı) 16 kat daha fazla şiddete maruz kalma risklerinin olduğu ifade edilmektedir (İlhan vd., 2013: 6).

Sağlık sektöründe çalışanlara yönelik şiddetle ilgili birçok araştırma bulunmaktadır. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü ve International Council of Nurses and Public Services 2002’de ha-zırladıkları raporla bu konuda yaşanan sorunlara dikkat çekmek ve çözüm sunmak istemişlerdir. Sağlık sektöründe çalışanların %50’den fazlasının işyerinde tehdit, sözlü veya fiziksel şiddet, cinsel taciz veya benzeri rahatsız edici davranışlara maruz kaldığının belirtildiği bu ra-por, sağlık çalışanına şiddete sıfır tolerans yaklaşımı taşımaktadır. Öte yandan sağlık sektörünün kadın ağırlıklı istihdam yapısı, işyerin-de şiddetin toplumsal cinsiyet açısından da ele alınmasını gerektir-mektedir. Kadınların düşük statülü ve düşük ücretli işlerde çalışması onları şiddete karşı savunmasız duruma sokabilmektedir. Bu bakım-dan sağlık kurumlarının, kadınları sosyal ve kültürel baskılardan ko-ruyarak haklarını savunmaları yönünde cesaretlendirecek politikalar geliştirmesi gerekmektedir (ILO, 2014: 85-86).

Sağlık alanında ortaya çıkan şiddet konusunda sendikalara da önemli görevler düşmektedir. Sağlık sektöründe işyerinde şiddete sıfır tolerans yaklaşımıyla bir yandan işyeri sendika temsilcilerinin kendi davranışlarıyla örnek olması diğer yandan da sendikaların yasa yapıcılara ve kurum yöneticilerine şiddete sıfır tolerans göste-rilmesi konusunda baskı yapabilmeleri mümkündür. Sağlık çalışan-larının maruz kaldığı şiddete karşı alınacak önlemlerin çalışanların işbirliğiyle geliştirilmesi, uygulamanın başarı şansını arttıracaktır.

Page 37: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

37

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Bu konuda yapılan araştırmalar, yönetici ve çalışan temsilcilerinin birlikte çalışarak hazırladıkları önlemlerin uygulanmasıyla birlikte hastanelerde yaşanan şiddetin yaklaşık %30 oranında azaldığını ortaya koymuştur (ILO, 2014: 86-89).

EUROFOUND tarafından gerçekleştirilen Avrupa’da Çalışma Koşul-ları Anketi’ne göre, gerek özel sektör gerekse kamu hizmetlerinde ça-lışanlar arasında şiddetin herhangi bir türüne maruz kalan çalışanların oranı sağlık sektöründe en yüksek seviyededir. Ankete göre özellikle sözlü ve fiziksel şiddete uğrama oranlarının yüksekliği bakımından sağlık çalışanları diğer kamu görevlilerinden ayrılmaktadır.

Şekil 13: AB 28 Ülkelerinde Kamu Sektöründe Çalışanların Maruz Kaldığı Şiddet Oranları, 2016 (%)

Kaynak: Adverse social behaviour (ASB), by sector, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey.s: 70.

Sağlık-Sen tarafından 2013 yılında yapılan “Sağlık Çalışanları Şid-det Araştırmasına” göre, sağlık çalışanlarının % 23,7’si son bir yıl içerisinde fiziksel şiddete maruz kalmışladır. Öte yandan sözel/psikolojik şiddete maruz kalan çalışanların oranı ise %98,3’tür. %5,2 oranında ise cinsel şiddetin görüldüğü ortaya çıkmıştır (Sağlık Sen,

ġekil 13: AB 28 Ülkelerinde Kamu Sektöründe ÇalıĢanların Maruz Kaldığı ġiddet Oranları, 2016 (%)

Kaynak: Adverse social behaviour (ASB), by sector, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey.s: 70.

Sağlık-Sen tarafından 2013 yılında yapılan “Sağlık ÇalıĢanları ġiddet AraĢtırmasına”

göre, sağlık çalıĢanlarının % 23,7’si son bir yıl içerisinde fiziksel Ģiddete maruz

kalmıĢladır. Öte yandan sözel/psikolojik Ģiddete maruz kalan çalıĢanların oranı ise

%98,3’tür. %5,2 oranında ise cinsel Ģiddetin görüldüğü ortaya çıkmıĢtır (Sağlık Sen,

2013: 56-58). Yapılan araĢtırmada kadın çalıĢanların erkeklere göre daha fazla

Ģiddet mağduru olduğu belirtilmiĢtir. Sağlık alanında çalıĢan kadın personelin

yaklaĢık %32’si meslek hayatında en az bir kere Ģiddete maruz kaldığını ifade

etmiĢtir (Sağlık-Sen, 2013: 74).

ġiddete karĢı alınacak olan tedbirlerde genellikle iki yöntem ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu

tedbirlerden ilki, hasta ve çalıĢan düzeyindeki küçük çaplı önlemler; ikincisi ise,

hastaneyi ilgilendiren büyük çaplı önlemlerdir. Ġlk grupta; hastaları yakından

gözlemlemek, detaylı öykülerine baĢvurmak, hastaya karĢı olan yaklaĢımda stresle

mücadele etme yolarını öğrenmek, etkili diyalog gibi güncel yöntemlerin yanında

kısıtlama, tecrit etme ve ilaçla tedavi gibi geleneksel yöntemler de bulunmaktadır.

Hastane ile ilgili geniĢ çaplı tedbirlere bakıldığında ise etkin güvenlik eğitimleri, uygun

20

2 3,5

7

2,4 4,4

11

2,8 2 2 3 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Sözlü taciz Cinsel taciz Tehdit Fiziksel şiddet

AB28 Ülkelerinde Kamu Sektöründe Çalışanların Maruz Kaldığı Şiddet Oranları,

2016 (%)

Sağlık Kamu yönetimi Eğitim

Page 38: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

38

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

2013: 56-58). Yapılan araştırmada kadın çalışanların erkeklere göre daha fazla şiddet mağduru olduğu belirtilmiştir. Sağlık alanında ça-lışan kadın personelin yaklaşık %32’si meslek hayatında en az bir kere şiddete maruz kaldığını ifade etmiştir (Sağlık-Sen, 2013: 74).

Şiddete karşı alınacak olan tedbirlerde genellikle iki yöntem ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu tedbirlerden ilki, hasta ve çalışan düzeyindeki küçük çaplı önlemler; ikincisi ise, hastaneyi ilgilendiren büyük çaplı önlemlerdir. İlk grupta; hastaları yakından gözlemlemek, detaylı öykülerine başvurmak, hastaya karşı olan yaklaşımda stresle mücadele etme yolarını öğrenmek, etkili diyalog gibi güncel yöntemlerin yanında kısıtlama, tecrit etme ve ilaçla tedavi gibi geleneksel yöntemler de bulunmaktadır. Hastane ile ilgili geniş çaplı tedbirlere bakıldığında ise etkin güvenlik eğitimleri, uygun raporlama sistemleri, üst düzey güvenlik araçlarının kullanılması ön plana çıkan yöntemlerdendir (Annagür, 2010: 167).

2.4. Sağlık Sektöründe Çalışma Süreleri

Modern çalışma ilişkilerinin başlangıcı sayılan Sanayi Devriminin ilk yıllarından itibaren çalışanların işyerinde geçirdikleri süreler, çalışan ve işverenler arasında önemli tartışma ve mücadele alanlarından birini oluşturmuştur. Zamanla demokratik haklarda ve çalışanların örgütlü güçlerinde yaşanan gelişmeler çalışma sürelerini bugünkü düzeylerine geriletebilmiştir. Ancak işin yada hizmetin gereği olarak bazı sektörlerde çalışma süreleri bugün halen tartışılmaya devam et-mektedir. Bu sektörlerin başında ise insan hayatına dokunan niteliği dolayısıyla kesintisiz hizmet sunumunun gerekli olduğu sağlık sektö-rü gelmektedir. Sağlık hizmeti doğası gereği 7 gün 24 saat kesintisiz hizmet sunulmak zorundadır. Sağlık sektöründe çalışma sürelerinin uygun biçimde düzenlenmesi sadece çalışanları ilgilendiren bir konu değildir. Çünkü uzun çalışma süreleri sadece sağlık çalışanlarının değil sağlık hizmetlerinden yararlanan toplum kesimlerini de etkile-yen niteliğe sahiptir.

Page 39: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

39

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü’nün çalışma sürelerinin ayarlanma-sı konusundaki yaklaşımı düzgün iş perspektifindendir. Buna göre; çalışanın sağlık ve güvenliğini destekleyen, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitli-ğini besleyen, aile dostu, kurumun verim ve performansını artırırken çalışana da çalışma saatleri konusunda seçim şansı veren çalışma süreleri “düzgün çalışma süresi” olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bağ-lamda bir yandan çalışanın sağlık, güvenlik ve iş-yaşam dengesini destekleyecek, diğer yandan kurumun verimliliğini artıracak yani has-ta memnuniyetini yükseltecek çalışma sürelerinin oluşturulması, sağ-lık sektörünün aşması gereken en önemli zorluklardan birisi olarak tanımlanmaktadır (ILO, 2017a: 29).

Birçok ülkede haftalık ve günlük çalışılabilecek maksimum çalışma süreleri yasalarla düzenlenmektedir. Bununla beraber, sağlık siste-minin yapısal bileşenleri çalışma sürelerinin organizasyonunu etkile-mektedir. Organizasyon kültürü, hiyerarşi sistemi, yönetim kapasitesi ve çalışma sürelerinin belirlenmesinde danışma mekanizmasının var-lığı, çalışma sürelerinin ayarlanmasında etkili olan yapısal faktörler olarak sıralanmaktadır (Messenger ve Vidal, 2015: 22). Çalışanlara danışma mekanizmasının çoğunlukla sendikalar aracılığıyla ve toplu sözleşmeler ile işlediği belirtilirken, özellikle katı hiyerarşi yapılarının söz konusu olduğu örgütlerde çalışanların talep ve beklentilerinin yönetime iletilmesi açısından bu mekanizmanın işlemesi önemlidir (Messenger ve Vidal, 2015: 24-25).

Avrupa’da yaşlanan nüfus ile birlikte sağlık sektöründe ortaya çıkan işgücü açığı çoğunlukla mevcut personelin daha uzun saatlerde ça-lışmasına neden olmaktadır (ILO, 2017a: 29). Zaman içinde mevcut yetişmiş sağlık işgücü emekli olması ve yaşlanan nüfusla birlikte sağ-lık hizmetlerine olan talebin artmasıyla birlikte sağlık sektöründe iş-gücü açığının daha kritik sonuçlar doğurabileceği ve çalışma süreleri üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olabileceği belirtilmektedir (ETUC, t.y.:, 2). Sağlık sektöründe işgücü planlamasının iyi yapılmaması ya da eği-tim-istihdam ilişkisinin kurulmasında yaşanacak olumsuzluklar, sağlık

Page 40: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

40

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

sektöründe işgücü açığını büyüterek, çalışma süreleri üzerinde bas-kıya neden olmaktadır.

Öte yandan istatistikler incelendiğinde; Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde sek-törlere göre çalışma süreleri karşılaştırmasında sağlık sektöründe çalışma sürelerinin diğer sektörlerden belirgin biçimde ayrışmadığı görülmektedir. Bunun iki nedeni olduğu düşünülebilir. Birincisi Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinin birçoğunda yasal çalışma süresinin haftalık 40-48 saat ve günde en fazla 10 saat olarak belirlenmiş olmasıdır. İkinci neden ise, anket ve araştırmalara yansımayan görünmeyen çalışma süreleridir. Özellikle sendikalar ve diğer çalışan örgütleri birçok du-rumda fazla çalışan veya hafta sonu çalışan sağlık personelinin bu çalışmasının resmi kayıtlara yansıtılmadığını belirtmektedir.

Şekil 14: AB 28 Ülkelerinde Sektörlere Göre Haftalık Çalışma Saatleri, 2015 (%)

Kaynak: Usual weekly working hours by employment status, occupation, sector and workplace size, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey.s: 55.

EPSU’nun 2009 yılında yaptığı bir araştırma sağlık sektöründe çalış-ma sürelerine ilişkin olarak bazı eğilimleri tespit etmiştir. Buna göre; 2003 yılından itibaren toplu görüşmelerle sağlık sektöründe çalış-

Kaynak: Usual weekly working hours by employment status, occupation, sector and workplace size, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey.s: 55.

EPSU’nun 2009 yılında yaptığı bir araĢtırma sağlık sektöründe çalıĢma sürelerine

iliĢkin olarak bazı eğilimleri tespit etmiĢtir. Buna göre; 2003 yılından itibaren toplu

görüĢmelerle sağlık sektöründe çalıĢma sürelerinde çok az bir azalma mümkün

olmuĢ ortalama çalıĢma süreleri önemli ölçüde değiĢmemiĢtir. Sağlık hizmetlerine

yardımcı hizmetlerde bir diğer deyiĢle taahhütlü hizmetlerin görülmesinde “sıfır süreli

sözleĢme”lerin görülmeye baĢlanması ise bir diğer tespittir (ETUC,t.y.:7).

Sağlık sektöründe çalıĢma sürelerinin ayarlanması konusunda birbirinden farklı

yöntemler uygulanmaktadır. ÇalıĢanın performansını arttıracak ve kurumda kaliteli

hizmet sunulmasına destek olacak bu yöntemleri Uluslararası ÇalıĢma Örgütü dört

baĢlık altında; sıkıĢtırılmıĢ çalıĢma haftaları, geliĢmiĢ nöbet sistemleri, part-time

çalıĢma ve çalıĢanların biyolojik dengelerine uygun nöbetler olarak toplamaktadır

(ILO, 2015: 5).

ÇalıĢma hukuku açısından değerlendirildiğinde dünyada çalıĢanların çalıĢma

sürelerinin düzenlenmesinde asgari sağlık ve güvenlik ihtiyaçlarını belirleme amacı

güden Avrupa çalıĢma süresi direktifi ön plana çıkan bir mevzuattır. Bu mevzuata

göre, fazla mesai dâhil olmak üzere AB’de haftalık çalıĢma süresi maksimum 48 saati

geçmemektedir. Türkiye’de ise bu süre 45 saat belirlenmiĢtir ve üstelik bu süreye

22 6 9

19 8 7 8

23 17

22

8 5

4 13

8 12 12

23 24 14

26 67

54 40

52 55

68 41

46 41

6 8

11 9

10 11

6 7 6

8

37 14

23 19

21 15

7 7 8

14

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

TarımSanayiİnşaat

Ticaret ve hizmetlerUlaşım

Finansal hizmetlerKamu yönetimi

EğitimSağlık

Diğer servisler

AB28, 2015, Sektörlere Göre Haftalık Çalışma Saatleri (%)

20 saatten az 21-34 saat 35-40 saat 41-47 saat 48 saatten fazla

Page 41: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

41

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

ma sürelerinde çok az bir azalma mümkün olmuş ortalama çalışma süreleri önemli ölçüde değişmemiştir. Sağlık hizmetlerine yardımcı hizmetlerde bir diğer deyişle taahhütlü hizmetlerin görülmesinde “sı-fır süreli sözleşme”lerin görülmeye başlanması ise bir diğer tespittir (ETUC,t.y.:7).

Sağlık sektöründe çalışma sürelerinin ayarlanması konusunda bir-birinden farklı yöntemler uygulanmaktadır. Çalışanın performansını arttıracak ve kurumda kaliteli hizmet sunulmasına destek olacak bu yöntemleri Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü dört başlık altında; sıkıştırılmış çalışma haftaları, gelişmiş nöbet sistemleri, part-time ça-lışma ve çalışanların biyolojik dengelerine uygun nöbetler olarak top-lamaktadır (ILO, 2015: 5).

Çalışma hukuku açısından değerlendirildiğinde dünyada çalışanların çalışma sürelerinin düzenlenmesinde asgari sağlık ve güvenlik ihtiyaçlarını belirleme amacı güden Avrupa çalışma süresi direktifi ön plana çıkan bir mevzuattır. Bu mevzuata göre, fazla mesai dâhil olmak üzere AB’de haftalık çalışma süresi maksimum 48 saati geçmemektedir. Türkiye’de ise bu süre 45 saat belirlenmiştir ve üstelik bu süreye fazla çalışma süresi dâhil değildir. Dolayısıyla bu süre de dâhil edildiğinde, sağlık çalışanları açısından çalışma süresi ve iş yükü önemli ölçüde artmış olacaktır (Sağlık-Sen, 2014: 14).

Tablo 2: Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Sağlık Çalışanlarının Çalışma Sürelerinin ve Bazı Çalışma Koşullarının Karşılaştırılması

fazla çalıĢma süresi dâhil değildir. Dolayısıyla bu süre de dâhil edildiğinde, sağlık

çalıĢanları açısından çalıĢma süresi ve iĢ yükü önemli ölçüde artmıĢ olacaktır

(Sağlık-Sen, 2014: 14).

Tablo 2: Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Sağlık ÇalıĢanlarının ÇalıĢma Sürelerinin ve Bazı ÇalıĢma KoĢullarının KarĢılaĢtırılması

Özellikler Avrupa Birliği Türkiye

2003/88/EC sayılı Avrupa ÇalıĢma Süresi Direktifi (AÇSD)

2368 sayılı Sağlık Personelinin Tazminat ve ÇalıĢma Esaslarına Dair Kanun

Haftalık ÇalıĢma Süresi Fazla mesai de dahil olmak üzere maksimum 48 saat

Fazla mesai hariç 45 saat

Referans Periyodu 17 Hafta -

Gece ÇalıĢma 24 saatlik periyot için maksimum 8 saat

DeğiĢken

Dinlenme Her bir 24 saatlik periyot için aralıksız 11 saat minimum dinlenme periyodu, 6 saatten fazla olan çalıĢma günlerinde en az 20 dakikalık bir dinlenme arası verilmesi; günlük dinlenme süresinin dıĢında olmak üzere haftalık (7 gün) minimum bir gün (24 saat) dinlenme periyodu

Günlük çalıĢma saatleri ile ilgili olarak 657 sayılı Devlet Memurları Kanunu’na atıfta bulunmaktadır. 657 DMK’ya göre, günün 24 saatinde devamlılık gösteren hizmetlerde çalıĢan Devlet memurlarının çalıĢma saat ve Ģekilleri, BaĢbakanlık Devlet Personel BaĢkanlığı’nın muvafakatı alındıktan sonra kurumlarınca düzenlenir (657 sayılı DMK, md 101)

Yıllık Ġzin Yılda dört haftalık ücretli izni kapsamaktadır

Hizmeti 1 yıldan 10 yıla kadar olanlar için 20 gün, hizmeti on yıldan fazla olanlar için 30 gündür

Katılmama Durumu Ülkeler isterlerse iç mevzuatlarında yer vermek ve çalıĢanın da kendi rızası ile 48 saatlik haftalık maksimum çalıĢma süresinin üzerinde bir çalıĢma süresi belirlenebilir

-

Çağrı Üzerine ÇalıĢma (Ġcapçı Nöbeti)

TanımlanmamıĢ.

Bu konuya iliĢkin AAD’nin SĠMAP ve Jager kararları bulunmaktadır: Bu kararlar icapçı nöbetlerindeki tüm zamanın 48 saat limiti hesabına dâhil edilmesini öngörmektedir.

Ġcapçı nöbetleri normal çalıĢma saatinin (45 saatin) dıĢında ve karĢılıkları tam olarak ödenmektedir.

Page 42: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

42

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Kaynak: Sağlık-Sen Sağlık Çalışanlarının İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Sorunları ve Yıpranma Payı Çalıştayı Raporu, 2013. s.15.

2.5. Mesleki Tehlikeler ve İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği

Sağlık çalışanlarının niteliğinden kaynaklanan ve çalışanları etkile-yen birçok biyolojik, fiziksel, kimyasal, teknolojik ve psikolojik risk faktörleri bulunmaktadır. Asıl risk kaynağının çalışanların yaptığı işler olduğu göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, iş kazası ve meslek hastalı-ğı durumlarıyla diğer çalışanlara oranla daha sık karşılaştıkları görül-mektedir (Özaydın, 2015: 15).

Sağlık ve güvenlik tedbirlerinin alınmaması mesleki hataları daha riskli boyuta taşıyabilecektir. Hepatit B, Tüberküloz, bel ve eklem ağrıları, varis, iş stresi, kas-iskelet sistemi yaralanmaları, şiddet ve kötü muamele, kesici-delici cisim yaralanmaları hastane sağlık çalı-

fazla çalıĢma süresi dâhil değildir. Dolayısıyla bu süre de dâhil edildiğinde, sağlık

çalıĢanları açısından çalıĢma süresi ve iĢ yükü önemli ölçüde artmıĢ olacaktır

(Sağlık-Sen, 2014: 14).

Tablo 2: Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Sağlık ÇalıĢanlarının ÇalıĢma Sürelerinin ve Bazı ÇalıĢma KoĢullarının KarĢılaĢtırılması

Özellikler Avrupa Birliği Türkiye

2003/88/EC sayılı Avrupa ÇalıĢma Süresi Direktifi (AÇSD)

2368 sayılı Sağlık Personelinin Tazminat ve ÇalıĢma Esaslarına Dair Kanun

Haftalık ÇalıĢma Süresi Fazla mesai de dahil olmak üzere maksimum 48 saat

Fazla mesai hariç 45 saat

Referans Periyodu 17 Hafta -

Gece ÇalıĢma 24 saatlik periyot için maksimum 8 saat

DeğiĢken

Dinlenme Her bir 24 saatlik periyot için aralıksız 11 saat minimum dinlenme periyodu, 6 saatten fazla olan çalıĢma günlerinde en az 20 dakikalık bir dinlenme arası verilmesi; günlük dinlenme süresinin dıĢında olmak üzere haftalık (7 gün) minimum bir gün (24 saat) dinlenme periyodu

Günlük çalıĢma saatleri ile ilgili olarak 657 sayılı Devlet Memurları Kanunu’na atıfta bulunmaktadır. 657 DMK’ya göre, günün 24 saatinde devamlılık gösteren hizmetlerde çalıĢan Devlet memurlarının çalıĢma saat ve Ģekilleri, BaĢbakanlık Devlet Personel BaĢkanlığı’nın muvafakatı alındıktan sonra kurumlarınca düzenlenir (657 sayılı DMK, md 101)

Yıllık Ġzin Yılda dört haftalık ücretli izni kapsamaktadır

Hizmeti 1 yıldan 10 yıla kadar olanlar için 20 gün, hizmeti on yıldan fazla olanlar için 30 gündür

Katılmama Durumu Ülkeler isterlerse iç mevzuatlarında yer vermek ve çalıĢanın da kendi rızası ile 48 saatlik haftalık maksimum çalıĢma süresinin üzerinde bir çalıĢma süresi belirlenebilir

-

Çağrı Üzerine ÇalıĢma (Ġcapçı Nöbeti)

TanımlanmamıĢ.

Bu konuya iliĢkin AAD’nin SĠMAP ve Jager kararları bulunmaktadır: Bu kararlar icapçı nöbetlerindeki tüm zamanın 48 saat limiti hesabına dâhil edilmesini öngörmektedir.

Ġcapçı nöbetleri normal çalıĢma saatinin (45 saatin) dıĢında ve karĢılıkları tam olarak ödenmektedir.

Page 43: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

43

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

şanlarının sıklıkla karşılaştıkları sorunların başında gelmekte ve son yıllarda bu sorunlarda ciddi artış yaşandığı ifade edilmektedir (Özkan ve Emiroğlu, 2006: 44).

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO)’nün sağlık çalışanlarının mesleki sağlı-ğının korunmasına yönelik olarak görüşü, sağlık çalışanlarının en az maden ve inşaat işçileri kadar mesleki risklere maruz kaldığı ve bu risklerden korunması gerektiği yönündedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, bi-yolojik tehlikeler, kimyasal tehlikeler, fiziksel zarar vericiler, ergonomik zarar vericiler, yangın ve patlama riski gibi risklerin yanı sıra, psiko-sosyal riskleri de sağlık çalışanlarının karşılaştıkları mesleki riskler olarak tanımlamaktadır (WHO, http://www.who.int/occupational_he-alth/topics/hcworkers/en/ , erişim: 19.10.2017)

Özellikle son yıllarda sağlık çalışanlarının iş hayatlarından kaynaklanan meslek hastalıkları, iş kazaları ve işe bağlı olarak gelişen sağlık sorunlarını azaltmayı ve ortadan kaldırmaya yönelik birçok faaliyet gerçekleştirilmektedir. Kaza ve risklerin ortadan kaldırılmasına yönelik yapılacak düzenlemeler, öncelikle bilgilendirme ve bilinçlendirmeyi amaçlayan eğitimler şeklinde gerçekleştirilmelidir. Daha sonrasında ise radyoaktif ve kimyasal maddelere karşı koruyucu tedbirlerin alınması, bulaşıcı hastalıklarla etkin mücadele, sağlık kurumlarının iş sağlığı ve güvenliği risklerini en aza indirecek şekilde dizayn edilmesi bu konuda gerçekleştirilecek düzenlemelerden bazılarıdır (Özaydın, 2015: 15).

2.6. Eğitim ve Mesleki Gelişim

Sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumu ve sağlık insangücünün planlanması toplumların geleceği açısından olukça önemlidir. Sağlık sektörü için-de hemen her kademede yer alan meslek, farklı nitelik gerektiren bir özelliğe sahiptir. Sağlık sektörünün kendine özgü bu özelliğinden do-layı sağlık alanında istihdam edilecek çalışanların yeterli bilgi, beceri ve vasıflarla donatılmış olması beklenmektedir. Özellikle nüfusun yo-

Page 44: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

44

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

ğun olduğu ülkelerde sağlık hizmetlerinin etkin bir şekilde sunulabil-mesi için her kademede yer alan sağlık mesleği mensuplarının yük-sek vasıflara sahip olması sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumundaki işleyişi kolaylaştıracaktır (Özaydın ve Çevik, 2016: 592). Sağlık personelinin nitelik kazanması ise sağlık alanındaki eğitimin kalitesine bağlı olarak gerçekleşecektir.

Eğitim, mesleki eğitim ve hayat boyu öğrenme; istihdam edilebilir-liğin, istihdamın verimliliğinin artmasının, düzgün işlere ulaşılması-nın ve ekonomik büyümenin en önemli unsurlarındandır. Özellikle sağlık sektöründe hızlı teknolojik değişim, demografik geçişler, epidemiyolojik gelişmeler ve bilimsel ilerleme, sağlık çalışanlarının sürekli gelişimini gerekli kılmaktadır. Çeşitli araştırmalar, mevcut eğitim modellerinin sağlık çalışanlarını görevlerine hazırlamada çoğunlukla yetersiz olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yetersizlik, hasta ve nüfus ihtiyaçlarına göre sağlık çalışanlarının yetkinliklerinde uyumsuzluk; zayıf ekip çalışması; mesleki statülerde kalıcı toplumsal cinsiyet tabakalaşması, geniş bilgi ve anlamadan uzak dar teknik uz-manlaşma, birinci basamak hizmetler yerine baskın hastane yönelimi ve sağlık işgücü piyasasında nicel ve nitel dengesizlikler gibi olum-suz sonuçlara yol açmaktadır (ILO, 2017a: 26-27).

Sağlıkta eğitim alanındaki mevcut sorunların ortadan kaldırılması için Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü, sağlıkta eğitim sisteminin ve becerilerin geliştirilmesi için yapılması gerekenlerin hükümetler, sosyal taraflar ve eğitim kurumları temsilcilerinin birlikte çalışması ile belirlenmesi-ni önermektedir (ILO, 2017a: 26-27). Bu bağlamda EPSU ve HOS-PEEM de sağlık çalışanlarının mesleki gelişimlerini sürdürmelerini desteklemek amacıyla ortak bir bildiri hazırlamıştır. Deklarasyonda Dünya Sağlık Örgütü ve Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü belgeleriyle pa-ralel biçimde “sürekli profesyonel gelişim” ve “hayat boyu öğrenme” kavramları öne çıkmaktadır. Sürekli profesyonel gelişim, bir bireyin, mesleği ve mesleki ihtiyaçları ile bağlantılı olan bilgi, beceri ve yetkin-liklerini kariyeri boyunca geliştiren ve genişleten bir süreç olarak ta-

Page 45: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

45

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

nımlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda işverenler çalışanlarına sürekli profes-yonel gelişim fırsatları (eğitim ve etkinlikler) sunmakla yükümlüdürler. Hayat boyu öğrenme ise, mesleki gelişimden daha geniş biçimde bilgi, beceri ve yeteneklerin formal veya informal eğitim süreçleriyle artırılmasını ifade etmektedir (EPSU ve HOSPEEM, 2016 :2).

Sürekli profesyonel gelişim ve hayat boyu öğrenmenin sağlık sek-törü açısından öncelikli yararı sunulan hizmetin kalitesinin artması-dır. Çalışanlar açısından ise, stratejik işgücü ve kariyer planlaması yapılmasını kolaylaştırması, takım çalışması ve yönetim becerilerinin geliştirilmesi gibi faydaları söz konusudur. EPSU ve HOSPEEM, bu imkânların tüm sağlık çalışanları için tanınması noktasında sosyal tarafların temel sorumlu olduğunu belirtmektedir. Buna göre; sosyal tarafların ve sağlık sendikalarının eğitim ve gelişim fırsatlarından bütün çalışanların eşit biçimde, engellemeyle karşılaşmadan yarar-lanabilmesi için uygun şartları sağlama, kariyer gelişimi ve eğitim programlarının hazırlanması ve planlanmasında işverenlerle birlikte çalışma ve bazı durumlarda bu eğitimlerin sunulmasında bizzat rol üstlenme gibi sorumlulukları bulunmaktadır (EPSU ve HOSPEEM, 2016 :3).

2.7. Sağlık Sektöründe Çalışma Statüsünden Kaynaklanan Sorunlar

Sağlık sektörü ve sağlık işgücü dar ya da geniş olarak tanımlanabilir ve geniş kapsamda klinik hizmetlerden, diğer sektörler de dâhil ol-mak üzere sağlık hizmetleri ve çıktılarını destekleyen diğer hizmetler sağlık sektörü kapsamında değerlendirilebilir. Bu geniş kapsamdaki sağlık sektörü istihdamı ise;

• Sağlık kurumlarında klinik çalışma yapan, sağlık alanında eği-tim görmüş personel,

• Mesleklerine bakılmaksızın sağlık sektöründe istihdam edilen tüm personel,

Page 46: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

46

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

• Sağlık hizmetinin verilmesini destekleyen işleri gören çalışan-lar, temizlik, catering, güvenlik veya istihdam bürosu personeli gibi dış kaynak (outsourcing) hizmet sağlayıcılarını içermektedir. Sağlıkla ilgili bu farklı çalışma ve istihdam türleri, ülkeler arasın-da karşılaştırılabilir veriler üretmeyi de zorlaştırmaktadır. Daha-sı, sağlıkla ilgili pek çok iş ücretsiz olarak yapılmaktadır; kurum-sal bakım hizmetlerinin yokluğunda yaşlıların bakımının ücretli istihdam fırsatından vazgeçen aile üyeleri tarafından görülmesi veya sağlık kurumlarında ve bakım hizmetlerinde gönüllü çalış-ma bu duruma örnek olarak verilebilir (ILO, 2017a: 12).

Public Services International-PSI’nin 2001 yılında yaptığı bir araş-tırma sağlık sektöründe çalışan ve sağlık profesyoneli olma-yan çalışanlara dikkat çekmektedir. Bu araştırmaya göre, sağ-lık kurumlarında yardımcı işlerde çalışanlar ve gönüllü bakım çalışanları sektörün istihdam oranının %40’ına sahiptir. Sağlık sendikalarının bu çalışanlara karşı da sorumlulukları olduğunu ha-tırlatan PSI, bu çalışanların ücret ve çalışma koşullarında yaşanan olumsuzlukların sağlık kurumlarındaki çalışma ortamını ve hizme-tin kalitesini etkileyebileceğinin altını çizmektedir (PSI, 2001: 5-6).

Pek çok ülkede sağlık sektörü reformlarının taşıdığı maliyet ve verim-lilik endişeleri istihdam biçimlerinde çeşitliliğin artmasına neden ol-muştur. Sektörde, belirli süreli ve geçici iş sözleşmeleri, özel istihdam büroları aracılığıyla ödünç iş ilişkisi, kendi hesabına çalışma ve yarı zamanlı çalışma gibi standart dışı (atipik) istihdam biçimleri yaygın şekilde görülür hale gelmiştir. Sağlık hizmetlerinde kalıcı istihdamın yerini, belirli süreli sözleşmelerin alması ve çeşitli işler için dış kaynak kullanımının artması eğilimleri pek çok ülkede gözlemlenmektedir. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü, iyi planlanmış ve kuralları yasalarla iyi tanımlanmış standart dışı istihdam biçimlerinin değişen talep ve ihti-yaçlara cevap verebilme açısından işletmelere bir esneklik sağladı-ğını kabul ederken, kendi isteği ile kısmi süreli çalışmayı seçme gibi

Page 47: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

47

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

durumlarda çalışan için de iş ve aile hayatı dengesinin korunmasında bu tip istihdam şekillerinin yararlı olabileceğini vurgulamaktadır. Öte yandan Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü’ne göre bu tür sözleşmelerle çalışanlar; iş güvensizliği, düşük ücret, sosyal korumaya erişimdeki açıklar, yüksek iş güvenliği ve sağlık riskleri ile sınırlı örgütlenme ve toplu pazarlık gücüne sahip olma gibi düzgün iş tanımına uymayan durumlara yüksek oranda maruz kalmaktadır. Sağlık sektörü çalışan-ları açısından bazı Avrupa ülkelerinde sıfır saatli iş sözleşmelerinin de yaygınlaşmaya başladığı belirtilmektedir. Bu bakımdan 2013 yı-lında İngiltere’de sağlık çalışanlarının yaklaşık olarak %27’sinin sıfır saatli iş sözleşmeleri ile çalıştığı aktarılmaktadır. Tüm bu aktarılan veriler ışığından Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü, standart dışı istihdam biçimlerinin iyi düzenlenmesi ve planlanmasını, bunun gerçekleşebil-mesi için de sendikalar ve hükümet temsilcileri arasında sosyal di-yalog geliştirilmesi ve sağlık çalışanlarının sosyal haklarını garantiye alan kuralların belirlenmesini önermektedir (ILO, 2017a: 21). 2015 yılında Avrupa Birliği toplam sağlık işgücünün ortalama yüzde 13,7’si geçici sözleşmeler ile istihdam edilirken; bu oran en yüksek olarak İspanya’da % 27 ve en düşük olarak İngiltere’de %6,3 civarında ger-çekleşmiştir. Bütün profesyonel sağlık çalışanları arasında, bakım hizmeti çalışanları en yüksek geçici sözleşmelerle çalışma oranına sahiptir. Bakım hizmeti çalışanları arasında geçici sözleşmelerle ça-lışma %42 oranında Polonya’da en yüksek, %2 oranında Letonya’da ise en düşük seviyededir (ILO, 2017a: 20-21).

Türkiye’de sağlık sektöründe çalışma statüsünden kaynaklanan so-runların başında sağlık kurumlarında çalışan alt işveren (teşeron) işçilerinin durumları gelmektedir. Türkiye’de temizlik, bakım gibi faaliyetlerin yürütülmesi bakımından hastanelerde alt işveren-asıl işveren ilişkisi kurularak bu tip işler alt işveren işçilerine gördürülmek-tedir. Bu işler hastanede yürütülen asıl işler olmayıp yardımcı iş niteli-ğindedir ve bunların gerçekleştirilmesinin alt işverene devredilebilme-si yasalarca mümkündür. Diğer yandan, hastanede yürütülen sağlık

Page 48: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

48

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

hizmeti faaliyetlerinin bir parçası olan asıl işlerin bir bölümünün alt işverene verilebilmesi için işyeri ve işletme gereklikleri ile teknolo-jik nedenlerle uzmanlık gerektirmesi şartı aranmaktadır (İş Kanunu, m.2). Oysa uygulamada teknik uzmanlık gerektirmeyen asıl işlerin de alt işverene yaptırılması söz konusudur. Muvazaalı işlem olarak tanımlanan bu duruma mahkemece hükmedilmesi halinde, alt işve-renin işçisi, başından itibaren asıl işverenin işçisi sayılarak işlem görmektedir. Alt işveren tarafından temizlik işçisi olarak istihdam edilen personelin, hastanede yürütülen asıl işin bir parçası olan veri giriş operatörlüğü yapması gibi yaygın örnekleri bulunan bu durumun alt işveren işçileri aleyhine olduğu açıktır. Kendileriyle aynı işi yapan çalışanlardan daha düşük ücretlerle ve daha güvencesiz koşullarda çalışmak zorunda kalan bu işçilerin çoğunlukla sendikal örgütlenme hakları da engellenmektedir.

Türkiye’de sağlık sektöründe taşeronlaşma, hastanelerin güvenlik, temizlik ve yemek hizmetlerinde başlamış, daha sonra hastabakıcıla-rın ve hemşirelerin de taşeron şirketler üzerinden çalışmaları ile de-vam etmiştir. Kamu sektöründe 2002 yılında 11.685 olan taşeron işçi sayısı 2013 yılında 131.201’e yükselmiştir (Ciğerci Ulukan ve Özmen Yılmaz, 2016: 94-95). Yapılan araştırmalar taşeronlaştırma sonucun-da, mevcut çalışan sağlık personelinin işten atılmalarının son yıllarda oldukça artış gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışan-ların öncelikli talebi iş güvencesi olarak ifade edilmektedir (İzgi ve Türkmen, 2012: 164).

Page 49: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

49

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

3. SAĞLIK SEKTÖRÜNDE SENDİKACILIK3.1. Dünyada Sendikacılığın Tarihsel Gelişimi

Sendikaların ve sendikacılık hareketinin Sanayi Devrimi çalışma ko-şullarına karşı işçi sınıfı içinde yapılandığı bilinmektedir. İşçi sınıfının ortaya çıkması da sanayi devrimi süreci ile birlikte gerçekleşmiştir. 17. yüzyıl sonlarında feodal yapının yıkılmasıyla birlikte köylerden sanayi çevrelerine yönelik olarak başlayan göç neticesinde hızlı bir “kentleşme” sürecine girilmiştir. Bu süreçte fabrikalarda istihdam edilmeye başlanan göç eden köylüler, “işçi sınıfı”nı oluşturmuşlardır (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 5).

Sanayi devrimi süreci ile birlikte teknik açıdan oldukça önemli ge-lişmeler kaydedilmiştir. Üretim alanındaki hızlı gelişmelerle birlikte makineleşme artmış ve bu gelişmeler de çalışma şartları üzerinde oldukça etkili olmuştur. Kırsal alandan şehirlere göçle birlikte kentsel nüfus hızla artmış, ücretler sefalet düzeyine düşmüş ve insani olma-yan çalışma şartları yaygın hale gelmiştir (Özaydın, 2012: 31).

Oldukça uzun çalışma saatleri, düşük ücret ve kötü çalışma koşulları işçiler üzerinde sınıf bilincinin oluşması noktasında etkili olmuştur. 18. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru çalışma hayatında görülen tüm bu olumsuz durumların ortadan kaldırılması için işçiler örgütlenme girişimlerine başlamışlardır. Ancak ülkelerin bu örgütlenme hareketlerine sıcak baktığını söylemek mümkün değildir. Bu doğrultuda, 1799 ve 1800 yıllarında İngiltere’de “Combination Act”, 1791 yılında Fransa’da “Chapelier Yasası” ve 1845 yılında Almanya’da çıkarılan “Meslekler Nizamnamesi” ile işçilere koalisyon yasağı getirilmiş ve sendikal hareket tümüyle engellenmiştir (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 7).

Mücadele ile geçen yıllar sonucunda işçiler örgütlemeye ilişkin ya-sakları kaldırmayı başarmışlardır. 1824 yılında İngiltere’de işçiler birleşme hakkını elde etmişlerdir. Devam eden yıllarda da farklı ül-kelerde işçiler örgütlenme hakkına kavuşmuşlardır. Endüstrileşme

Page 50: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

50

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

sürecini yaşayan tüm ülkelerde dağınık bir şekilde başlamış olan işçi hareketi, 1864 yılında Londra’da yapılan Birinci Enternasyonel ile uluslararası karakter kazanmıştır. 18. yüzyıl sonunda ortaya çı-kan örgütlenme düşüncesi, 19. yüzyıl başlarında kurumsal yapılara dönüşmeye başlamıştır (Özaydın, 2012: 37).

19. yüzyıl ortalarında batılı ülkelerin birçoğunda koalisyon yasakları kaldırılmıştır. Hükümetler tarafından yasal olarak tanınan sendika-lar “düzen içi örgütler” haline getirilmiştir. Sendikal gelişim sürecinde önce meslek sendikalarının daha sonra da işkolu sendikalarının kurul-duğuna şahit olunmuştur. 19. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru birlik, federasyon ve konfederasyon gibi üst örgütlenmelere gidildiği görülmüştür. İngiltere’de Sendikalar Kongresi (TUC), İtalya’da İtalyan Genel-İş Konfederasyonu (CGIL), Almanya’da Alman Sendikalar Birliği (DGB), Amerika’da Amerikan İşçi Federasyonu (AFL), Fransa’da Genel-İş Konfederasyonu (CGT) gibi üst örgütlenmeler başlıca örneklerdendir (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 8).

Sendikacılığın gerçek anlamda gelişmesi ise, 1929 yılında baş gös-teren Büyük Buhran sürecinde klasik iktisat anlayışının yetersiz kal-ması sonucu, devletin ekonomiye müdahalesini öngören Keynesyen Ekonomi politikaları doğrultusunda Amerika’da kurumsal ekonomi, Kıta Avrupası’nda ise talep yönlü ekonomi anlayışının hâkim olma-sıyla gerçekleşmiştir (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 9).

Sanayi devrimi süreci ile birlikte ortaya çıkan kapitalist üretim ilişkileri çerçevesinde şekillenen çalışma ilişkileri ve şartlarına yönelik tepkinin sınıfsal bir harekete dönüşmesi sonucu ortaya çıkan sendikal yapılar, ilerleyen süreçte endüstri ilişkileri sisteminin kurulması ile toplumsal yaşamın vazgeçilmez bir unsuru haline gelmiştir. Daha önce ifade edildiği gibi, makineleşme sonucu fabrikasyon üretimin ortaya çıkma-sı ve bu üretimin kol gücüne dayalı işçi sınıfı tarafından başlatılan sendikal hareketin tüm dünyada 1980’li yıllara kadar endüstri ilişkileri sistemini büyük ölçüde etkilediği kabul edilmektedir. Bu süreçte kamu

Page 51: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

51

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

sendikacılığı; yapılan işin niteliği, işverenin kimliği ve uyuşmazlıkların çözüm tekniklerine ilişkin endişeler gibi nedenlerle işçi sendikacılı-ğına kıyasla daha geç ve sınırlı bir gelişim göstermiştir (Özaydın ve Han, 2014: 58).

3.2. Kamu Görevlileri Sendikacılığı ve Gelişimi

“Statü hukuku çerçevesinde asli ve sürekli bir görevle kamu hizme-tinde istihdam edilenlerin oluşturduğu” sendikalara memur sendikası (kamu görevlileri sendikası) adı verilmektedir (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 27). Memur sendikacılığının işçi sendikacılığından en önemli farkı, memur sendikalarına üye olan kamu görevlilerinin sundukları hizme-tin kamusal nitelik taşımasıdır. Devlet bu sebeple kamu görevlilerinin örgütlenmesi karşısında sert bir tutum takınmış ve bu durum kamu sendikacılığının gelişmesini engelleyen nedenlerin başında yer al-mıştır (Özaydın ve Han, 2014: 59).

Bununla birlikte tüm dünyada çalışma hayatını belirli standartlar çerçevesinde organize etmek amacıyla 1919 yılında kurulan Ulus-lararası Çalışma Örgütü, sözleşme ve tavsiye kararlarında yalnızca işçiler kavramını değil, daha geniş bir grubu ifade eden çalışanlar kavramını kullanmayı ilke edinmiştir (Turan, 1999: 2).

Kamu görevlileri sendikacılığının mücadelesi, yasal olarak kendisi kabul ettirmek ve devletle kamu görevlileri arasındaki hukuki ilişkileri değiştirmek noktasında yoğunlaşmıştır. Kamu görevlilerine sendikal özgürlük hakkının verilmesi ve kamu gücünün birtakım yetkilerinin sı-nırlandırılarak uzlaşma ortamı sağlanmaya çaba gösterilmiştir. İlerle-yen süreçte kamu görevlilerinin sendika haklarına kavuştuğuna şahit olunmuştur. Ancak elde ettikleri haklar bakımından işçi sendikacılığı haklarına göre geride kalmışlardır. İşçilerin hizmet akdi ilkesi çerçe-vesinde, kamu görevlilerinin ise statü hukuku çerçevesinde çalışma-ları bu durumun en önemli nedeni olarak ifade edilmektedir. Kamu görevlileri sendikacılığını ortaya çıkaran birçok sebep bulunsa da bu

Page 52: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

52

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

nedenlerin dayandığı ön plana çıkan 3 temel unsurdan bahsedilebilir (Turan, 1999: 3-4).

• Dünyada demokratik ve hak ve özgürlüklerin yaygınlaşması,

• Devlet örgütlenmesinin yapı olarak değişmesi,

• Kamu görevlileri ile kamu sektörü işçilerinin fonksiyonlarının benzerlik taşıması.

Kamu görevlileri sendikacılığı genel olarak birçok ülkede genel sendi-kacılıktan ayrı tutulmamış ve birlikte incelenmiştir. Genel sendikacılık içerisinde değerlendirilen kamu görevlileri sendikacılığının kendine özgü bir takım farklı özellikleri bulunmaktadır. Zira kamu görevlileri sendikacılığı ülkelerin çalışma hayatında oldukça önemli bir yer tutan orijinal bir faaliyet alanı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dolaysıyla kamu görevlileri sendikacılığının aşağıda sıralan özellikler çerçevesinde incelendiği görülmektedir (Turan, 1999: 5):

• Meşru zemin,• Danışma mekanizmaları,• Uyum,• Çoğulculuk,• Temsil kabiliyeti en yüksek olan sendika ilkesi,• Uzlaşma ilkeleri.

Bahsi geçen bu özellikler tüm dünyada kamu görevlileri sendikaları-nın sahip olması gereken evrensel özellikler olarak ifade edilmekte ve sendikacılık bu ilkeler çerçevesine yürütülmektedir.

Birçok ülkede 2. dünya savaşı sonrası dönemde statü ve sözleşme temeline dayanan çalışma ilişkilerinde iki yönlü bir yakınlaşma ya-şanmıştır. İlk olarak, statü rejimi içerisinde doğan, gelişen ve değer-lendirilen birtakım kurum ve güvencelerin sözleşme rejimine aktarıl-dığına şahit olunmuş; diğer taraftan ise sözleşme rejimine özgü ve işçi sınıfının uzun mücadeleleri sonucu elde etmiş oldukları bazı sos-

Page 53: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

53

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

yal haklar statü rejimini de kapsayacak şekilde genişletilmiştir (Eren, 1997: 129).

Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü’nün (ILO) 151 No’lu Çalışma İlişkileri (Kamu Hizmeti) sözleşmesinin kabulü ile devlet memurlarına toplu pazarlık hakkının tanınmasında önemli ölçüde iyileşmeler sağlansa da bazı ülkelerin bu sözleşmeye uymaktan kaçınabildikleri görülmüş-tür. Bu nedenle, kamu görevlilerinin toplu pazarlık hakkından daha geniş bir biçimde yararlanabilmesini sağlamak için kapsam, 154 ve 163 nolu ILO sözleşmeleri ile silahlı kuvvetler ve polis güçleri hariç olmak kaydıyla genişletilmiştir (ILO, 2013: 12).

Günümüzde dünya üzerinde birçok ülkede memurlara örgütlenme hakkının tanındığı görülmektedir. Uluslararası düzeydeki memur ta-nımları arasında önemli farklılıklar mevcuttur. Birçok ülkede işçiler, özel sektör işçileri (private employees) ve kamu sektörü işçileri (pub-lic employees) olarak ayrılmışlardır. O ülkelerde yalnızca vali, beledi-ye başkanı, hâkim, savcı vb. unvanlardaki üst düzey devlet görevlileri kamu gücünü kullanan memur olarak sayılmaktadır. Kamu görevlileri sendikaları genellikle kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarında istihdam edilen beyaz yakalı işçilerden meydana gelmektedir (Tuncay, 2007: 160).

Sendikalar, yıllarca toplu pazarlık hakkı da dâhil olmak üzere kamu sektörü çalışanlarının sendikal haklarının tanınması için mücadele et-miş ve son 50 yılda pek çok ülke bu hedef doğrultusunda standartlar benimsemiştir. Pek çok ülkede kamu çalışanları özel sektör çalışanla-rı ile aynı şekilde örgütlenme ve çalışma koşullarını toplu pazarlık ile belirleme imkânına kavuşmuştur. Kamu görevlileri sendikalarının ger-çekleştirdiği toplu pazarlık süreçleri ülke ve çalışanların genel çıkarla-rına uygun ve kamu hizmetlerinin kalitesine zarar vermeyecek şekilde gerçekleşmektedir. Bu bağlamda, toplu pazarlığın aslında uyumlu bir çalışma ortamı, daha etkin ve verimli hizmetler sunulması ve daha iyi çalışma şartlarına ulaşabilmek için bir araç olduğunun altı çizilmekte ve toplu pazarlık süreçlerinde kamu çalışanlarının haysiyetinin korun-masını gereği de vurgulanmaktadır (ILO, 2013: 7).

Page 54: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

54

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Tüm dünyada köklü değişikliklere neden olan küreselleşme ve bu sü-reçte yaşanan teknolojik değişimler sanayi sektörü karşısında hizmet-ler sektörünün güç kazanmasını sağlamıştır. Yine bu sürecin çeşitli ayrıcalıklara sahip olan memurların istihdam şekillerini de sözleşme esaslı olarak özel sektör çalışanlarına yakınlaştırdığı görülmektedir. Bu süreçte memurluk kavramı, kamu sektörünün bir çalışanı olan kamu görevlisi kavramına doğru dönüşmüştür. Bu gelişmeye bağlı olarak yaşanan ekonomik sıkıntılar, memurların haklarını sendikalar aracılığıyla koruma zorunluluğunu da ortaya çıkarmıştır (Özaydın ve Han, 2014: 59).

Birçok ülkede kamu sektörünün ortak temel özellikleri, sendika yo-ğunluğu ve yüksek istihdam oranlarıdır (ILO, 2015: 2). Kamu sektö-ründeki sendikal yoğunluğun sistematik olarak özel sektörden daha yüksek olmasının nedenleri yukarıda anlatılanlar çerçevesinde de-ğerlendirildiğinde daha iyi anlaşılmaktadır. Kamu sektörü sendikaları-nın genellikle ulusal sendikal hareketlerin öncüsü olarak kalmaya de-vam edecekleri tahmin edilmektedir (Bach ve Bordogna, 2013: 290).

3.3. Sağlık Sendikacılığı

Çalışma hayatında en çok sorunla yüzleşen çalışanların başında sağlık çalışanları gelmektedir. Özellikle işin niteliğinden kaynaklanan birçok sorun, sağlık çalışma hayatını ve sağlık çalışanlarını diğer çalışanlardan ayırmaktadır. Bu bakımdan toplumun daha sağlıklı bir yere gelebilmesi için sağlık çalışanlarının bu sorunlara karşı ortak bir tavır alması elzemdir. Bu doğrultuda tıpkı diğer çalışanlar gibi sağlık çalışanları da bu sorunların üstesinden gelebilmek için ortak hareket etme çabasıyla tüm dünyada örgütlenmekte ve sendikalar aracılığıy-la hak ve menfaatlerini korumaya çalışmaktadırlar.

Politik ve sosyo-kültürel geleneklere bağlı olarak Avrupa ülkelerinde sendikaların farklı şekillerde örgütlendikleri görülebilmektedir. Örne-ğin Almanya ve Avusturya’da sendikalar arasında ideolojik ve politik

Page 55: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

55

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

farklılıkların daha geri planda tutulduğu ve çalışanların istedikleri sen-dikalara üye oldukları gözlemlenirken; Fransa ve İtalya’da sendika-cılık daha ideolojik ve siyasi partilerle ilişkili şekilde sürdürülmüştür. Avrupa ülkeleri arasında sendikaların sadece politik gelenekleri farklı değildir. Aynı zamanda organizasyon biçimleri meslek sendikacılığı veya endüstri bazında örgütlenme biçiminde birbirinden farklılaşmak-tadır (Dribbusch ve Birke, 2012: 2). Avrupa ülkelerinde olduğu gibi tüm dünyada sendikacılık ve örgütlenme gelenekleri ülkeden ülkeye fark-lılık göstermektedir. Bu farklılıklar kamu görevlilerinin sendikalara üye olması noktasında da kendini göstermektedir. Örneğin Almanya’da ülkenin en büyük sendika konfederasyonu olan Deutscher Gewerks-chaftsbund – DGB (German Confederation of Trade Unions)’un üye-lerinin yaklaşık %7,5’i devlet memurudur. Sağlık hizmetleri, eğitim, kamu hizmetleri gibi alanlarda çalışan bu memurlar Vereinte dienstle-istungsgewerkschaft – ver.di (United Services Union)’ye özel sektörde çalışan diğer hizmet sektörü çalışanları ile birlikte üye olabilmektedir (Dribbusch ve Birke, 2012: 3). Bununla birlikte sağlık alanında en çok üyeye sahip sendika olan The Marburger Bund – MB; Almanya’da hem özel sektörde hem de kamuda çalışan doktorların üye olabildiği, olan bir meslek sendikasıdır ve hiçbir üst kuruluşa yani konfederas-yona üye değildir (Dribbusch ve Birke, 2012: 6).

Dünyada sağlık çalışanlarının 3 farklı şekilde örgütlenebildiğini söyle-mek mümkündür. Birincisi kamu ve özel sektör ayrımına dayalı örgüt-lenme, ikincisi meslek sendikacılığına dayalı örgütlenme ve üçüncü-sü de işletme (hastane veya sağlık kurumu) düzeyinde örgütlenmedir. Aşağıdaki şekil bu üçlü ayrımı yansıtmaya çalışmaktadır.

Page 56: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

56

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Şekil 15: Sağlıkta Sendikal Örgütlenme Biçimleri

Dünya genelinde kamu ve sağlık sektöründe sendikalaşmanın genel olarak toplam sendikalaşma oranından daha yüksek olduğu görül-mektedir. Fakat Japonya gibi sağlık sektöründe sektörel değil işlet-me bazlı örgütlenme anlayışının söz konusu olduğu ülkelerde sağlık sektöründeki sendikalaşma oranının genel sendikalaşma oranından düşük olduğu gözlenmektedir. Türkiye’nin ise kamuda sağlık alanın-da sendikalaşma oranı bakımından gelişmiş ülkelerden daha yüksek oranlara sahip olduğu aşağıdaki tabloda görülmektedir.

Şekil 16: Seçilmiş Ülkelerde Sendikalaşma Oranları

Kaynak: Türkiye: ÇSGB istatistikleri, 2016. ABD: The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, Union Members 2016.İngiltere: National Statistics Trade union statistics 2016.Japonya: Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis: General Overview 2015/2016 verilerinden derlenmiştir.

Kaynak: Türkiye: ÇSGB istatistikleri, 2016. ABD: The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, Union Members 2016. Ġngiltere: National Statistics Trade union statistics 2016. Japonya: Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis: General Overview 2015/2016 verilerinden derlenmiĢtir.

SendikalaĢma oranlarının ekonomik sektörler arası karĢılaĢtırılması sonucu eğitim ve

hizmet sektöründeki sendikalaĢma oranlarının diğer sektörlerden belirgin biçimde

yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Sağlık sektörünün ise aĢağıda görülmekte olan

seçilmiĢ ülkelerde diğer sektörlere göre ortalama bir seyir izlediği görülmektedir.

ġekil 17: SeçilmiĢ Ülkelerde Sektör Bazında SendikalaĢma Oranları (%)

74,85

12,4

39,3

6,9

71,64

34,4

52,7

36,7

11,5 10,7

23,5

17,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Türkiye-2016 ABD-2016 İngiltere-2016 Japonya-2014

Sağlık ve sosyal hizmet çalışanlarısendikalaşma oranı

Kamuda Sendikalaşma Oranı

Sendikalaşma Oranı

Dünya genelinde kamu ve sağlık sektöründe sendikalaĢmanın genel olarak toplam

sendikalaĢma oranından daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Fakat Japonya gibi

sağlık sektöründe sektörel değil iĢletme bazlı örgütlenme anlayıĢının söz konusu

olduğu ülkelerde sağlık sektöründeki sendikalaĢma oranının genel sendikalaĢma

oranından düĢük olduğu gözlenmektedir. Türkiye’nin ise kamuda sağlık alanında

sendikalaĢma oranı bakımından geliĢmiĢ ülkelerden daha yüksek oranlara sahip

olduğu aĢağıdaki tabloda görülmektedir.

ġekil 16: SeçilmiĢ Ülkelerde SendikalaĢma Oranları

Sağlık Çalışanlarının

Sendikal Örgütlenmesi

Kamu ve Özel Sektör Ayrımı

Örnek: Türkiye

Meslek Sendikacılığı veya Endüstri Bazında

Örgütlenme

Örnek: Almanya

Sağlık Kurumu (işletme)

Düzeyinde Örgütlenme

Örnek: Japonya

Page 57: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

57

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Sendikalaşma oranlarının ekonomik sektörler arası karşılaştırılması sonucu eğitim ve hizmet sektöründeki sendikalaşma oranlarının di-ğer sektörlerden belirgin biçimde yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Sağ-lık sektörünün ise aşağıda görülmekte olan seçilmiş ülkelerde diğer sektörlere göre ortalama bir seyir izlediği görülmektedir.

Şekil 17: Seçilmiş Ülkelerde Sektör Bazında Sendikalaşma Oranları (%)

Kaynak: J. Visser, ICTWSS Data base. version 5.1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam. September 2016. verilerinden derlenmiştir.

Kaynak: J. Visser, ICTWSS Data base. version 5.1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for

Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam. September 2016. verilerinden

derlenmiĢtir.

4. Türkiye’de Sağlık Sendikacılığı

Türkiye’de 1954 yılından itibaren sağlık iĢkolunda sendikalar kurulmaya baĢlanmıĢtır.

ĠĢçi – memur ayrımına karĢı mücadele, grevsiz bir toplu sözleĢme düzeninin

Ģekillendirilme çabaları bu dönemin ön plana çıkan özelliklerindendir. Sağlık

sektöründe günlük çalıĢma saatlerine uyulmaması ve kesinti kabul edilmemesi gibi

nedenlerden dolayı sağlık iĢkolunda örgütlenme uzun yıllar engellenmiĢtir. Bu süreçte

çalıĢanlar kendilerini savunacak araçlardan mahrum kalmıĢlardır. Öte yandan iĢçi-

memur ayrımının sürekli gündeme getirilmesi ve meslekler arasında görev-yetki

dağılımının adaletli bir Ģekilde kurulamaması meslek grupları arasında sürekli bir

tartıĢma halini de beraberinde getirmiĢtir. Bu durum soncunda örgütlenmenin önünde

ciddi engeller ile karĢılaĢılmıĢtır (YeĢiltaĢ, 2015: 137-138). Mücadele ile geçen uzun

yıllar sonucunda ilerleyen süreçte sağlık iĢkolunda birçok sendika kurulmuĢtur.

Tablo 19’da Türkiye’nin 2000’li yılların baĢından itibaren Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler

Kolundaki SendikalaĢma ve Ģuan aynı kolda öncü durumda bulunan Sağlık-Sen’in

sendikalaĢma trendi yer almaktadır. 2003 yılından itibaren Sağlık-Sen üye

sayısındaki artıĢa paralel olarak toplam sendikalı sayısındaki artıĢ göze

27.Oca

71,4

66,6

32,4

18,7

16

21,1

15,1

20,5

53,2

50

22,2

30,5

66,7

60,8

4,8

27,7

27,5

28

20,4

Hollanda (2008)

Kanada (2011)

İrlanda (2009)

İspanya (2009-2010)

Sanayi

HizmetlerEğitim

Sağlık

Özel

Page 58: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

58

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

4. Türkiye’de Sağlık SendikacılığıTürkiye’de 1954 yılından itibaren sağlık işkolunda sendikalar kurul-maya başlanmıştır. İşçi – memur ayrımına karşı mücadele, grevsiz bir toplu sözleşme düzeninin şekillendirilme çabaları bu dönemin ön plana çıkan özelliklerindendir. Sağlık sektöründe günlük çalışma sa-atlerine uyulmaması ve kesinti kabul edilmemesi gibi nedenlerden dolayı sağlık işkolunda örgütlenme uzun yıllar engellenmiştir. Bu sü-reçte çalışanlar kendilerini savunacak araçlardan mahrum kalmış-lardır. Öte yandan işçi-memur ayrımının sürekli gündeme getirilmesi ve meslekler arasında görev-yetki dağılımının adaletli bir şekilde ku-rulamaması meslek grupları arasında sürekli bir tartışma halini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu durum soncunda örgütlenmenin önünde ciddi engeller ile karşılaşılmıştır (Yeşiltaş, 2015: 137-138). Mücadele ile geçen uzun yıllar sonucunda ilerleyen süreçte sağlık işkolunda birçok sendika kurulmuştur.

Tablo 19’da Türkiye’nin 2000’li yılların başından itibaren Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Kolundaki Sendikalaşma ve şuan aynı kolda öncü durumda bulunan Sağlık-Sen’in sendikalaşma trendi yer almaktadır. 2003 yılından itibaren Sağlık-Sen üye sayısındaki artışa paralel ola-rak toplam sendikalı sayısındaki artış göze çarpmaktadır. 2016 yılı itibariyle yaklaşık % 75 olan sağlık alanındaki toplam sendikalaşma oranının yaklaşık % 46’sını Sağlık-Sen üyeleri oluşturmaktadır.

Page 59: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

59

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Şekil 18: Yıllar İtibariyle Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Kolundaki

Sendikalaşma Oranları (%)Kaynak: ÇSGB, 4688 Sayılı Kamu Görevlileri Sendika Üye Sayıları

SAĞLIK-SEN (Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmet Çalışanları Sendikası)

Sağlık sendikacılığının zorlu şartlarına rağmen, kurulduğu dönemden itibaren sağlık sektöründe istikrarlı yükselişi, ilkeli ve vizyoner sendi-kacılık anlayışı ile önemli bir birikime sahip olan Sağlık Sen, 06 Hazi-ran 1995 tarihinde “Çevre ve Sağlıkçılar Sendikası” olarak kurulmuş, 1999 yılında yaptığı tüzük değişikliği ile ismini Sağlık ve Sosyal Hiz-met Çalışanları Sendikası (SAĞLIK-SEN) olarak belirlemiştir. Sağlık-Sen’in 1.Olağan Genel Kurulu, 09-10 Mart 2002 tarihlerinde gerçek-leştirmiş ve bu genel kurulda alınan önemli bir karar ile Memur-Sen Konfederasyonu’na katılımı olmuştur. 4688 sayılı Kamu Görevlileri Sendikaları ve Toplu Sözleşme Kanunu çerçevesinde tüzük ve örgüt-lenme hükümlerini 13 Ekim 2001 tarihinde yaptığı olağanüstü genel kurulla yenileyen Sağlık-Sen, ilk genel kurulundan bugüne 5 Olağan Genel Kurul süreci yaşamıştır.

Sağlık-Sen, kurulduğu günden itibaren ortaya koymuş olduğu ilkeli sendikal mücadelesi sonucunda, hizmet kolunda en çok üyeye sahip

çarpmaktadır. 2016 yılı itibariyle yaklaĢık % 75 olan sağlık alanındaki toplam

sendikalaĢma oranının yaklaĢık % 46’sını Sağlık-Sen üyeleri oluĢturmaktadır.

ġekil 18: Yıllar Ġtibariyle Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Kolundaki SendikalaĢma Oranları (%)

Kaynak: ÇSGB, 4688 Sayılı Kamu Görevlileri Sendika Üye Sayıları

SAĞLIK-SEN (Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmet ÇalıĢanları Sendikası)

Sağlık sendikacılığının zorlu Ģartlarına rağmen, kurulduğu dönemden itibaren sağlık sektöründe istikrarlı yükseliĢi, ilkeli ve vizyoner sendikacılık anlayıĢı ile önemli bir birikime sahip olan Sağlık Sen, 06 Haziran 1995 tarihinde “Çevre ve Sağlıkçılar Sendikası” olarak kurulmuĢ, 1999 yılında yaptığı tüzük değiĢikliği ile ismini Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmet ÇalıĢanları Sendikası (SAĞLIK-SEN) olarak belirlemiĢtir. Sağlık-Sen’in 1.Olağan Genel Kurulu, 09-10 Mart 2002 tarihlerinde gerçekleĢtirmiĢ ve bu genel kurulda alınan önemli bir karar ile Memur-Sen Konfederasyonu’na katılımı olmuĢtur. 4688 sayılı Kamu Görevlileri Sendikaları ve Toplu SözleĢme Kanunu çerçevesinde tüzük ve örgütlenme hükümlerini 13 Ekim 2001 tarihinde yaptığı olağanüstü genel kurulla yenileyen Sağlık-Sen, ilk genel kurulundan bugüne 5 Olağan Genel Kurul süreci yaĢamıĢtır.

Sağlık-Sen, kurulduğu günden itibaren ortaya koymuĢ olduğu ilkeli sendikal mücadelesi sonucunda, hizmet kolunda en çok üyeye sahip sendika olma özelliğine sahip olmuĢ, 81 il merkezinde teĢkilatlanmasını tamamlayarak 2009 yılından beri hizmet kolunda yetkili sendika olmayı baĢarmıĢtır. ÇalıĢma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı’nın son dönem resmi istatistiklerinde önemli bir farkla lider konumdadır. 2017 yılı verilerine göre Sendikamız, 245.000 üyesi ile sağlık ve sosyal hizmet

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Yıllar İtibariyle Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Kolundaki Sendikalaşma Oranları

Toplam Sağlık-Sen

Page 60: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

60

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

sendika olma özelliğine sahip olmuş, 81 il merkezinde teşkilatlanma-sını tamamlayarak 2009 yılından beri hizmet kolunda yetkili sendika olmayı başarmıştır. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı’nın son dönem resmi istatistiklerinde önemli bir farkla lider konumdadır. 2017 yılı verilerine göre Sendikamız, 245.000 üyesi ile sağlık ve sosyal hizmet çalışanlarının en çok üyeye sahip, 79 il ile Türkiye’nin yetkili sendikası olarak faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir. Üyelerinin yüzde 58’i bayan, yüzde 42’si erkektir. Üyeleri yüksek eğitim düzeyine sahiptir ve yüzde 68’i üniversite mezunudur.

Şekil 19: Sağlık-Sen 2008-2017 yılları arası üye artış grefiği

Sağlık-Sen, sağlık ve sosyal hizmet çalışanların mali, özlük ve sosyal haklarını koruyup geliştirecek çalışmalar yapmakta, sağlık ve sosyal politikalara yön verecek faaliyetlerde bulunmakta, Türkiye ve dünya-da haksızlığa uğramış ve yardım bekleyen dezavantajlı kişi ve ke-simlere yardım etmektedir. Toplum hayatında dayanışma, koruma ve yardımlaşmanın temel değerler olarak karşılık bulduğu, kendi çıkar-larını başkaları ve toplum için feda edebilmenin ahlaki bir yükselişin kaynağı olduğu değer sistemimizde, sendikacılığın dilinin kavga, ça-tışma ve ötekileştirme olması beklenemez. Sağlık-Sen çalışmalarının temelini oluşturan değerler sendikacılığı, hak arama mücadelesini, herkes için adalet temelinde yürüten, yıkıcı değil yapıcı olan, endişe

çalıĢanlarının en çok üyeye sahip, 79 il ile Türkiye’nin yetkili sendikası olarak faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir. Üyelerinin yüzde 58’i bayan, yüzde 42’si erkektir. Üyeleri yüksek eğitim düzeyine sahiptir ve yüzde 68’i üniversite mezunudur.

Sağlık-Sen, sağlık ve sosyal hizmet çalıĢanların mali, özlük ve sosyal haklarını koruyup geliĢtirecek çalıĢmalar yapmakta, sağlık ve sosyal politikalara yön verecek faaliyetlerde bulunmakta, Türkiye ve dünyada haksızlığa uğramıĢ ve yardım bekleyen dezavantajlı kiĢi ve kesimlere yardım etmektedir. Toplum hayatında dayanıĢma, koruma ve yardımlaĢmanın temel değerler olarak karĢılık bulduğu, kendi çıkarlarını baĢkaları ve toplum için feda edebilmenin ahlaki bir yükseliĢin kaynağı olduğu değer sistemimizde, sendikacılığın dilinin kavga, çatıĢma ve ötekileĢtirme olması beklenemez. Sağlık-Sen çalıĢmalarının temelini oluĢturan değerler sendikacılığı, hak arama mücadelesini, herkes için adalet temelinde yürüten, yıkıcı değil yapıcı olan, endiĢe değil güven veren bir sendikacılık anlayıĢıdır. Değerler sendikacılığı, hedeflerini toplumun geliĢimi ve kalkınması temelinde belirleyen ve bu suretle gücünü sadece temsil ettiği grubun çıkarlarını korumaktan değil; tüm toplumun değerlerini korumak ve savunmaktan alan anlayıĢtır.

Sağlık- Sen, hizmet sendikacılığında yeni bir çığır açarak, ücret sendikacılığının ötesinde, iĢverenlerle sosyal diyalog içinde olmuĢ ve çalıĢanlarımızın daha verimli olması, bilgi ve donanım yönünden daha etkin olmalarını benimsemiĢtir. Sağlık-Sen hem sendikal manada hem de demokrasinin bütün kurum ve kuralları ile iĢletilmesi açısından öncü rol oynamaya devam etmektedir.

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017ÜYE SAYISI 71.222 93.705 103.269135.591173.718193.612205.773211.648233.711245.000

Ekse

n Ba

şlığı

SAĞLIK-SEN 2008-2017 YILLARI ARASI ÜYE ARTIŞ GRAFİĞİ

Page 61: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

61

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

değil güven veren bir sendikacılık anlayışıdır. Değerler sendikacılığı, hedeflerini toplumun gelişimi ve kalkınması temelinde belirleyen ve bu suretle gücünü sadece temsil ettiği grubun çıkarlarını korumaktan değil; tüm toplumun değerlerini korumak ve savunmaktan alan anla-yıştır.

Sağlık- Sen, hizmet sendikacılığında yeni bir çığır açarak, ücret sen-dikacılığının ötesinde, işverenlerle sosyal diyalog içinde olmuş ve ça-lışanlarımızın daha verimli olması, bilgi ve donanım yönünden daha etkin olmalarını benimsemiştir. Sağlık-Sen hem sendikal manada hem de demokrasinin bütün kurum ve kuralları ile işletilmesi açısın-dan öncü rol oynamaya devam etmektedir.

Sağlık-Sen ilkeli, kararlı, demokrasiye inanan, çalışanların çıkarları-nı her şeyin üstünde gören bir sendika olarak çalışmalarını sürdür-mektedir. Sağlık-Sen, sağlık politikalarına ve sosyal politikalara yön vermekte, sağlık ve sosyal hizmet çalışanlarının haklarını koruyup geliştirmekte, hizmet kolunda çalışanların karşılaştıkları sorunları tüm boyutlarıyla ortaya koyarak, çözüm yolları arayan bir anlayışla faali-yetlerini sürdürmektedir. Yetkili sendika olarak toplu sözleşmelerde, her yıl mart ve kasım aylarında Kamu Personeli Danışma Kurulu Top-lantılarında ve yılda iki kez (nisan ve ekim aylarında) yapılan kurum idari kurulu toplantılarında, hizmet kolunda çalışanlar Sağlık-Sen ta-rafından temsil edilmektedir

Türkiye’deki sağlık politikalarının ve sosyal politikaların geliştirilmesi-ne ve bu politikalarla ilgili kararların alınmasına sendikal bakış açısıy-la katkı yapmak amacıyla, Kasım 2014’te Sendika bünyesinde sağlık ve sosyal hizmetler alanında ilk strateji örgütü olan Sağlık-Sen Stra-tejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (SASAM) kuruldu.

SASAM’ın çalışma alanları içerisinde “Sağlık Politikaları”, “Sosyal Politika” ve “İşgücü Politikaları ve Sendikal Haklar” yer almaktadır. SASAM’ın faaliyet alanları içerisinde; bilimsel toplantılar (kongre, sempozyum, konferans, seminer, çalıştay, arayış toplantıları, vs.) gerçekleştirmek, saha araştırmaları yapmak, eğitim ve danışmanlık hizmetleri vermek ve süreli/süresiz yayınlar (kitap, dergi, rapor, ma-kale, vs.) ortaya koymak yer almaktadır.

Page 62: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

62

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Sağlık, sosyal ve işgücü politikalarını bilimsel çalışmalar ışığında çağdaş standartlara kavuşturacak akılcı çözümler ve sağlık ve sos-yal hizmet çalışanlarının haklarını geliştirmeyi hedefleyen politikalar üretmek, SASAM’ın öncelikli amaçları arasındadır.

SASAM, aynı zamanda kamunun yönetişim kapasitesini geliştirmeye teşvik edecek politikalar geliştirmek, sağlık ve sosyal politika karar süreçlerinde etkin ve öncü düşünce kuruluşu olmayı ve küresel öl-çekte sağlık, sosyal ve işgücü politikalarına katkı sağlamayı amaç-lamaktadır.

Şu ana kadar SASAM tarafından 30’a yakın rapor,analiz ve 20’ye yakın ulusal ve uluslararası bilimsel toplantı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bun-lardan bazıları;

• Sağlık Çalışanları Sosyo-Demografik Durum Belirleme ve Tükenmişlik Araştırması,

• Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Çalışanları Sosyo-Demografik Durum Belirleme ve Tükenmişlik Araştırması,

• Sendikal Bağlılık, Algı, Memnuniyet ve Beklenti Araştırması,

• Türkiye’de Çalışan Kadın Olmak

• Sağlıkta Şiddet Nasıl Biter?

• Sağlık Çalışanlarının Kitle İletişim Araçları Algısı Araştırması,

• Sağlık Çalışanları Şiddet Araştırması,

• Üçüncü Yılında Kamu Hastane Birlikleri

Güçlü Yanlar... Zayıf Yanlar... Fırsatlar... Tehditler…

• Sağlıkta Kadın Çalışan ve Sorunları Araştırması ve

• Türkiye Sağlık Sistemi: Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programı Değerlendirme Raporu

• Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Araştırması

• Hemşirelik Sempozyumu

Page 63: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

63

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

• Kamu Hastane Birlikleri-Saha Araştırması

• 1. Halk Sağlığı Günleri: Sağlık Okuryazarlığı

• Hekimlerin Mesleki ve Özlük Sorunları Çalışmaları:

Kadın-Doğum Hekimleri

• 2. Halk Sağlığı Günleri: Sağlıklı Toplum, Sağlıklı Gelecek

• 3. Halk Sağlığı Günleri: Kronik Hastalıkların Yönetimi

• Hayatı Tehdit Eden Bir Sorun: Bilgi Kirliliği

• Türkiye’de Sosyal Hizmet ve Sosyal Yardım Politikaları

• Aile İçi Kadına Şiddet: Nedenleri, Sonuçları ve Çözüm Önerileri

• Göç ve Halk Sağlığı

Sağlık-Sen, uluslararası ilişkilerin öneminin farkındadır. Bu çerçeve-de dünyanın birçok ülkesinden sağlık ve sosyal hizmet çalışanları sendikasıyla işbirliği ve eğitim anlaşmaları yapmak üzere çalışma-larına başlamıştır. Uluslararası sendikal hareketin tecrübelerinden yararlanarak, sendikal harekete kattığı hizmetleri daha da yukarılara çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir.

Şekil 20: Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Kolunda Sendika Üyelikleri (2008-2017)

Kaynak: ÇSGB, Sendikal İstatistikler.

HemĢirelik Sempozyumu Kamu Hastane Birlikleri-Saha AraĢtırması 1. Halk Sağlığı Günleri: Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Hekimlerin Mesleki ve Özlük Sorunları ÇalıĢmaları: Kadın-Doğum Hekimleri 2. Halk Sağlığı Günleri: Sağlıklı Toplum, Sağlıklı Gelecek 3. Halk Sağlığı Günleri: Kronik Hastalıkların Yönetimi Hayatı Tehdit Eden Bir Sorun: Bilgi Kirliliği Türkiye’de Sosyal Hizmet ve Sosyal Yardım Politikaları Aile Ġçi Kadına ġiddet: Nedenleri, Sonuçları ve Çözüm Önerileri Göç ve Halk Sağlığı Sağlık-Sen, uluslararası iliĢkilerin öneminin farkındadır. Bu çerçevede dünyanın

birçok ülkesinden sağlık ve sosyal hizmet çalıĢanları sendikasıyla iĢbirliği ve eğitim anlaĢmaları yapmak üzere çalıĢmalarına baĢlamıĢtır. Uluslararası sendikal hareketin tecrübelerinden yararlanarak, sendikal harekete kattığı hizmetleri daha da yukarılara çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir.

ġekil 19: Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Kolunda Sendika Üyelikleri(2008-2017)

Kaynak: ÇSGB, Sendikal Ġstatistikler.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Kolu (Üye Sayıları, Bin)

Sağlık Sen Türk Sağlık sen Ses

Sağlık ve Sosyal Hizmetler Kolu (Üye Sayıları, Bin)

Page 64: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

64

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

KAYNAKÇA• Annagür, B. (2010). Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Şiddet: Risk Faktörleri, Etkileri,

Değerlendirilmesi ve Önlenmesi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 2(2), 161-173.

• Avrupa Komisyonu, (2015). European Labour Survey.

• Bach, S., Bordogna, L. (2013). Reframing Public Service Employment Relations: The Impact of Economic Crisis and the New EU Economic Governance, Europe-an Journal of Industrial Relations, 19(4), 279-294.

• Ciğerci Ulukan, N., Özmen Yılmaz, D. (2016). Kamu Sağlık Sektöründe Çalışan Taşeron Kadın İşçiler: Samsun ve Ordu İli Örneği. Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, 2016/1, 87-114.

• Dribbusch ve Birke, (2012). Trade Unions in Germany. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Germany.

• Eren, H. (1997). Kamu Görevlileri ve Sendikal Haklar, Atatürk Üniversitesi Erzin-can Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 1, 128-157.

• ETUC. (t.y.). Fact Sheet. Workıng Tıme In the Health Sector In Europe.

• EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (2017 update), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

• HOSPEEM, (2016). HOSPEEM Activity Report.

• ILO, (2013). Collective Bargaining in the Public Service, International Labour Con-ference, 102nd Session, Report III (Part 1B), International Labour Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2014). HealthWISE- Action Manual. International Labour Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2015). Collective Bargaining in the Public Service in the European Union, Working Paper No: 309, International Labour Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2017a). Improwing Employment and Working Conditions in Health Services, TMIEWHS/2017, International Labour Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2017b). Tripartite Meeting on Improving Employment and Working Conditi-ons in Health Services, International Labour Office, Geneva.

• İlhan, M.N., Çakır, M., Tunca, M.Z., Avcı, E., Çetin, E., Aydemir, Ö., Tezel, A., Bumin, M.A. (2013). Toplum Gözüyle Sağlık Çalışanlarına Şiddet: Nedenler, Tutumlar, Davranışlar. Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 2013; 24: 5-10.

• İzgi, M.C., Öztürk Türkmen, H. (2012). Akdeniz Üniversitesi’nde Taşeron Sağlık İşçilerinin İş Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Durum Tespiti. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 10(3), 160-173.

• Kim, S. (2017). Solidarity, Labour, and Institution: The Politics of Health Insurance Reform In Japan and South Korea. Thesis submitted fort he Degree of Phd. Scho-ol of East Asian Studies University of Sheffield May 2017.

• Mahiroğulları, A. (2013). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Sendikacılık, 2.Baskı. Ekin Ba-sım Yayın Dağıtım, Bursa.

Page 65: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

65

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

• Messenger, J.C ve Vidal, P. (2015). The organization of working time and its effects in the health services sector: A comparative analysis of Brazil, South Africa and the Republic of Korea. International Labour Office, Inclusive Labour Markets, Labour Relations and Working Conditions Branch. Geneva.

• Öner, C. (2016). Sağlığın Sosyal Belirleyicileri ve Yaşam Kalitesi İlişkisi, Türkiye Klinikleri J Fam Med-Special Topics, 5(4), 15-18.

• Özaydın, M.M. (2012). Sosyal Politikanın Tarihsel Gelişimi. (Ed.) Oral, A.İ., Şişman, Y., Sosyal Politika. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları Yayın No: 2628, Eskişehir.

• Özaydın, M.M., Han, E. (2014). Sendika Üyesi Kamu Görevlilerinin Sendika-Siyaset İlişkisine Yönelik Yaklaşımları Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması. Süleyman Demirel İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 19, Sayı: 2, 57-73.

• Özaydın, M.M. (2015). Türkiye’de Çalışan Kadın Olmak. SASAM Enstitüsü Analiz, Sağlık-Sen Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Ankara.

• Özaydın, M.M., Çevik, Ö.C. (2016). Türk Sağlık Sisteminde Eğitim-İstihdam İlişkisi Bağlamında Mesleki Eğitim Fırsatlarının Geliştirilmesi, Uluslararası Yüksek Öğretimde Mesleki Eğitim ve Öğretim Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Çorum, 591-597.

• Özkan, Ö., Emiroğlu, O.N., (2006). Hastane Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik İşçi Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Hizmetleri. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 10(3), 43-51.

• PSI- Public Services International (2001). Terms Of Employment and Working Con-ditions In Health Sector Reforms. Workshop on Global Health Workforce Strategy Annecy, France, 9-12 December 2000. WHO, Geneva.

• Sağlık-Sen, (2013). Sağlık Çalışanları Şiddet Araştırması. Sağlık-Sen Yayınları-20, Ankara.

• Sağlık-Sen, (2014). Sağlık Çalışanlarının İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Sorunları ve Yıp-ranma Payı Çalıştayı Raporu, Ankara.

• Solak, M. (Ed.) (2014). Türkiye’de Sağlık Eğitimi ve Sağlık İnsangücü Durum Rapo-ru – 2014. Eskişehir: YÖK Yayın No: 2014/1.

• Tuncay, A.C. (2007). Kamu Görevlilerinin Sendikalaşması ve Toplu Pazarlık Hakkı. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 9, Özel Sayı, 2007, 157-176.

• Turan, K. (1999). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Kamu Görevlileri Sendikalarının Hukuki Gelişmeleri. Kamu-İş Dergisi, Cilt: 4, Sayı: 4, 1-14.

• Yeşiltaş, A. (2015). Sağlık Sektöründe Kamu Sendikalaşması, Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, 2015/4.

• WHO. (2016a). Global Strategy Workforce 2030. Word Health Organization, Ge-neva.

• WHO. (2016b). Working For Health And Growth: Investing In The Health Workfor-ce. Report of the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth. I.High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth. Geneva.

Page 66: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

66

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

İnternet Kaynakları:

• Avrupa Komisyonu, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, Erişim 08.10.2017.

• ÇSGB, (2017). Sendikal İstatistikler. www.csgb.gov.tr, Erişim: 12.10.2017.

• EPSU ve HOSPEEM, (2010). Recruitment and Retention- A Framework of Ac-tions. http://www.epsu.org/article/epsu-hospeem-framework-actions-recruitment-and-retention, Erişim: 29.09.2017.

• EPSU ve HOSPEEM, (2016). Joint Declaration on Continuing Professional De-velopment and Life-Long Learning for All Health Workers in the EU. http://hospe-em.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Final-Joint-Declaration-CPDLLL-08.11.2016-EN.pdf, Erişim: 19.10.2017.

• KHMU- Korean Health & Medical Workers’ Union (2017). http://bogun.nodong.org/xe/index.php?document_srl=429597&mid=KHMU_Info#0 , Erişim: 14.10.2017.

• Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis, http://www.jil.go.jp/english/lsj/gene-ral/2015-2016/4-2.pdf, Erişim: 17.10.2017

• National Statistics, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/trade-union-statis-tics-2016, Erişim: 17.10.2017.

• OECD, http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-statistics.htm, Erişim: 15.10.2017.

• The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf , Erişim: 17.10.2017

• WHO, http://www.who.int/hrh/com-heeg/WHO_CHEflyerEn.pdf?ua=1, Erişim: 15.10.2017.

• WHO, http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/en/, Erişim: 15.10.2017

• WHO, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-c-viz?lang=en, Erişim: 09.10.2017.

• WHO, http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/hcworkers/en/, Erişim: 19.10.2017.

• J. Visser, ICTWSS Data base. version 5.1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam. September 2016. http://www.uva-aias.net/en/ictwss, Erişim: 19.10.2017.

Page 67: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

67

DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK SENDİKACILIĞI

Page 68: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi
Page 69: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi
Page 70: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

66

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Internet Resources:

• The European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, access: 08.10.2017.

• ÇSGB, (2017), union statistics, www.csgb.gov.tr, access: 12.10.2017.

• EPSU ve HOSPEEM, (2010). Recruitment and Retention- A Framework of Ac-tions. http://www.epsu.org/article/epsu-hospeem-framework-actions-recruitment-and-retention , access: 29.09.2017.

• EPSU and HOSPEEM, (2016). Joint Declaration on Continuing Professional De-velopment and Life-Long Learning for All Health Workers in the EU. http://hospe-em.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Final-Joint-Declaration-CPDLLL-08.11.2016-EN.pdf , access: 19.10.2017.

• KHMU- Korean Health & Medical Workers’ Union (2017). http://bogun.nodong.org/xe/index.php?document_srl=429597&mid=KHMU_Info#0 , access: 14.10.2017.

• Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis, http://www.jil.go.jp/english/lsj/gene-ral/2015-2016/4-2.pdf , access: 17.10.2017

• National Statistics, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/trade-union-statis-tics-2016, access: 17.10.2017.

• OECD, http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-statistics.htm, access: 15.10.2017.

• The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf , access: 17.10.2017

• WHO, http://www.who.int/hrh/com-heeg/WHO_CHEflyerEn.pdf?ua=1, access: 15.10.2017.

• WHO, http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/en/, access: 15.10.2017

• WHO, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-c-viz?lang=en, access: 09.10.2017.

• WHO, http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/hcworkers/en/, access: 19.10.2017.

• J. Visser, ICTWSS Data base. version 5.1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labor Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam. September 2016. http://www.uva-aias.net/en/ictwss , access: 19.10.2017.

Page 71: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

66

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Internet Resources:

• The European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, access: 08.10.2017.

• ÇSGB, (2017), union statistics, www.csgb.gov.tr, access: 12.10.2017.

• EPSU ve HOSPEEM, (2010). Recruitment and Retention- A Framework of Ac-tions. http://www.epsu.org/article/epsu-hospeem-framework-actions-recruitment-and-retention , access: 29.09.2017.

• EPSU and HOSPEEM, (2016). Joint Declaration on Continuing Professional De-velopment and Life-Long Learning for All Health Workers in the EU. http://hospe-em.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Final-Joint-Declaration-CPDLLL-08.11.2016-EN.pdf , access: 19.10.2017.

• KHMU- Korean Health & Medical Workers’ Union (2017). http://bogun.nodong.org/xe/index.php?document_srl=429597&mid=KHMU_Info#0 , access: 14.10.2017.

• Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis, http://www.jil.go.jp/english/lsj/gene-ral/2015-2016/4-2.pdf , access: 17.10.2017

• National Statistics, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/trade-union-statis-tics-2016, access: 17.10.2017.

• OECD, http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-statistics.htm, access: 15.10.2017.

• The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf , access: 17.10.2017

• WHO, http://www.who.int/hrh/com-heeg/WHO_CHEflyerEn.pdf?ua=1, access: 15.10.2017.

• WHO, http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/en/, access: 15.10.2017

• WHO, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-c-viz?lang=en, access: 09.10.2017.

• WHO, http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/hcworkers/en/, access: 19.10.2017.

• J. Visser, ICTWSS Data base. version 5.1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labor Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam. September 2016. http://www.uva-aias.net/en/ictwss , access: 19.10.2017.

Page 72: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

64

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

BIBLIOGRAPHY• Annagür, B. (2010). Violence against Health Workers: Risk Factors, its Effects and

Prevention. Contemporary Approaches in Psychiatry, 2(2), 161-173.

• The European Commission, (2015), European Labor Survey

• Bach, S., Bordogna, L. (2013). Reframing Public Service Employment Relations: The Impact of Economic Crisis and the New EU Economic Governance, Europe-an Journal of Industrial Relations, 19(4), 279-294

• Ciğerci Ulukan, N., Özmen Yılmaz, D. (2016). Subcontractor women workers employed in public health sector: Example of Samsun and Ordu Provinces, Labor and Society Journal, 2016/1, 87-114.

• Dribbusch and Birke, (2012). Trade Unions in Germany, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Germany

• Eren, H. (1997). Public Officials and Union Rights, Atatürk University Erzincan Law School Journal, Volume: 1, Issue: 1, 128-157.

• ETUC (t.y.) Fact Sheet, Workıng Tıme in Health Sector in Europe

• EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (2017 update), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

• HOSPEEM, (2016). HOSPEEM Activity Report.

• ILO, (2013). Collective Bargaining in the Public Service, International Labour Con-ference, 102nd Session, Report III (Part 1B), International Labor Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2014). HealthWISE- Action Manual. International Labor Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2015). Collective Bargaining in the Public Service in the European Union, Working Paper No: 309, International Labor Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2017a). Improving Employment and Working Conditions in Health Services, TMIEWHS/2017, International Labor Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2017b). Tripartite Meeting on Improving Employment and Working Conditi-ons in Health Services, International Labor Office, Geneva.

• İlhan, M.N., Çakır, M., Tunca, M.Z., Avcı, E., Çetin, E., Aydemir, Ö., Tezel, A., Bumin, M.A. (2013). Violence against health workers from the view point of the society: Reasons, attitudes, behaviors, Gazi University Medical School Journal, 2013; 24: 5-10.

• İzgi, M.C., Öztürk Türkmen, H. (2012), Situation Determination of Job Safety and Health of Subcontractor Health Workers at Akdeniz University, Journal of Public Health of Turkey, 10(3), 160-173.

• Kim, S. (2017). Solidarity, Labor, and Institution: The Politics of Health Insurance Reform in Japan and South Korea. Thesis submitted for the Degree of PhD. Scho-ol of East Asian Studies University of Sheffield May 2017.

• Mahiroğulları, A. (2013), Unionism in the World and Turkey, 2nd edition, Ekin Press Publication Distribution, Bursa.

65

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

• Messenger, J.C and Vidal, P. (2015). The organization of working time and its ef-fects in the health services sector: A comparative analysis of Brazil, South Africa and the Republic of Korea. International Labor Office, Inclusive Labor Markets, La-bor Relations and Working Conditions Branch. Geneva.

• Öner, C. (2016), Relationship between social determinants of health and life quality, Turkish Clinics J Fam Med-Special Topics, 5(4), 15-18.

• Özaydın, M.M. (2012). Historical development of social politics, (Ed.) Oral, A.İ., Şiş-man, Y., Social Politics, Anadolu University Publication, Edition No: 2628, Eskişehir

• Özaydın, M.M., Han, E. (2014), a filed study on the approaches of union member public officials towards union-politics relationship, Journal of Süleyman Demirel Fa-culty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Volume: 19, Issue: 2, 57-73.

• Özaydın, M.M. (2015), being a working woman in Turkey, SASAM Institute, Analy-sis, Sağlık-Sen Strategic Research Center, Ankara

• Özaydın, M.M., Çevik, Ö.C. (2016), development of vocational training opportuniti-es in Turkish health system in the context of training-employment, the Bulletin Book of the International Symposium of Vocational Training and Education in Higher Edu-cation, Çorum, 591-597.

• Özkan, Ö, Emiroğlu, O.N., (2006), worker health and job safety services for hospital health workers, Journal of Cumhuriyet University, Nursing College, 10(3), 43-51.

• PSI- Public Services International (2001), Terms Of Employment and Working Con-ditions In Health Sector Reforms. Workshop on Global Health Workforce Strategy Annecy, France, 9-12 December 2000. WHO, Geneva.

• Sağlık-Sen, (2013), research of violence against health workers, Sağlık-Sen Press-20, Ankara.

• Sağlık-Sen, (2014), report of job health and safety problems and burnout share of health workers, Ankara

• Solak, M. (Ed.) (2014), Situation report on health education and health manpower in Turkey – 2014. Eskişehir: YÖK Edition No: 2014/1.

• Tuncay, A.C. (2007), unionism of public officials and their collective bargaining right, Journal of Dokuz Eylül University Law School, Volume: 9, Special Edition, 2007, 157-176.

• Turan, K. (1999), legal development of public official unions in the world and Turkey, Journal of Public-Work, Volume: 4, Issue: 4, 1-14.

• Yeşiltaş, A. (2015), public unionism in health sector, Journal of Work and Society, 2015/4.

• WHO. (2016a). Global Strategy Workforce 2030. Word Health Organization, Ge-neva.

• WHO. (2016b). Working For Health And Growth: Investing In The Health Workfor-ce. Report of the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth. I.High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth. Geneva.

Page 73: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

64

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

BIBLIOGRAPHY• Annagür, B. (2010). Violence against Health Workers: Risk Factors, its Effects and

Prevention. Contemporary Approaches in Psychiatry, 2(2), 161-173.

• The European Commission, (2015), European Labor Survey

• Bach, S., Bordogna, L. (2013). Reframing Public Service Employment Relations: The Impact of Economic Crisis and the New EU Economic Governance, Europe-an Journal of Industrial Relations, 19(4), 279-294

• Ciğerci Ulukan, N., Özmen Yılmaz, D. (2016). Subcontractor women workers employed in public health sector: Example of Samsun and Ordu Provinces, Labor and Society Journal, 2016/1, 87-114.

• Dribbusch and Birke, (2012). Trade Unions in Germany, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Germany

• Eren, H. (1997). Public Officials and Union Rights, Atatürk University Erzincan Law School Journal, Volume: 1, Issue: 1, 128-157.

• ETUC (t.y.) Fact Sheet, Workıng Tıme in Health Sector in Europe

• EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (2017 update), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

• HOSPEEM, (2016). HOSPEEM Activity Report.

• ILO, (2013). Collective Bargaining in the Public Service, International Labour Con-ference, 102nd Session, Report III (Part 1B), International Labor Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2014). HealthWISE- Action Manual. International Labor Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2015). Collective Bargaining in the Public Service in the European Union, Working Paper No: 309, International Labor Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2017a). Improving Employment and Working Conditions in Health Services, TMIEWHS/2017, International Labor Office, Geneva.

• ILO, (2017b). Tripartite Meeting on Improving Employment and Working Conditi-ons in Health Services, International Labor Office, Geneva.

• İlhan, M.N., Çakır, M., Tunca, M.Z., Avcı, E., Çetin, E., Aydemir, Ö., Tezel, A., Bumin, M.A. (2013). Violence against health workers from the view point of the society: Reasons, attitudes, behaviors, Gazi University Medical School Journal, 2013; 24: 5-10.

• İzgi, M.C., Öztürk Türkmen, H. (2012), Situation Determination of Job Safety and Health of Subcontractor Health Workers at Akdeniz University, Journal of Public Health of Turkey, 10(3), 160-173.

• Kim, S. (2017). Solidarity, Labor, and Institution: The Politics of Health Insurance Reform in Japan and South Korea. Thesis submitted for the Degree of PhD. Scho-ol of East Asian Studies University of Sheffield May 2017.

• Mahiroğulları, A. (2013), Unionism in the World and Turkey, 2nd edition, Ekin Press Publication Distribution, Bursa.

65

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

• Messenger, J.C and Vidal, P. (2015). The organization of working time and its ef-fects in the health services sector: A comparative analysis of Brazil, South Africa and the Republic of Korea. International Labor Office, Inclusive Labor Markets, La-bor Relations and Working Conditions Branch. Geneva.

• Öner, C. (2016), Relationship between social determinants of health and life quality, Turkish Clinics J Fam Med-Special Topics, 5(4), 15-18.

• Özaydın, M.M. (2012). Historical development of social politics, (Ed.) Oral, A.İ., Şiş-man, Y., Social Politics, Anadolu University Publication, Edition No: 2628, Eskişehir

• Özaydın, M.M., Han, E. (2014), a filed study on the approaches of union member public officials towards union-politics relationship, Journal of Süleyman Demirel Fa-culty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Volume: 19, Issue: 2, 57-73.

• Özaydın, M.M. (2015), being a working woman in Turkey, SASAM Institute, Analy-sis, Sağlık-Sen Strategic Research Center, Ankara

• Özaydın, M.M., Çevik, Ö.C. (2016), development of vocational training opportuniti-es in Turkish health system in the context of training-employment, the Bulletin Book of the International Symposium of Vocational Training and Education in Higher Edu-cation, Çorum, 591-597.

• Özkan, Ö, Emiroğlu, O.N., (2006), worker health and job safety services for hospital health workers, Journal of Cumhuriyet University, Nursing College, 10(3), 43-51.

• PSI- Public Services International (2001), Terms Of Employment and Working Con-ditions In Health Sector Reforms. Workshop on Global Health Workforce Strategy Annecy, France, 9-12 December 2000. WHO, Geneva.

• Sağlık-Sen, (2013), research of violence against health workers, Sağlık-Sen Press-20, Ankara.

• Sağlık-Sen, (2014), report of job health and safety problems and burnout share of health workers, Ankara

• Solak, M. (Ed.) (2014), Situation report on health education and health manpower in Turkey – 2014. Eskişehir: YÖK Edition No: 2014/1.

• Tuncay, A.C. (2007), unionism of public officials and their collective bargaining right, Journal of Dokuz Eylül University Law School, Volume: 9, Special Edition, 2007, 157-176.

• Turan, K. (1999), legal development of public official unions in the world and Turkey, Journal of Public-Work, Volume: 4, Issue: 4, 1-14.

• Yeşiltaş, A. (2015), public unionism in health sector, Journal of Work and Society, 2015/4.

• WHO. (2016a). Global Strategy Workforce 2030. Word Health Organization, Ge-neva.

• WHO. (2016b). Working For Health And Growth: Investing In The Health Workfor-ce. Report of the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth. I.High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth. Geneva.

Page 74: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

62

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

ces, seminars, workshops, search meetings, etc.), conducting field researches, providing education and consultancy services, and pro-ducing periodicals/non-periodicals (books, journals, reports, articles, etc.).

Producing policies aiming to develop smart solutions to take health, social and labor force policies to contemporary standards in the light of scientific studies, and improving the rights of health and social ser-vice workers are among the primary targets of SASAM.

SASAM furthermore aims to develop policies to promote improve-ment of public governance capacity, to be a think tank effective and pioneering in health and social policy decision processes, and to contribute to health, social and labor force policies in global scale.

SASAM produced nearly 30 reports and analyses, and held appro-ximately 20 national and international scientific meetings until today. Some of these are;

• Health workers’ socio-demographic statue determination and burnout research• The Ministry of Family and Social Policies personnel’s socio-de mographic state determination and burnout research • Union loyalty, perception, satisfaction and anticipation research • Being a working woman in Turkey• How can violence end in health?• Health workers’ mass media perception research• Health workers violence research • Public Hospital Unions in their third year Strong aspects…weak aspects…opportunities…threats…• Research on women workers in health and their problems • Health System of Turkey: Report on the assessment of transition program in health • Research on health literacy in Turkey• Nursing symposium

63

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

• Public hospital unions field study• 1st public health days: health literacy • Studies on professional and personal problems of physicians: Gynecologists • 2nd public health days: healthy society, healthy future• 3rd public health days: management of chronic illnesses • A life-threatening problem: information pollution • Social service and social aid policies in Turkey• Domestic violence against women: its reasons, outcomes and solution suggestions• Migration and public health

Sağlık-Sen is well aware of the significance of international relations-hips. In this framework, it started its studies to collaborate with health and social service worker unions in many countries in the world and to enter into training agreements. It aims to take services that it contri-buted to unionism movement to even a higher level by benefiting from the experiences of international union movement. Figure 20: Union Memberships in Health and Social Services Field in Turkey (2008-2017)

Resource: ÇSGB, Union Statistics

Resource: ÇSGB, Union Statistics

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Annagür, B. (2010). Violence against Health Workers: Risk Factors, its Effects and Prevention. Contemporary Approaches in Psychiatry, 2(2), 161-173.

The European Commission, (2015), European Labor Survey

Bach, S., Bordogna, L. (2013). Reframing Public Service Employment Relations: The Impact of Economic Crisis and the New EU Economic Governance, European Journal of Industrial Relations, 19(4), 279-294

Ciğerci Ulukan, N., Özmen Yılmaz, D. (2016). Subcontractor women workers employed in public health sector: Example of Samsun and Ordu Provinces, Labor and Society Journal, 2016/1, 87-114.

Dribbusch and Birke, (2012). Trade Unions in Germany, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Germany

Eren, H. (1997). Public Officials and Union Rights, Atatürk University Erzincan Law School Journal, Volume: 1, Issue: 1, 128-157.

ETUC (t.y.) Fact Sheet, Workıng Tıme in Health Sector in Europe

EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (2017 update), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

HOSPEEM, (2016). HOSPEEM Activity Report.

ILO, (2013). Collective Bargaining in the Public Service, International Labour Conference, 102nd Session, Report III (Part 1B), International Labor Office, Geneva.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2008200920102011201220132014201520162017

Health and Social Services Field (member number, in thousands)

Sağlık SenTürk Sağlık senSes

Page 75: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

62

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

ces, seminars, workshops, search meetings, etc.), conducting field researches, providing education and consultancy services, and pro-ducing periodicals/non-periodicals (books, journals, reports, articles, etc.).

Producing policies aiming to develop smart solutions to take health, social and labor force policies to contemporary standards in the light of scientific studies, and improving the rights of health and social ser-vice workers are among the primary targets of SASAM.

SASAM furthermore aims to develop policies to promote improve-ment of public governance capacity, to be a think tank effective and pioneering in health and social policy decision processes, and to contribute to health, social and labor force policies in global scale.

SASAM produced nearly 30 reports and analyses, and held appro-ximately 20 national and international scientific meetings until today. Some of these are;

• Health workers’ socio-demographic statue determination and burnout research• The Ministry of Family and Social Policies personnel’s socio-de mographic state determination and burnout research • Union loyalty, perception, satisfaction and anticipation research • Being a working woman in Turkey• How can violence end in health?• Health workers’ mass media perception research• Health workers violence research • Public Hospital Unions in their third year Strong aspects…weak aspects…opportunities…threats…• Research on women workers in health and their problems • Health System of Turkey: Report on the assessment of transition program in health • Research on health literacy in Turkey• Nursing symposium

63

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

• Public hospital unions field study• 1st public health days: health literacy • Studies on professional and personal problems of physicians: Gynecologists • 2nd public health days: healthy society, healthy future• 3rd public health days: management of chronic illnesses • A life-threatening problem: information pollution • Social service and social aid policies in Turkey• Domestic violence against women: its reasons, outcomes and solution suggestions• Migration and public health

Sağlık-Sen is well aware of the significance of international relations-hips. In this framework, it started its studies to collaborate with health and social service worker unions in many countries in the world and to enter into training agreements. It aims to take services that it contri-buted to unionism movement to even a higher level by benefiting from the experiences of international union movement. Figure 20: Union Memberships in Health and Social Services Field in Turkey (2008-2017)

Resource: ÇSGB, Union Statistics

Resource: ÇSGB, Union Statistics

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Annagür, B. (2010). Violence against Health Workers: Risk Factors, its Effects and Prevention. Contemporary Approaches in Psychiatry, 2(2), 161-173.

The European Commission, (2015), European Labor Survey

Bach, S., Bordogna, L. (2013). Reframing Public Service Employment Relations: The Impact of Economic Crisis and the New EU Economic Governance, European Journal of Industrial Relations, 19(4), 279-294

Ciğerci Ulukan, N., Özmen Yılmaz, D. (2016). Subcontractor women workers employed in public health sector: Example of Samsun and Ordu Provinces, Labor and Society Journal, 2016/1, 87-114.

Dribbusch and Birke, (2012). Trade Unions in Germany, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Germany

Eren, H. (1997). Public Officials and Union Rights, Atatürk University Erzincan Law School Journal, Volume: 1, Issue: 1, 128-157.

ETUC (t.y.) Fact Sheet, Workıng Tıme in Health Sector in Europe

EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (2017 update), Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

HOSPEEM, (2016). HOSPEEM Activity Report.

ILO, (2013). Collective Bargaining in the Public Service, International Labour Conference, 102nd Session, Report III (Part 1B), International Labor Office, Geneva.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2008200920102011201220132014201520162017

Health and Social Services Field (member number, in thousands)

Sağlık SenTürk Sağlık senSes

Page 76: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

60

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

with principles that it displayed since its foundation date, and it has completed its organization in 81 city centers and has managed to be the authorized union in service field since 2009. It is at the leader po-sition with a substantial difference in the recent period official statis-tics of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Our Union has been operating in 79 cities as the authorized union of health and social service workers of Turkey with the highest number of members with 245,000 members according to 2017 data. 58% of its members are women and 42% are men. Its members have higher education level and 68% are university graduates.

Figure 19: Member Increase Graph Of Sağlık-Sen Duri̇ng 2008 And 201

Sağlık-Sen carries out studies to protect and improve financial, per-sonal and social rights of health and social service workers, engages in activities to direct health and social policies, and helps disadvan-taged persons and sections who were victimized and waiting for help in Turkey and the world. It cannot be anticipated that the language of unionism would be quarrel, clash and alienation in our value system where, sacrificing his/her own interests for others and society is the source of moral growth, and solidarity, protection and cooperation in social life return as fundamental values. The value that makes up the

Sağlık-Sen earned the characteristic of a union with the highest number of members in service field as a result of its unionism struggle with principles that it displayed since its foundation date, and it has completed its organization in 81 city centers and has managed to be the authorized union in service field since 2009. It is at the leader position with a substantial difference in the recent period official statistics of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Our Union has been operating in 79 cities as the authorized union of health and social service workers of Turkey with the highest number of members with 245,000 members according to 2017 data. 58% of its members are women and 42% are men. Its members have higher education level and 68% are university graduates.

Sağlık-Sen carries out studies to protect and improve financial, personal and social rights of health and social service workers, engages in activities to direct health and social policies, and helps disadvantaged persons and sections who were victimized and waiting for help in Turkey and the world. It cannot be anticipated that the language of unionism would be quarrel, clash and alienation in our value system where, sacrificing his/her own interests for others and society is the source of moral growth, and solidarity, protection and cooperation in social life return as fundamental values. The value that makes up the foundation of Sağlık-Sen’s studies is the unionism cognizance, which carries on its unionism and right claiming struggle based on the basis of justice for everyone, is constructive rather than destructive, and is reassuring rather than disturbing. Value unionism is a cognizance, which determines its targets based on the improvement and progress of the society and takes its strength from protecting and defending the values of the whole society rather than only the interests of the group that it represents.

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

2008200920102011201220132014201520162017NUMBER OF MEMBERS71.22293.705103.269135.591173.718193.612205.773211.648233.711245.000

Axis Title

MEMBER INCREASE GRAPH OF SAĞLIK-SEN DURİNG 2008 AND 2017

61

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

foundation of Sağlık-Sen’s studies is the unionism cognizance, which carries on its unionism and right claiming struggle based on the basis of justice for everyone, is constructive rather than destructive, and is reassuring rather than disturbing. Value unionism is a cognizance, which determines its targets based on the improvement and progress of the society and takes its strength from protecting and defending the values of the whole society rather than only the interests of the group that it represents.

Sağlık-Sen pioneered in service unionism and has been in social di-alogue with employers beyond the wage unionism and adapted that our employees become more efficient and more effective in terms of knowledge. Sağlık-Sen has been continuing to play the leading role in terms of both unionism sense and operating democracy with all of its institutions and codes.

Sağlık-Sen has been continuing its studies as a decisive union with principles, believing in democracy and regarding the interests of its workers above everything. Sağlık-Sen directs health policies and so-cial policies, protects and improves the rights of its health and social service workers, reveals the problems of workers in service field with all of its aspects, and continues its activities with a cognizance se-arching solution ways. Workers in service field are represented by Sağlık-Sen as the authorized union in collective bargaining, in public personnel consultancy committee meetings held in March and No-vember each year and institution administration committee assembli-es twice a year (in April and October).

Sağlık-Sen Strategic Research Center (SASAM), which is the first strategic organization in health and social services field, was founded in the union body in November 2014 to contribute to the development of health policies and social policies and making decisions about the-se policies with the unionism perspective in Turkey.

SASAM’s study areas include “health policies”, “social policies” and “labor force policies and union rights”. SASAM’s activity areas consist of holding scientific meetings (congresses, symposiums, conferen-

Page 77: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

60

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

with principles that it displayed since its foundation date, and it has completed its organization in 81 city centers and has managed to be the authorized union in service field since 2009. It is at the leader po-sition with a substantial difference in the recent period official statis-tics of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Our Union has been operating in 79 cities as the authorized union of health and social service workers of Turkey with the highest number of members with 245,000 members according to 2017 data. 58% of its members are women and 42% are men. Its members have higher education level and 68% are university graduates.

Figure 19: Member Increase Graph Of Sağlık-Sen Duri̇ng 2008 And 201

Sağlık-Sen carries out studies to protect and improve financial, per-sonal and social rights of health and social service workers, engages in activities to direct health and social policies, and helps disadvan-taged persons and sections who were victimized and waiting for help in Turkey and the world. It cannot be anticipated that the language of unionism would be quarrel, clash and alienation in our value system where, sacrificing his/her own interests for others and society is the source of moral growth, and solidarity, protection and cooperation in social life return as fundamental values. The value that makes up the

Sağlık-Sen earned the characteristic of a union with the highest number of members in service field as a result of its unionism struggle with principles that it displayed since its foundation date, and it has completed its organization in 81 city centers and has managed to be the authorized union in service field since 2009. It is at the leader position with a substantial difference in the recent period official statistics of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Our Union has been operating in 79 cities as the authorized union of health and social service workers of Turkey with the highest number of members with 245,000 members according to 2017 data. 58% of its members are women and 42% are men. Its members have higher education level and 68% are university graduates.

Sağlık-Sen carries out studies to protect and improve financial, personal and social rights of health and social service workers, engages in activities to direct health and social policies, and helps disadvantaged persons and sections who were victimized and waiting for help in Turkey and the world. It cannot be anticipated that the language of unionism would be quarrel, clash and alienation in our value system where, sacrificing his/her own interests for others and society is the source of moral growth, and solidarity, protection and cooperation in social life return as fundamental values. The value that makes up the foundation of Sağlık-Sen’s studies is the unionism cognizance, which carries on its unionism and right claiming struggle based on the basis of justice for everyone, is constructive rather than destructive, and is reassuring rather than disturbing. Value unionism is a cognizance, which determines its targets based on the improvement and progress of the society and takes its strength from protecting and defending the values of the whole society rather than only the interests of the group that it represents.

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

2008200920102011201220132014201520162017NUMBER OF MEMBERS71.22293.705103.269135.591173.718193.612205.773211.648233.711245.000

Axis Title

MEMBER INCREASE GRAPH OF SAĞLIK-SEN DURİNG 2008 AND 2017

61

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

foundation of Sağlık-Sen’s studies is the unionism cognizance, which carries on its unionism and right claiming struggle based on the basis of justice for everyone, is constructive rather than destructive, and is reassuring rather than disturbing. Value unionism is a cognizance, which determines its targets based on the improvement and progress of the society and takes its strength from protecting and defending the values of the whole society rather than only the interests of the group that it represents.

Sağlık-Sen pioneered in service unionism and has been in social di-alogue with employers beyond the wage unionism and adapted that our employees become more efficient and more effective in terms of knowledge. Sağlık-Sen has been continuing to play the leading role in terms of both unionism sense and operating democracy with all of its institutions and codes.

Sağlık-Sen has been continuing its studies as a decisive union with principles, believing in democracy and regarding the interests of its workers above everything. Sağlık-Sen directs health policies and so-cial policies, protects and improves the rights of its health and social service workers, reveals the problems of workers in service field with all of its aspects, and continues its activities with a cognizance se-arching solution ways. Workers in service field are represented by Sağlık-Sen as the authorized union in collective bargaining, in public personnel consultancy committee meetings held in March and No-vember each year and institution administration committee assembli-es twice a year (in April and October).

Sağlık-Sen Strategic Research Center (SASAM), which is the first strategic organization in health and social services field, was founded in the union body in November 2014 to contribute to the development of health policies and social policies and making decisions about the-se policies with the unionism perspective in Turkey.

SASAM’s study areas include “health policies”, “social policies” and “labor force policies and union rights”. SASAM’s activity areas consist of holding scientific meetings (congresses, symposiums, conferen-

Page 78: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

58

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

4. HEALTH UNIONISM IN TURKEYUnions in health field started to be founded in Turkey since 1954. Some of the remarkable characteristics of this period are struggle against worker-civil servant discrimination, and efforts to form a col-lective bargaining system without strikes. Organization in health field were prevented for many years due to not complying with daily work hours in health field and rejecting wage cuts. During this process, workers were devoid of tools to defend themselves. On the other hand, bringing the worker-civil servant discrimination to the agenda continuously and failure to form duty-power distribution between pro-fessions fairly has brought along an ongoing dispute state between professional groups. As a result of this situation, critical obstacles were encountered in front of organizing (Yeşiltaş, 2015: 137-138). Many unions were founded in health field at the end of many years of struggle during the advancing process.

Table 19 shows unionism in health and social services field since the beginning of 2000s in Turkey and unionizing trend of Sağlık-Sen which is the leader in this field currently. It is remarkable that there is an increase in the number of total union members in line with the increase in the number of Sağlık-Sen members since 2003. Sağlık-Sen members make up approximately 46% of the total unionism ratio in health field which was nearly 75% as of 2016.

59

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Figure 18: Unionism Ratios (%) in Health and Social Services Field in Turkey by Years

Resource: ÇSGB, the Number of 4688 Public Official Union Members

SAĞLIK-SEN (Union of Health and Social Service Workers)

Sağlık-Sen has substantial accumulation with its stable rise and a visionary unionism cognizance with principles in health sector since its foundation period despite the tough conditions of health unionism. Sağlık-Sen was founded on June 6, 1995 as the “Union of Environ-ment and Health Professionals” and its name was determined as the Union of Health and Social Service Workers (Sağlık-Sen) with a code change in 1999. The first ordinary general assembly of Sağlık-Sen was held on March 9-10, 2002 and it joined Memur-Sen Confederati-on with an important decision made in this general assembly. Sağlık-Sen renewed its code and organization provisions in its extraordinary general assembly held on October 13, 2001 in the framework of Act 4688 Public Official Unions and Collective Bargaining Contract and 5 ordinary general assemblies were held until today since its first ordi-nary general assembly.

Sağlık-Sen earned the characteristic of a union with the highest num-ber of members in service field as a result of its unionism struggle

Table 19 shows unionism in health and social services field since the beginning of

2000s in Turkey and unionizing trend of Sağlık-Sen which is the leader in this field

currently. It is remarkable that there is an increase in the number of total union

members in line with the increase in the number of Sağlık-Sen members since 2003.

Sağlık-Sen members make up approximately 46% of the total unionism ratio in health

field which was nearly 75% as of 2016.

Figure 18: Unionism Ratios (%) in Health and Social Services Field in Turkey by Years

Resource: ÇSGB, the Number of 4688 Public Official Union Members

SAĞLIK-SEN (Union of Health and Social Service Workers)

Sağlık-Sen has substantial accumulation with its stable rise and a visionary unionism cognizance with principles in health sector since its foundation period despite the tough conditions of health unionism. Sağlık-Sen was founded on June 6, 1995 as the “Union of Environment and Health Professionals” and its name was determined as the Union of Health and Social Service Workers (Sağlık-Sen) with a code change in 1999. The first ordinary general assembly of Sağlık-Sen was held on March 9-10, 2002 and it joined Memur-Sen Confederation with an important decision made in this general assembly. Sağlık-Sen renewed its code and organization provisions in its extraordinary general assembly held on October 13, 2001 in the framework of Act 4688 Public Official Unions and Collective Bargaining Contract and 5 ordinary general assemblies were held until today since its first ordinary general assembly.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016

Unionism Ratios in Health and Social Services Field in Turkey by Years (%)

ToplamSağlık-Sen

Page 79: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

58

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

4. HEALTH UNIONISM IN TURKEYUnions in health field started to be founded in Turkey since 1954. Some of the remarkable characteristics of this period are struggle against worker-civil servant discrimination, and efforts to form a col-lective bargaining system without strikes. Organization in health field were prevented for many years due to not complying with daily work hours in health field and rejecting wage cuts. During this process, workers were devoid of tools to defend themselves. On the other hand, bringing the worker-civil servant discrimination to the agenda continuously and failure to form duty-power distribution between pro-fessions fairly has brought along an ongoing dispute state between professional groups. As a result of this situation, critical obstacles were encountered in front of organizing (Yeşiltaş, 2015: 137-138). Many unions were founded in health field at the end of many years of struggle during the advancing process.

Table 19 shows unionism in health and social services field since the beginning of 2000s in Turkey and unionizing trend of Sağlık-Sen which is the leader in this field currently. It is remarkable that there is an increase in the number of total union members in line with the increase in the number of Sağlık-Sen members since 2003. Sağlık-Sen members make up approximately 46% of the total unionism ratio in health field which was nearly 75% as of 2016.

59

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Figure 18: Unionism Ratios (%) in Health and Social Services Field in Turkey by Years

Resource: ÇSGB, the Number of 4688 Public Official Union Members

SAĞLIK-SEN (Union of Health and Social Service Workers)

Sağlık-Sen has substantial accumulation with its stable rise and a visionary unionism cognizance with principles in health sector since its foundation period despite the tough conditions of health unionism. Sağlık-Sen was founded on June 6, 1995 as the “Union of Environ-ment and Health Professionals” and its name was determined as the Union of Health and Social Service Workers (Sağlık-Sen) with a code change in 1999. The first ordinary general assembly of Sağlık-Sen was held on March 9-10, 2002 and it joined Memur-Sen Confederati-on with an important decision made in this general assembly. Sağlık-Sen renewed its code and organization provisions in its extraordinary general assembly held on October 13, 2001 in the framework of Act 4688 Public Official Unions and Collective Bargaining Contract and 5 ordinary general assemblies were held until today since its first ordi-nary general assembly.

Sağlık-Sen earned the characteristic of a union with the highest num-ber of members in service field as a result of its unionism struggle

Table 19 shows unionism in health and social services field since the beginning of

2000s in Turkey and unionizing trend of Sağlık-Sen which is the leader in this field

currently. It is remarkable that there is an increase in the number of total union

members in line with the increase in the number of Sağlık-Sen members since 2003.

Sağlık-Sen members make up approximately 46% of the total unionism ratio in health

field which was nearly 75% as of 2016.

Figure 18: Unionism Ratios (%) in Health and Social Services Field in Turkey by Years

Resource: ÇSGB, the Number of 4688 Public Official Union Members

SAĞLIK-SEN (Union of Health and Social Service Workers)

Sağlık-Sen has substantial accumulation with its stable rise and a visionary unionism cognizance with principles in health sector since its foundation period despite the tough conditions of health unionism. Sağlık-Sen was founded on June 6, 1995 as the “Union of Environment and Health Professionals” and its name was determined as the Union of Health and Social Service Workers (Sağlık-Sen) with a code change in 1999. The first ordinary general assembly of Sağlık-Sen was held on March 9-10, 2002 and it joined Memur-Sen Confederation with an important decision made in this general assembly. Sağlık-Sen renewed its code and organization provisions in its extraordinary general assembly held on October 13, 2001 in the framework of Act 4688 Public Official Unions and Collective Bargaining Contract and 5 ordinary general assemblies were held until today since its first ordinary general assembly.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016

Unionism Ratios in Health and Social Services Field in Turkey by Years (%)

ToplamSağlık-Sen

Page 80: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

56

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

of members in health field in Germany, is a vocational union where physicians working in both private sector and public sector can be members, and it is not a member of any superior institution in other words any confederation (Dribbusch and Birke, 2012: 6).

It is possible to say that health workers in the world can organize in 3 different ways. The first one is the organization based on public sector and private sector separation, the second one is the organization based on vocational unionism, and the third one is the organization based on business (hospital or health institution) level. The following figure outlines these three separations.

Şekil 15: Sağlıkta Sendikal Örgütlenme Biçimleri

It is seen that unionism in public sector and health sector throughout the world is higher than the total unionism rate in general. However, it is seen that unionism rate in health sector is lower than that in the general unionism in the said countries, like Japan, where there is business-based organization cognizance in health sector rather than the sectorial organization. The following table shows that Turkey has higher ratios than the developed countries in terms of unionism in public sector health field.

It is seen that unionism in public sector and health sector throughout the world is

higher than the total unionism rate in general. However, it is seen that unionism rate

in health sector is lower than that in the general unionism in the said countries, like

Japan, where there is business-based organization cognizance in health sector

rather than the sectorial organization. The following table shows that Turkey has

higher ratios than the developed countries in terms of unionism in public sector health

field.

Figure 16: Unionism Ratios in Selected Countries

Union Organization of Health Workers

Public Sector and Private Sector

Separation

Example: Turkey

Organization based on vocational unionism or

industry

Example: Germany

Organization on health institution (business) level

Example: Japan

57

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Figure 16: Unionism Ratios in Selected Countries

The unionism ratio of health and social service workers / Unionism ratio in public sector / Unionism ratio / Turkey – 2016 / The USA – 2016 / England – 2016 / Japan - 2014 Resource: Compiled from the data of: Turkey: ÇSGB statistics, 2016. The USA: The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, Union Members 2016.England: National Statistics Trade union statistics 2016.Japan: Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis: General Overview 2015/2016.

As a result of the comparison of unionism ratios between economic sectors, it is seen that unionism ratios in the education and service sector are higher than those in the other sectors distinctly. Health sec-tor, on the other hand, follows an average course in comparison to the other sectors in the selected countries shown below.

Figure 17: Unionism Ratios (%) on Sector Basis in Selected Countries

Resource: Compiled from the data of J. Visser, ICTWSS Data base, version 5.1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labor Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam. September 2016.

The unionism ratio of health and social service workers / Unionism ratio in public sector / Unionism ratio / Turkey – 2016 / The USA – 2016 / England – 2016 / Japan - 2014 Resource: Compiled from the data of: Turkey: ÇSGB statistics, 2016. The USA: The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, Union Members 2016. England: National Statistics Trade union statistics 2016. Japan: Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis: General Overview 2015/2016.

As a result of the comparison of unionism ratios between economic sectors, it is seen

that unionism ratios in the education and service sector are higher than those in the

other sectors distinctly. Health sector, on the other hand, follows an average course

in comparison to the other sectors in the selected countries shown below.

Figure 17: Unionism Ratios (%) on Sector Basis in Selected Countries

74,85

12,4

39,3

6,9

71,64

34,4

52,7

36,7

11,5 10,7

23,5

17,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Turkey-2016The USA-2016England-2016Japan-2014

The unionism ratio of health andsocial service workers

Unionism ratio in public sector

Unionism ratio

Resource: Compiled from the data of J. Visser, ICTWSS Data base, version 5.1. Amsterdam:

Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labor Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam.

September 2016.

4. Health Unionism in Turkey

Unions in health field started to be founded in Turkey since 1954. Some of the

remarkable characteristics of this period are struggle against worker-civil servant

discrimination, and efforts to form a collective bargaining system without strikes.

Organization in health field were prevented for many years due to not complying with

daily work hours in health field and rejecting wage cuts. During this process, workers

were devoid of tools to defend themselves. On the other hand, bringing the worker-

civil servant discrimination to the agenda continuously and failure to form duty-power

distribution between professions fairly has brought along an ongoing dispute state

between professional groups. As a result of this situation, critical obstacles were

encountered in front of organizing (Yeşiltaş, 2015: 137-138). Many unions were

founded in health field at the end of many years of struggle during the advancing

process.

27.Oca

71,4

66,6

32,4

18,7

16

21,1

15,1

20,5

53,2

50

22,2

30,5

66,7

60,8

4,8

27,7

27,5

28

20,4

The Netherlands(2008)

Canada (2011)

Ireland (2009)

Spain (2009-2010)

Sanayi

HizmetlerEğitim

Sağlık

Özel

Page 81: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

56

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

of members in health field in Germany, is a vocational union where physicians working in both private sector and public sector can be members, and it is not a member of any superior institution in other words any confederation (Dribbusch and Birke, 2012: 6).

It is possible to say that health workers in the world can organize in 3 different ways. The first one is the organization based on public sector and private sector separation, the second one is the organization based on vocational unionism, and the third one is the organization based on business (hospital or health institution) level. The following figure outlines these three separations.

Şekil 15: Sağlıkta Sendikal Örgütlenme Biçimleri

It is seen that unionism in public sector and health sector throughout the world is higher than the total unionism rate in general. However, it is seen that unionism rate in health sector is lower than that in the general unionism in the said countries, like Japan, where there is business-based organization cognizance in health sector rather than the sectorial organization. The following table shows that Turkey has higher ratios than the developed countries in terms of unionism in public sector health field.

It is seen that unionism in public sector and health sector throughout the world is

higher than the total unionism rate in general. However, it is seen that unionism rate

in health sector is lower than that in the general unionism in the said countries, like

Japan, where there is business-based organization cognizance in health sector

rather than the sectorial organization. The following table shows that Turkey has

higher ratios than the developed countries in terms of unionism in public sector health

field.

Figure 16: Unionism Ratios in Selected Countries

Union Organization of Health Workers

Public Sector and Private Sector

Separation

Example: Turkey

Organization based on vocational unionism or

industry

Example: Germany

Organization on health institution (business) level

Example: Japan

57

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Figure 16: Unionism Ratios in Selected Countries

The unionism ratio of health and social service workers / Unionism ratio in public sector / Unionism ratio / Turkey – 2016 / The USA – 2016 / England – 2016 / Japan - 2014 Resource: Compiled from the data of: Turkey: ÇSGB statistics, 2016. The USA: The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, Union Members 2016.England: National Statistics Trade union statistics 2016.Japan: Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis: General Overview 2015/2016.

As a result of the comparison of unionism ratios between economic sectors, it is seen that unionism ratios in the education and service sector are higher than those in the other sectors distinctly. Health sec-tor, on the other hand, follows an average course in comparison to the other sectors in the selected countries shown below.

Figure 17: Unionism Ratios (%) on Sector Basis in Selected Countries

Resource: Compiled from the data of J. Visser, ICTWSS Data base, version 5.1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labor Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam. September 2016.

The unionism ratio of health and social service workers / Unionism ratio in public sector / Unionism ratio / Turkey – 2016 / The USA – 2016 / England – 2016 / Japan - 2014 Resource: Compiled from the data of: Turkey: ÇSGB statistics, 2016. The USA: The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor, Union Members 2016. England: National Statistics Trade union statistics 2016. Japan: Labor Situation in Japan and Its Analysis: General Overview 2015/2016.

As a result of the comparison of unionism ratios between economic sectors, it is seen

that unionism ratios in the education and service sector are higher than those in the

other sectors distinctly. Health sector, on the other hand, follows an average course

in comparison to the other sectors in the selected countries shown below.

Figure 17: Unionism Ratios (%) on Sector Basis in Selected Countries

74,85

12,4

39,3

6,9

71,64

34,4

52,7

36,7

11,5 10,7

23,5

17,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Turkey-2016The USA-2016England-2016Japan-2014

The unionism ratio of health andsocial service workers

Unionism ratio in public sector

Unionism ratio

Resource: Compiled from the data of J. Visser, ICTWSS Data base, version 5.1. Amsterdam:

Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labor Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam.

September 2016.

4. Health Unionism in Turkey

Unions in health field started to be founded in Turkey since 1954. Some of the

remarkable characteristics of this period are struggle against worker-civil servant

discrimination, and efforts to form a collective bargaining system without strikes.

Organization in health field were prevented for many years due to not complying with

daily work hours in health field and rejecting wage cuts. During this process, workers

were devoid of tools to defend themselves. On the other hand, bringing the worker-

civil servant discrimination to the agenda continuously and failure to form duty-power

distribution between professions fairly has brought along an ongoing dispute state

between professional groups. As a result of this situation, critical obstacles were

encountered in front of organizing (Yeşiltaş, 2015: 137-138). Many unions were

founded in health field at the end of many years of struggle during the advancing

process.

27.Oca

71,4

66,6

32,4

18,7

16

21,1

15,1

20,5

53,2

50

22,2

30,5

66,7

60,8

4,8

27,7

27,5

28

20,4

The Netherlands(2008)

Canada (2011)

Ireland (2009)

Spain (2009-2010)

Sanayi

HizmetlerEğitim

Sağlık

Özel

Page 82: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

54

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

countries have adopted standards in line with this target during the past 50 years. Public workers in many countries have earned the opportunity to determine organization and working conditions with collective bargaining identical to the private sector workers. Collecti-ve bargaining processes carried out by public official unions in con-formity with the general interests of the country and workers and not to harm the quality of public services. In this context, it is underlined that collective bargaining is a means for providing more effective and efficient services and to achieve better working conditions, and the need for protecting public workers’ dignity during collective bargai-ning processes is emphasized (ILO, 2013: 7).

Globalization leading to fundamental changes in the entire world and technological changes experienced during this process enabled the service sector strengthen against the industrial sector. Nevertheless, it is seen that this process made the employment means of civil ser-vants, who have various privileges, similar to those of private sector workers based on contract. During this process, civil servant concept transformed towards the concept of public worker who is a worker of public sector. Economic problems experienced due to this develop-ment led to the obligation of civil servants to protect their rights by means of unions (Özaydın and Han, 2014: 59).

Common fundamental properties of the public sector in many count-ries are the union density and high employment rates (ILO, 2015: 2). The reasons for higher union density in public sector than that of the private sector are understood better when they are considered in the framework of the facts stated above. It is anticipated that public sec-tor unions will remain to be the leader of national union movements in general (Bach and Bordogna, 2013: 290).

55

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

3.3. Health Unionism

Health workers are the main workers facing with the most number of problems in work life. Many problems arising from work characteristic especially distinguish health work life and health workers from other workers. Accordingly, it is essential that health workers adopt a common attitude towards these problems for the society to reach to a healthier place. In line with this, health workers just like other workers organize and attempt to protect their rights and interests by means of unions in the entire world with the effort of joint action in order to overcome these problems.

It is seen that unions are organized differently in European countries based on political and socio-cultural traditions. For example, whereas it is seen that ideological and political differences between unions are kept in the background in Germany and Austria and workers become the members of unions of their preference, unionism in France and Italy has been continued as more related with ideological and political parties. Unions in European countries are not only different in terms of their political customs but at the same time they differ from each other based on their organization types, vocational unionism or industry-based organization type (Dribbusch and Birke, 2012: 2). Unionism and organization customs in the entire world differ from country to country like in European countries. These differences emerge at the point of membership of public officials in unions as well. For example, nearly 7.5% of the members of Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund – DGB (German Confederation of Trade Unions), which is the largest union confederation of Germany, are civil servants. These officials, who are employed in health services, education, and public services, can become members of Vereinte dienstleistungsgewerkschaft – ver.di (United Services Union) along with the other service sector workers employed in private sector (Dribbusch and Birke, 2012: 3). Furthermore, the Marburger Bund (MB), with the highest number

Page 83: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

54

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

countries have adopted standards in line with this target during the past 50 years. Public workers in many countries have earned the opportunity to determine organization and working conditions with collective bargaining identical to the private sector workers. Collecti-ve bargaining processes carried out by public official unions in con-formity with the general interests of the country and workers and not to harm the quality of public services. In this context, it is underlined that collective bargaining is a means for providing more effective and efficient services and to achieve better working conditions, and the need for protecting public workers’ dignity during collective bargai-ning processes is emphasized (ILO, 2013: 7).

Globalization leading to fundamental changes in the entire world and technological changes experienced during this process enabled the service sector strengthen against the industrial sector. Nevertheless, it is seen that this process made the employment means of civil ser-vants, who have various privileges, similar to those of private sector workers based on contract. During this process, civil servant concept transformed towards the concept of public worker who is a worker of public sector. Economic problems experienced due to this develop-ment led to the obligation of civil servants to protect their rights by means of unions (Özaydın and Han, 2014: 59).

Common fundamental properties of the public sector in many count-ries are the union density and high employment rates (ILO, 2015: 2). The reasons for higher union density in public sector than that of the private sector are understood better when they are considered in the framework of the facts stated above. It is anticipated that public sec-tor unions will remain to be the leader of national union movements in general (Bach and Bordogna, 2013: 290).

55

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

3.3. Health Unionism

Health workers are the main workers facing with the most number of problems in work life. Many problems arising from work characteristic especially distinguish health work life and health workers from other workers. Accordingly, it is essential that health workers adopt a common attitude towards these problems for the society to reach to a healthier place. In line with this, health workers just like other workers organize and attempt to protect their rights and interests by means of unions in the entire world with the effort of joint action in order to overcome these problems.

It is seen that unions are organized differently in European countries based on political and socio-cultural traditions. For example, whereas it is seen that ideological and political differences between unions are kept in the background in Germany and Austria and workers become the members of unions of their preference, unionism in France and Italy has been continued as more related with ideological and political parties. Unions in European countries are not only different in terms of their political customs but at the same time they differ from each other based on their organization types, vocational unionism or industry-based organization type (Dribbusch and Birke, 2012: 2). Unionism and organization customs in the entire world differ from country to country like in European countries. These differences emerge at the point of membership of public officials in unions as well. For example, nearly 7.5% of the members of Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund – DGB (German Confederation of Trade Unions), which is the largest union confederation of Germany, are civil servants. These officials, who are employed in health services, education, and public services, can become members of Vereinte dienstleistungsgewerkschaft – ver.di (United Services Union) along with the other service sector workers employed in private sector (Dribbusch and Birke, 2012: 3). Furthermore, the Marburger Bund (MB), with the highest number

Page 84: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

52

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

limiting some authorizations of public force. It was witnessed during the advancing process that public officials gained their union rights. However, they remained behind of worker unionism rights in terms of the rights that they acquired. In the framework of service contract principle of workers, working of public officials in the framework of statue law is expressed as the most important reason of this situati-on. Despite there are many reasons introducing public official unio-nism, 3 fundamental elements can be mentioned for the basis of this situation (Turan, 1999: 3-4).

• Popularization of democratic rights and liberty in the world,

• Structural change of state organization,

• Similarity of functions of public officials and public sector wor-kers

Public official unionism was not hold separately from general unio-nism and studied together in many countries in general. Public official unionism is assessed within the general unionism and it has some different unique characteristics because public official unionism is considered as an original activity field with an important place in work life of countries. Hence, it is seen that public official unionism is studi-ed in the framework of the characteristics listed below (Turan, 1999: 5):

• Legitimate ground,

• Consulting mechanisms,

• Harmony,

• Pluralism,

• The principle of the union with the superior representation skill,

• Reconciliation principles

53

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

These said characteristics are defined as universal features that pub-lic official unions should have in the entire world and unionism is car-ried out in the framework of these principles.

Bilateral connection based on statue and contract in work relations-hips started during the period after the World War II in many countri-es. Initially, it was witnessed that a series of institution and securities that ensued, developed and assessed within the statue regime were transferred to the contract regime, on the other hand, some social rights that were unique to the contract regime and acquired as a re-sult of long struggles of the worker class were extended as to encom-pass the statue regime as well (Eren, 1997: 129).

Despite considerable improvements were achieved for the recogniti-on of collective bargaining right of civil servants with the acceptance of 151 Labor Relationships (Public Service) Covenant of International Labor Organization (ILO), it was seen that some countries avoided to comply with this covenant. Therefore, the scope was expanded in order to ensure that public officials benefit from the right of collective bargaining more widely with 154 and 163 ILO covenants provided that armed forces and police forces are excluded (ILO, 2013: 12).

It is seen that organization right has been granted to civil servants in many countries in the world today. There are substantial differences between the civil servant definitions at the international level. Wor-kers in many countries are divided as private employees and public employees. Only the upper level state officials with the titles of gover-nor, mayor, judge, prosecutor, etc. who exert public power are con-sidered as civil servants in those countries. Public official unions are comprised of white collar employees employed at public institutions and establishments in general (Tuncay, 2007: 160).

Unions have struggled for years for entitlement of unionism rights of public sector workers including collective bargaining right and many

Page 85: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

52

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

limiting some authorizations of public force. It was witnessed during the advancing process that public officials gained their union rights. However, they remained behind of worker unionism rights in terms of the rights that they acquired. In the framework of service contract principle of workers, working of public officials in the framework of statue law is expressed as the most important reason of this situati-on. Despite there are many reasons introducing public official unio-nism, 3 fundamental elements can be mentioned for the basis of this situation (Turan, 1999: 3-4).

• Popularization of democratic rights and liberty in the world,

• Structural change of state organization,

• Similarity of functions of public officials and public sector wor-kers

Public official unionism was not hold separately from general unio-nism and studied together in many countries in general. Public official unionism is assessed within the general unionism and it has some different unique characteristics because public official unionism is considered as an original activity field with an important place in work life of countries. Hence, it is seen that public official unionism is studi-ed in the framework of the characteristics listed below (Turan, 1999: 5):

• Legitimate ground,

• Consulting mechanisms,

• Harmony,

• Pluralism,

• The principle of the union with the superior representation skill,

• Reconciliation principles

53

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

These said characteristics are defined as universal features that pub-lic official unions should have in the entire world and unionism is car-ried out in the framework of these principles.

Bilateral connection based on statue and contract in work relations-hips started during the period after the World War II in many countri-es. Initially, it was witnessed that a series of institution and securities that ensued, developed and assessed within the statue regime were transferred to the contract regime, on the other hand, some social rights that were unique to the contract regime and acquired as a re-sult of long struggles of the worker class were extended as to encom-pass the statue regime as well (Eren, 1997: 129).

Despite considerable improvements were achieved for the recogniti-on of collective bargaining right of civil servants with the acceptance of 151 Labor Relationships (Public Service) Covenant of International Labor Organization (ILO), it was seen that some countries avoided to comply with this covenant. Therefore, the scope was expanded in order to ensure that public officials benefit from the right of collective bargaining more widely with 154 and 163 ILO covenants provided that armed forces and police forces are excluded (ILO, 2013: 12).

It is seen that organization right has been granted to civil servants in many countries in the world today. There are substantial differences between the civil servant definitions at the international level. Wor-kers in many countries are divided as private employees and public employees. Only the upper level state officials with the titles of gover-nor, mayor, judge, prosecutor, etc. who exert public power are con-sidered as civil servants in those countries. Public official unions are comprised of white collar employees employed at public institutions and establishments in general (Tuncay, 2007: 160).

Unions have struggled for years for entitlement of unionism rights of public sector workers including collective bargaining right and many

Page 86: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

50

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Workers in various countries earned the organization right during the following years. Worker movement, which started disorderly in all co-untries that experienced the industrialization process, gained inter-national character with the First International held in London in 1864. Organization sentiment that emerged at the end of the 18th century started to transform to institutional structures at the beginning of the 19th century (Özaydın, 2012: 37).

Coalition bans were lifted in many western countries in the middle of the 19th century. Unions that were recognized legally by govern-ments were turned into “in-system organizations”. It was witnessed that first the vocational unions and then sector unions were establis-hed during the unionism development process. It was seen that su-perior organizing was resorted to by the end of the 19th century such as federation and confederation. Superior organizations including Unions Congress (TUC) in England, Italian Confederation of General Work (CGIL) in Italy, German Union Association (DGB) in Germany, American Federation of Labor (AFL) in the United States, and Con-federation of General Work (CGT) in France are some of the major examples (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 8).

Development of unionism in real sense took place with the domi-nation of institutional economy cognizance in America and with the domination of demand-side economy cognizance in the Continental Europe based on Keynesyen Economy policies prescribing state in-tervention to economy as a result of the inadequacy of classical eco-nomy cognizance during the Great Depression that appeared in 1929 (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 9).

Unionism structures emerged as a result of the transformation of the reaction towards working relations and conditions that took form in the framework of capitalist production relations that surfaced with the industrial revolution process to a class movement, and they beca-me an indispensable element of social life with the establishment of

51

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

the industrial relationships system during the advancing process. As mentioned above, it is accepted that occurrence of fabrication pro-duction as a result of mechanization and the unionism movement started by the arm-power based worker class of this production af-fected considerably the industrial relationships system in the whole world until 1980s. During this process, public unionism showed late and limited development in comparison to worker unionism due to the quality of performed work, identity of employer and concerns about dispute resolution techniques (Özaydın and Han, 2014: 58).

3.2. Public Officials Unionism and Its Development

Unions “established by persons employed in public service with a fundamental and permanent duty in the framework of statue law” are called civil servant unions (public officials union) (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 27). The fundamental difference of civil servant unionism from wor-ker unionism is that service provided by public officials, who are the members of civil servant unions, has a public quality. Therefore, the state maintained harsh attitude towards the organizing of public offi-cials and this situation turned out to be the primary reason preventing public unionism development (Özaydın and Han, 2014: 59).

Nevertheless, International Labor Organization was established in 1919 to organize work life within the framework of specific standards in the entire world and adopted the use of the employee concept as a principle that expresses a wider group rather than only the wor-ker concept in their contracts and recommendation decisions (Turan, 1999: 2).

The struggle of public official unionism intensified on making itself ac-cepted legally and changing the legal relations between the state and public officials. Attempts were made for granting unionism liberty right to public officials and for providing a reconciliation environment by

Page 87: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

50

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Workers in various countries earned the organization right during the following years. Worker movement, which started disorderly in all co-untries that experienced the industrialization process, gained inter-national character with the First International held in London in 1864. Organization sentiment that emerged at the end of the 18th century started to transform to institutional structures at the beginning of the 19th century (Özaydın, 2012: 37).

Coalition bans were lifted in many western countries in the middle of the 19th century. Unions that were recognized legally by govern-ments were turned into “in-system organizations”. It was witnessed that first the vocational unions and then sector unions were establis-hed during the unionism development process. It was seen that su-perior organizing was resorted to by the end of the 19th century such as federation and confederation. Superior organizations including Unions Congress (TUC) in England, Italian Confederation of General Work (CGIL) in Italy, German Union Association (DGB) in Germany, American Federation of Labor (AFL) in the United States, and Con-federation of General Work (CGT) in France are some of the major examples (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 8).

Development of unionism in real sense took place with the domi-nation of institutional economy cognizance in America and with the domination of demand-side economy cognizance in the Continental Europe based on Keynesyen Economy policies prescribing state in-tervention to economy as a result of the inadequacy of classical eco-nomy cognizance during the Great Depression that appeared in 1929 (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 9).

Unionism structures emerged as a result of the transformation of the reaction towards working relations and conditions that took form in the framework of capitalist production relations that surfaced with the industrial revolution process to a class movement, and they beca-me an indispensable element of social life with the establishment of

51

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

the industrial relationships system during the advancing process. As mentioned above, it is accepted that occurrence of fabrication pro-duction as a result of mechanization and the unionism movement started by the arm-power based worker class of this production af-fected considerably the industrial relationships system in the whole world until 1980s. During this process, public unionism showed late and limited development in comparison to worker unionism due to the quality of performed work, identity of employer and concerns about dispute resolution techniques (Özaydın and Han, 2014: 58).

3.2. Public Officials Unionism and Its Development

Unions “established by persons employed in public service with a fundamental and permanent duty in the framework of statue law” are called civil servant unions (public officials union) (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 27). The fundamental difference of civil servant unionism from wor-ker unionism is that service provided by public officials, who are the members of civil servant unions, has a public quality. Therefore, the state maintained harsh attitude towards the organizing of public offi-cials and this situation turned out to be the primary reason preventing public unionism development (Özaydın and Han, 2014: 59).

Nevertheless, International Labor Organization was established in 1919 to organize work life within the framework of specific standards in the entire world and adopted the use of the employee concept as a principle that expresses a wider group rather than only the wor-ker concept in their contracts and recommendation decisions (Turan, 1999: 2).

The struggle of public official unionism intensified on making itself ac-cepted legally and changing the legal relations between the state and public officials. Attempts were made for granting unionism liberty right to public officials and for providing a reconciliation environment by

Page 88: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

48

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

the characteristic of assistive works and transfer of performing the-se works is possible by laws. On the other hand, expertise require-ment is sought for giving to subcontractor a section of the main works which are a part of health service activities performed at hospitals due to workplace and business requirements and technological re-asons (Labor Law, article 2). However, it is possible in practice to have subcontractors perform the main works that do not require ex-pertise. In case the court rules this situation which is defined as col-lusive transaction, subcontractor workers are considered and treated as the major contractor’s workers from the start. There are common examples such as working of personnel who are employed as clea-ning worker by subcontractor as data entry operator that is a part of the main work performed at hospitals, and it is clear that this is to the detriment of subcontractor workers. Unionism organization rights of these workers are also prevented who have to work for lower wages and under more unsafe conditions than the workers who do the same work as they do.

Subcontracting started in safety, cleaning and food services of hos-pitals in health sector in Turkey and subsequently continued with the employment of caregivers and nurses through subcontractor com-panies. The number of subcontractor worker number was 11,685 in public sector in 2002 and it climbed to 131,201 in 2013 (Ciğerci Ulu-kan and Özmen Yılmaz, 2016: 94-95). Conducted researches reve-aled that discharge of current health personnel increased during the recent years as a result of subcontracting. Accordingly, the primary demand of workers is expressed as job security (Izgi and Türkmen, 2012: 164).

49

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

3. UNIONISM IN HEALTH SECTOR 3.1. Historical Development of Unionism in the World

It is well known that unions and unionism movement structured within the worker class against the Industrial Revolution working conditions. Emergence of the worker class occurred with Industrial Revolution process as well. Rapid “urbanization” process started as an outcome of migration that started towards the industrial environments from vil-lages with the collapse of feudal structure at the end of the 17th cen-tury. During this process, the immigrant villagers who were started to be employed at factories made up the “worker class” (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 5).

Substantial developments were achieved technically with the Indust-rial Revolution process. Mechanization improved with the rapid ad-vances in production area and these developments were effective on working conditions considerably. Urban population increased ra-pidly with the migration from rural areas to cities, wages dropped to the poverty level and inhumane working conditions became common (Özaydın, 2012: 31).

Considerably long working hours, low wages, and poor working con-ditions were effective on raising the class awareness for workers. By the end of the 18th century, workers started organization attempts to eliminate these problematic situations seen in work life. However, it is not possible to say that countries were pleased with these or-ganization movements. Accordingly, coalition ban was introduced to workers and unionism movements were prevented completely with the enactment of the “Combination Act” in England in 1799 and 1800, and the “Chapelier Act” in France in 1791, and the “Occupation Char-ter” in Germany in 1845 (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 7).

Workers managed to lift bans about organization as a result of years of struggle. Workers in England earned the coalition right in 1824.

Page 89: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

48

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

the characteristic of assistive works and transfer of performing the-se works is possible by laws. On the other hand, expertise require-ment is sought for giving to subcontractor a section of the main works which are a part of health service activities performed at hospitals due to workplace and business requirements and technological re-asons (Labor Law, article 2). However, it is possible in practice to have subcontractors perform the main works that do not require ex-pertise. In case the court rules this situation which is defined as col-lusive transaction, subcontractor workers are considered and treated as the major contractor’s workers from the start. There are common examples such as working of personnel who are employed as clea-ning worker by subcontractor as data entry operator that is a part of the main work performed at hospitals, and it is clear that this is to the detriment of subcontractor workers. Unionism organization rights of these workers are also prevented who have to work for lower wages and under more unsafe conditions than the workers who do the same work as they do.

Subcontracting started in safety, cleaning and food services of hos-pitals in health sector in Turkey and subsequently continued with the employment of caregivers and nurses through subcontractor com-panies. The number of subcontractor worker number was 11,685 in public sector in 2002 and it climbed to 131,201 in 2013 (Ciğerci Ulu-kan and Özmen Yılmaz, 2016: 94-95). Conducted researches reve-aled that discharge of current health personnel increased during the recent years as a result of subcontracting. Accordingly, the primary demand of workers is expressed as job security (Izgi and Türkmen, 2012: 164).

49

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

3. UNIONISM IN HEALTH SECTOR 3.1. Historical Development of Unionism in the World

It is well known that unions and unionism movement structured within the worker class against the Industrial Revolution working conditions. Emergence of the worker class occurred with Industrial Revolution process as well. Rapid “urbanization” process started as an outcome of migration that started towards the industrial environments from vil-lages with the collapse of feudal structure at the end of the 17th cen-tury. During this process, the immigrant villagers who were started to be employed at factories made up the “worker class” (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 5).

Substantial developments were achieved technically with the Indust-rial Revolution process. Mechanization improved with the rapid ad-vances in production area and these developments were effective on working conditions considerably. Urban population increased ra-pidly with the migration from rural areas to cities, wages dropped to the poverty level and inhumane working conditions became common (Özaydın, 2012: 31).

Considerably long working hours, low wages, and poor working con-ditions were effective on raising the class awareness for workers. By the end of the 18th century, workers started organization attempts to eliminate these problematic situations seen in work life. However, it is not possible to say that countries were pleased with these or-ganization movements. Accordingly, coalition ban was introduced to workers and unionism movements were prevented completely with the enactment of the “Combination Act” in England in 1799 and 1800, and the “Chapelier Act” in France in 1791, and the “Occupation Char-ter” in Germany in 1845 (Mahiroğulları, 2013: 7).

Workers managed to lift bans about organization as a result of years of struggle. Workers in England earned the coalition right in 1824.

Page 90: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

46

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

• All personnel employed in health sector without any regard to their profession,

• Workers doing works that support health service provision comprise of outsourcing service providers including cleaning, catering, safety or employment office personnel. These diffe-rent studies about health and employment types make genera-tion of comparable data between countries difficult. Furthermo-re, many works about health are done free of charge, and some examples of this situation are that elderly care is provided by family members who waived the opportunity of paid employ-ment or working voluntarily at health institutions and care ser-vices (ILO, 2017a: 12).

Public Services International’s (PSI) research conducted in 2001 cal-led attention to workers who work in health sector and are not health professionals. According to this research, workers working in assisti-ve jobs and voluntary care workers working in health institutions have an employment ratio of 40%. PSI reminds that health unions have responsibilities for these workers as well and underlines that prob-lems experienced in wages and working conditions of these workers can affect the work environment and service quality in health institu-tions (PSI, 2001: 5-6).

Cost of health sector reforms and efficiency concerns have caused the increase of employment types in many countries. Atypical emp-loyment types started to be seen commonly in the sector including fixed-term contracts and provisional labor agreements, indentured work relationship by means of private employment offices, self-employment, and part-time work. The tendency for the increase of replacement of permanent employment in health services by fixed-term contracts, and outsourcing use for various works are observed in many countries. International Labor Organization accepts that aty-pical employment types, which are well planned and whose rules are

47

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

well defined by laws, ensure flexibility to establishments to respond to changing demands and needs, and this type of employment can be beneficial for protection of work and family life balance for the workers in case of preference of part-time work with their own will. On the other hand, according to International Labor Organization, workers who work with this type of contract are highly subject to situations that do not fit to decent job definition including job insecurity, low wages, gaps in access to social protection, organization limited with superior job safety and health risks, and having collective bargaining power. It is stated that zero hour labor contracts also started to widespread in some European countries for health sector workers. In this context, it is purported that nearly 27% of health workers in England in 2013 worked with zero hour labor contracts. Based on all of these mentio-ned data, International Labor Organization recommend that atypical employment types should be well organized and planned, and social dialogue must be developed between unions and government repre-sentatives and the rules guaranteeing social rights of health workers must be designated to achieve this (ILO, 2017a: 21). Whereas app-roximately 13.7% of total health labor force was employed by provisi-onal contracts in the European Union in 2015, this ratio occurred hig-hest as 27% in Spain and lowest as approximately 6.3% in England. Care service workers among all of these professional health workers have the highest ratio of working with provisional contracts. Poland has the highest ratio of working with provisional contracts as 42% among the care service workers and this ratio is the lowest as 2% in Latvia (ILO, 2017a: 20-21).

Situation of subcontractor workers employed in health institutions stands out among problems that originate from working statue in he-alth sector in Turkey. Subcontractor-major contractor relation is es-tablished at hospitals in terms of performing cleaning and care activi-ties and this type of works are performed by subcontractor workers. These works are not the main works performed at hospitals and have

Page 91: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

46

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

• All personnel employed in health sector without any regard to their profession,

• Workers doing works that support health service provision comprise of outsourcing service providers including cleaning, catering, safety or employment office personnel. These diffe-rent studies about health and employment types make genera-tion of comparable data between countries difficult. Furthermo-re, many works about health are done free of charge, and some examples of this situation are that elderly care is provided by family members who waived the opportunity of paid employ-ment or working voluntarily at health institutions and care ser-vices (ILO, 2017a: 12).

Public Services International’s (PSI) research conducted in 2001 cal-led attention to workers who work in health sector and are not health professionals. According to this research, workers working in assisti-ve jobs and voluntary care workers working in health institutions have an employment ratio of 40%. PSI reminds that health unions have responsibilities for these workers as well and underlines that prob-lems experienced in wages and working conditions of these workers can affect the work environment and service quality in health institu-tions (PSI, 2001: 5-6).

Cost of health sector reforms and efficiency concerns have caused the increase of employment types in many countries. Atypical emp-loyment types started to be seen commonly in the sector including fixed-term contracts and provisional labor agreements, indentured work relationship by means of private employment offices, self-employment, and part-time work. The tendency for the increase of replacement of permanent employment in health services by fixed-term contracts, and outsourcing use for various works are observed in many countries. International Labor Organization accepts that aty-pical employment types, which are well planned and whose rules are

47

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

well defined by laws, ensure flexibility to establishments to respond to changing demands and needs, and this type of employment can be beneficial for protection of work and family life balance for the workers in case of preference of part-time work with their own will. On the other hand, according to International Labor Organization, workers who work with this type of contract are highly subject to situations that do not fit to decent job definition including job insecurity, low wages, gaps in access to social protection, organization limited with superior job safety and health risks, and having collective bargaining power. It is stated that zero hour labor contracts also started to widespread in some European countries for health sector workers. In this context, it is purported that nearly 27% of health workers in England in 2013 worked with zero hour labor contracts. Based on all of these mentio-ned data, International Labor Organization recommend that atypical employment types should be well organized and planned, and social dialogue must be developed between unions and government repre-sentatives and the rules guaranteeing social rights of health workers must be designated to achieve this (ILO, 2017a: 21). Whereas app-roximately 13.7% of total health labor force was employed by provisi-onal contracts in the European Union in 2015, this ratio occurred hig-hest as 27% in Spain and lowest as approximately 6.3% in England. Care service workers among all of these professional health workers have the highest ratio of working with provisional contracts. Poland has the highest ratio of working with provisional contracts as 42% among the care service workers and this ratio is the lowest as 2% in Latvia (ILO, 2017a: 20-21).

Situation of subcontractor workers employed in health institutions stands out among problems that originate from working statue in he-alth sector in Turkey. Subcontractor-major contractor relation is es-tablished at hospitals in terms of performing cleaning and care activi-ties and this type of works are performed by subcontractor workers. These works are not the main works performed at hospitals and have

Page 92: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

44

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

occupation members, who take place in every level, will facilitate operation of health service presentation for effective presentation of health services efficiently in especially countries with dense populati-on (Özaydın and Çevik, 2016: 592). Health personnel will gain quality depending on the quality of education in health field.

Education, vocational training and life-long learning are the most important elements of employability, employment efficiency increa-se, access to decent jobs, and economic growth. Rapid technologic change, demographic transitions, epidemiologic developments, and scientific advancement especially in health sector require constant improvement of health workers. Various researches revealed that present education models are inadequate generally for preparing he-alth workers for their duties. This inadequacy leads to negative out-comes including disconformity in the competencies of health workers according to patient and population needs, poor team work, and per-manent gender stratification in occupational statues, stringent techni-cal specialization without extensive knowledge and comprehension, dominant hospital tendency rather than primary services, and quali-tative and quantitative imbalances in health labor force market (ILO, 2017a: 26-27).

International Labor Organization recommends that the things that need to be done for improving the education system and skills in health should be determined with the collaboration of governments, social entities, and representatives of educational institutions to eli-minate the current problems in education field in health (ILO, 2017a: 26-27). In this context, EPSU and HOSPEEM issued a joint state-ment to support vocational development of health workers. The con-cepts “continuous vocational development” and “life-long learning” stand out in the declaration in line with the documents of World He-alth Organization and International Labor Organization.

Continuous professional development is defined as a process deve-

45

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

loping and expanding knowledge, skills, and competencies of an indi-vidual throughout her/his career in connection with her/his profession and professional needs. In this context, employers are liable to offer continuous professional development opportunities (training and acti-vities) to their workers. Life-long learning, on the other hand, refers to improving knowledge, skills, and abilities by formal and informal edu-cation processes as more expanded than professional development (EPSU and HOSPEEM, 2016: 2).

The primary benefit of continuous professional development and life-long learning for health sector is improvement of the presented service quality. The benefits for workers are facilitation of strategic labor force and career planning, development of team work and ad-ministration skills. EPSU and HOSPEEM indicated that social enti-ties are primarily responsible for offering these opportunities for all health workers. According to this, social entities and health unions have responsibilities for all workers to benefit from education and de-velopment opportunities equally without facing any obstacles such as collaboration with employers for providing appropriate conditions, and preparation and planning of career development and education programs, and playing a role for offering these educations personally in some cases (EPSU and HOSPEEM, 2016: 3).

2.7. Problems Stemming from Statue of Working in Health Sector

Health sector and health labor force can be defined strictly or extensi-vely, and other services can be assessed in the scope of health sec-tor supporting health services and outputs including the other sectors. Health sector employment in this expanded scope is;

• Personnel who were educated in health field and conducted clinical studies in health institutions,

Page 93: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

44

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

occupation members, who take place in every level, will facilitate operation of health service presentation for effective presentation of health services efficiently in especially countries with dense populati-on (Özaydın and Çevik, 2016: 592). Health personnel will gain quality depending on the quality of education in health field.

Education, vocational training and life-long learning are the most important elements of employability, employment efficiency increa-se, access to decent jobs, and economic growth. Rapid technologic change, demographic transitions, epidemiologic developments, and scientific advancement especially in health sector require constant improvement of health workers. Various researches revealed that present education models are inadequate generally for preparing he-alth workers for their duties. This inadequacy leads to negative out-comes including disconformity in the competencies of health workers according to patient and population needs, poor team work, and per-manent gender stratification in occupational statues, stringent techni-cal specialization without extensive knowledge and comprehension, dominant hospital tendency rather than primary services, and quali-tative and quantitative imbalances in health labor force market (ILO, 2017a: 26-27).

International Labor Organization recommends that the things that need to be done for improving the education system and skills in health should be determined with the collaboration of governments, social entities, and representatives of educational institutions to eli-minate the current problems in education field in health (ILO, 2017a: 26-27). In this context, EPSU and HOSPEEM issued a joint state-ment to support vocational development of health workers. The con-cepts “continuous vocational development” and “life-long learning” stand out in the declaration in line with the documents of World He-alth Organization and International Labor Organization.

Continuous professional development is defined as a process deve-

45

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

loping and expanding knowledge, skills, and competencies of an indi-vidual throughout her/his career in connection with her/his profession and professional needs. In this context, employers are liable to offer continuous professional development opportunities (training and acti-vities) to their workers. Life-long learning, on the other hand, refers to improving knowledge, skills, and abilities by formal and informal edu-cation processes as more expanded than professional development (EPSU and HOSPEEM, 2016: 2).

The primary benefit of continuous professional development and life-long learning for health sector is improvement of the presented service quality. The benefits for workers are facilitation of strategic labor force and career planning, development of team work and ad-ministration skills. EPSU and HOSPEEM indicated that social enti-ties are primarily responsible for offering these opportunities for all health workers. According to this, social entities and health unions have responsibilities for all workers to benefit from education and de-velopment opportunities equally without facing any obstacles such as collaboration with employers for providing appropriate conditions, and preparation and planning of career development and education programs, and playing a role for offering these educations personally in some cases (EPSU and HOSPEEM, 2016: 3).

2.7. Problems Stemming from Statue of Working in Health Sector

Health sector and health labor force can be defined strictly or extensi-vely, and other services can be assessed in the scope of health sec-tor supporting health services and outputs including the other sectors. Health sector employment in this expanded scope is;

• Personnel who were educated in health field and conducted clinical studies in health institutions,

Page 94: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

42

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Resource: Sağlık-Sen’s Report on the Workshop of Job Safety and Health and Depreciation of Health Workers, 2013, p. 15

2.5. Occupational Hazards and Job Safety and Health

There are many biologic, physical, chemical, technologic and psychologic risk factors stemming from the feature of health workers and affecting workers. Considering that the fundamental risk source is the works done by workers, it is seen that they encounter work accidents and occupational illnesses more frequently than other workers do (Özaydın, 2015: 15).

Failure to take health and safety measures can take occupational mistakes to a more risky dimension. Hepatitis B, tuberculosis, back and joint pains, varicosity, job stress, musculoskeletal system injuries, violence and maltreatment, and sharp object injuries are the primary

working hours in EU do not exceed 48 hours including overtime. Hence, working

hours and work load will increase considerably for health workers even if these hours

are also included (Sağlık-Sen, 2014: 14).

Table 2: Comparison of Working Hours and Some Work Conditions of Health Workers in the European Union and Turkey

Characteristics European Union Turkey

European Directive of Working Hours (EDWH) numbered 2003/88/EC

Code 2368 on the Principles of Indemnity and Work of Health Personnel

Weekly Work Hours Maximum 48 hours including overtime

45 hours excluding overtime

Reference Period 17 weeks -

Night Shift Maximum 8 hours for a 24-hour period

Variable

Resting A resting period of minimum 11 hours continuously for each 24-hour period, taking minimum 20- minute break in work days lasting more than 6 hours; minimum one day (24 hours) resting period weekly (7 days) excluding the daily resting period

It refers to 657 Civil Servants Law (CSL) concerned with daily work hours. According to 657 CSL, working hours and manners of civil servants working in services that continue 24 hours a day are arranged by institutions after receiving the approval of Prime Ministry, State Personnel Administration (657 CSL, article 101).

Annual Leave It includes a four-week paid annual leave.

For workers who served for 1 year to 10 years, it is 20 days, and for workers who served for more than 10 years, it is 30 days.

Disagreement Case A working period over maximum 48-hour weekly working period may be determined in case the countries want it by including it in their domestic legislation and with the consent of the worker.

-

On-Call Work (Standby duty) Undefined.

AAD has SIMAP and Jager decisions on this issue. These decisions envisage that the entire time in standby duty should be included in the 48-hour limit estimate.

Standby duties are out of the normal work hours (45 hours) and their compensation is paid in full.

43

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

problems that hospital health workers face frequently and it is stated that there is sharp increase in these problems during the recent years (Özkan and Emiroğlu, 2006: 44).

World Health Organization (WHO)’s opinion about the protection of health workers’ occupational health is that health workers are subject to occupational risks at least as much as mining and construction workers and they should be protected from these risks. World Health Organization define biologic hazards, chemical hazards, physical agents, ergonomic agents, and fire and explosion risks as well as psycho-social risks faced with health workers as occupational risks (WHO, http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/hcworkers/en/ , access: 19.10.2017)

Many activities are carried out especially during the recent years to reduce and eliminate occupational illnesses and job accidents originating from work life of health workers and health problems that develop in connection with work. Arrangements for eliminating accidents and risks should be prepared as trainings aiming to inform and raise awareness primarily. Subsequently, taking protective measures against radioactive and chemical substances, efficient struggle with epidemics, and designing health institutions as to minimize work health and safety risks are some of the arrangements to be made on this issue (Özaydın, 2015: 15).

2.6. Training and Professional Improvement

Presentation of health services and planning of health labor force is critical for the future of societies. The occupation takes place in al-most every level in health sector and has a nature requiring different quality. Due to this unique characteristic of health sector, it is expec-ted that workers to be employed in health field should be equipped with adequate knowledge, skills and qualities. Highly qualified health

Page 95: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

42

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Resource: Sağlık-Sen’s Report on the Workshop of Job Safety and Health and Depreciation of Health Workers, 2013, p. 15

2.5. Occupational Hazards and Job Safety and Health

There are many biologic, physical, chemical, technologic and psychologic risk factors stemming from the feature of health workers and affecting workers. Considering that the fundamental risk source is the works done by workers, it is seen that they encounter work accidents and occupational illnesses more frequently than other workers do (Özaydın, 2015: 15).

Failure to take health and safety measures can take occupational mistakes to a more risky dimension. Hepatitis B, tuberculosis, back and joint pains, varicosity, job stress, musculoskeletal system injuries, violence and maltreatment, and sharp object injuries are the primary

working hours in EU do not exceed 48 hours including overtime. Hence, working

hours and work load will increase considerably for health workers even if these hours

are also included (Sağlık-Sen, 2014: 14).

Table 2: Comparison of Working Hours and Some Work Conditions of Health Workers in the European Union and Turkey

Characteristics European Union Turkey

European Directive of Working Hours (EDWH) numbered 2003/88/EC

Code 2368 on the Principles of Indemnity and Work of Health Personnel

Weekly Work Hours Maximum 48 hours including overtime

45 hours excluding overtime

Reference Period 17 weeks -

Night Shift Maximum 8 hours for a 24-hour period

Variable

Resting A resting period of minimum 11 hours continuously for each 24-hour period, taking minimum 20- minute break in work days lasting more than 6 hours; minimum one day (24 hours) resting period weekly (7 days) excluding the daily resting period

It refers to 657 Civil Servants Law (CSL) concerned with daily work hours. According to 657 CSL, working hours and manners of civil servants working in services that continue 24 hours a day are arranged by institutions after receiving the approval of Prime Ministry, State Personnel Administration (657 CSL, article 101).

Annual Leave It includes a four-week paid annual leave.

For workers who served for 1 year to 10 years, it is 20 days, and for workers who served for more than 10 years, it is 30 days.

Disagreement Case A working period over maximum 48-hour weekly working period may be determined in case the countries want it by including it in their domestic legislation and with the consent of the worker.

-

On-Call Work (Standby duty) Undefined.

AAD has SIMAP and Jager decisions on this issue. These decisions envisage that the entire time in standby duty should be included in the 48-hour limit estimate.

Standby duties are out of the normal work hours (45 hours) and their compensation is paid in full.

43

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

problems that hospital health workers face frequently and it is stated that there is sharp increase in these problems during the recent years (Özkan and Emiroğlu, 2006: 44).

World Health Organization (WHO)’s opinion about the protection of health workers’ occupational health is that health workers are subject to occupational risks at least as much as mining and construction workers and they should be protected from these risks. World Health Organization define biologic hazards, chemical hazards, physical agents, ergonomic agents, and fire and explosion risks as well as psycho-social risks faced with health workers as occupational risks (WHO, http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/hcworkers/en/ , access: 19.10.2017)

Many activities are carried out especially during the recent years to reduce and eliminate occupational illnesses and job accidents originating from work life of health workers and health problems that develop in connection with work. Arrangements for eliminating accidents and risks should be prepared as trainings aiming to inform and raise awareness primarily. Subsequently, taking protective measures against radioactive and chemical substances, efficient struggle with epidemics, and designing health institutions as to minimize work health and safety risks are some of the arrangements to be made on this issue (Özaydın, 2015: 15).

2.6. Training and Professional Improvement

Presentation of health services and planning of health labor force is critical for the future of societies. The occupation takes place in al-most every level in health sector and has a nature requiring different quality. Due to this unique characteristic of health sector, it is expec-ted that workers to be employed in health field should be equipped with adequate knowledge, skills and qualities. Highly qualified health

Page 96: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

40

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

urs generally (ILO, 2017a: 29). It is indicated that in line with the increased demand for health services along with the retirement of the present skilled health labor force in time and aging population, manpower deficit in health sector could generate more critical results and have negative effects on working hours (ETUC, t.y.:, 2). Poor manpower planning in health sector or problems that could be expe-rienced during education-employment relationship forming escalate manpower deficit in health sector and cause pressure on working hours.

On the other hand, considering the statistics, comparison of working hours in European Union countries by sectors shows that working hours in health sector do not differ substantially from those of the ot-her sectors. It can be thought that there are two reasons for that. The first one is that legal working hours in many of the European Union countries are determined as 40-48 hours weekly and maximum 10 hours daily. The second reason is the working hours not reflected and seen in the surveys and researches. Especially unions and other worker organizations indicate that works of health personnel working overtime or on weekends are not reflected in official records.

Figure 14: Weekly Working Hours by Sectors in EU 28 Countries, 2015 (%)

Resource: Usual weekly working hours by employment status, occupation, sector, and workplace size, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 55.

Resource: Usual weekly working hours by employment status, occupation, sector, and workplace size, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 55.

A research conducted by EPSU in 2009 determined some tendencies about working

hours in health sector. According to this, there was very little reduction possible in

working hours and working hours did not change considerably in health sector by

collective meetings since 2003. Another determination was that “zero time

agreements” started to be seen in assisted services, in other words, registered

services in health services (ETUC, t.y.:7).

Different methods are applied for organization of working hours in health sector.

International Labor Organization gathered these methods, which will improve worker

performance and support quality service provision in the institutions, under four

headings as constricted work weeks, improved turn of duty systems, part-time

working and turn of duty appropriate to biologic balance of workers (ILO, 2015: 5).

European directive of working hours is a prominent regulation aiming to determine

minimum health and safety needs for organizing working hours of workers in the

world considering it in terms of labor legislation. According to this legislation, weekly

22 6 9

19 8 7 8

23 17

22

8 5

4 13

8 12 12

23 24 14

26 67

54 40

52 55

68 41

46 41

6 8

11 9

10 11

6 7 6

8

37 14

23 19

21 15

7 7 8

14

020406080100120

AgricultureIndustry

ConstructionTrading and Services

TransportationFinancial Services

Public AdministrationEducation

HealthOther Services

Weekly Working Hours by Sectors in EU 28 Countries, 2015 (%)

Less Than 20 Hours21-34 Hours35-40 Hours41-47 HoursMore Than 48 Hours

41

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

A research conducted by EPSU in 2009 determined some tendencies about working hours in health sector. According to this, there was very little reduction possible in working hours and working hours did not change considerably in health sector by collective meetings since 2003. Another determination was that “zero time agreements” started to be seen in assisted services, in other words, registered services in health services (ETUC, t.y.:7).

Different methods are applied for organization of working hours in health sector. International Labor Organization gathered these met-hods, which will improve worker performance and support quality ser-vice provision in the institutions, under four headings as constricted work weeks, improved turn of duty systems, part-time working and turn of duty appropriate to biologic balance of workers (ILO, 2015: 5).

European directive of working hours is a prominent regulation aiming to determine minimum health and safety needs for organizing wor-king hours of workers in the world considering it in terms of labor le-gislation. According to this legislation, weekly working hours in EU do not exceed 48 hours including overtime. Hence, working hours and work load will increase considerably for health workers even if these hours are also included (Sağlık-Sen, 2014: 14).

Table 2: Comparison of Working Hours and Some Work Conditions of Health Workers in the European Union and Turkey

working hours in EU do not exceed 48 hours including overtime. Hence, working

hours and work load will increase considerably for health workers even if these hours

are also included (Sağlık-Sen, 2014: 14).

Table 2: Comparison of Working Hours and Some Work Conditions of Health Workers in the European Union and Turkey

Characteristics European Union Turkey

European Directive of Working Hours (EDWH) numbered 2003/88/EC

Code 2368 on the Principles of Indemnity and Work of Health Personnel

Weekly Work Hours Maximum 48 hours including overtime

45 hours excluding overtime

Reference Period 17 weeks -

Night Shift Maximum 8 hours for a 24-hour period

Variable

Resting A resting period of minimum 11 hours continuously for each 24-hour period, taking minimum 20- minute break in work days lasting more than 6 hours; minimum one day (24 hours) resting period weekly (7 days) excluding the daily resting period

It refers to 657 Civil Servants Law (CSL) concerned with daily work hours. According to 657 CSL, working hours and manners of civil servants working in services that continue 24 hours a day are arranged by institutions after receiving the approval of Prime Ministry, State Personnel Administration (657 CSL, article 101).

Annual Leave It includes a four-week paid annual leave.

For workers who served for 1 year to 10 years, it is 20 days, and for workers who served for more than 10 years, it is 30 days.

Disagreement Case A working period over maximum 48-hour weekly working period may be determined in case the countries want it by including it in their domestic legislation and with the consent of the worker.

-

On-Call Work (Standby duty) Undefined.

AAD has SIMAP and Jager decisions on this issue. These decisions envisage that the entire time in standby duty should be included in the 48-hour limit estimate.

Standby duties are out of the normal work hours (45 hours) and their compensation is paid in full.

Page 97: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

40

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

urs generally (ILO, 2017a: 29). It is indicated that in line with the increased demand for health services along with the retirement of the present skilled health labor force in time and aging population, manpower deficit in health sector could generate more critical results and have negative effects on working hours (ETUC, t.y.:, 2). Poor manpower planning in health sector or problems that could be expe-rienced during education-employment relationship forming escalate manpower deficit in health sector and cause pressure on working hours.

On the other hand, considering the statistics, comparison of working hours in European Union countries by sectors shows that working hours in health sector do not differ substantially from those of the ot-her sectors. It can be thought that there are two reasons for that. The first one is that legal working hours in many of the European Union countries are determined as 40-48 hours weekly and maximum 10 hours daily. The second reason is the working hours not reflected and seen in the surveys and researches. Especially unions and other worker organizations indicate that works of health personnel working overtime or on weekends are not reflected in official records.

Figure 14: Weekly Working Hours by Sectors in EU 28 Countries, 2015 (%)

Resource: Usual weekly working hours by employment status, occupation, sector, and workplace size, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 55.

Resource: Usual weekly working hours by employment status, occupation, sector, and workplace size, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 55.

A research conducted by EPSU in 2009 determined some tendencies about working

hours in health sector. According to this, there was very little reduction possible in

working hours and working hours did not change considerably in health sector by

collective meetings since 2003. Another determination was that “zero time

agreements” started to be seen in assisted services, in other words, registered

services in health services (ETUC, t.y.:7).

Different methods are applied for organization of working hours in health sector.

International Labor Organization gathered these methods, which will improve worker

performance and support quality service provision in the institutions, under four

headings as constricted work weeks, improved turn of duty systems, part-time

working and turn of duty appropriate to biologic balance of workers (ILO, 2015: 5).

European directive of working hours is a prominent regulation aiming to determine

minimum health and safety needs for organizing working hours of workers in the

world considering it in terms of labor legislation. According to this legislation, weekly

22 6 9

19 8 7 8

23 17

22

8 5

4 13

8 12 12

23 24 14

26 67

54 40

52 55

68 41

46 41

6 8

11 9

10 11

6 7 6

8

37 14

23 19

21 15

7 7 8

14

020406080100120

AgricultureIndustry

ConstructionTrading and Services

TransportationFinancial Services

Public AdministrationEducation

HealthOther Services

Weekly Working Hours by Sectors in EU 28 Countries, 2015 (%)

Less Than 20 Hours21-34 Hours35-40 Hours41-47 HoursMore Than 48 Hours

41

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

A research conducted by EPSU in 2009 determined some tendencies about working hours in health sector. According to this, there was very little reduction possible in working hours and working hours did not change considerably in health sector by collective meetings since 2003. Another determination was that “zero time agreements” started to be seen in assisted services, in other words, registered services in health services (ETUC, t.y.:7).

Different methods are applied for organization of working hours in health sector. International Labor Organization gathered these met-hods, which will improve worker performance and support quality ser-vice provision in the institutions, under four headings as constricted work weeks, improved turn of duty systems, part-time working and turn of duty appropriate to biologic balance of workers (ILO, 2015: 5).

European directive of working hours is a prominent regulation aiming to determine minimum health and safety needs for organizing wor-king hours of workers in the world considering it in terms of labor le-gislation. According to this legislation, weekly working hours in EU do not exceed 48 hours including overtime. Hence, working hours and work load will increase considerably for health workers even if these hours are also included (Sağlık-Sen, 2014: 14).

Table 2: Comparison of Working Hours and Some Work Conditions of Health Workers in the European Union and Turkey

working hours in EU do not exceed 48 hours including overtime. Hence, working

hours and work load will increase considerably for health workers even if these hours

are also included (Sağlık-Sen, 2014: 14).

Table 2: Comparison of Working Hours and Some Work Conditions of Health Workers in the European Union and Turkey

Characteristics European Union Turkey

European Directive of Working Hours (EDWH) numbered 2003/88/EC

Code 2368 on the Principles of Indemnity and Work of Health Personnel

Weekly Work Hours Maximum 48 hours including overtime

45 hours excluding overtime

Reference Period 17 weeks -

Night Shift Maximum 8 hours for a 24-hour period

Variable

Resting A resting period of minimum 11 hours continuously for each 24-hour period, taking minimum 20- minute break in work days lasting more than 6 hours; minimum one day (24 hours) resting period weekly (7 days) excluding the daily resting period

It refers to 657 Civil Servants Law (CSL) concerned with daily work hours. According to 657 CSL, working hours and manners of civil servants working in services that continue 24 hours a day are arranged by institutions after receiving the approval of Prime Ministry, State Personnel Administration (657 CSL, article 101).

Annual Leave It includes a four-week paid annual leave.

For workers who served for 1 year to 10 years, it is 20 days, and for workers who served for more than 10 years, it is 30 days.

Disagreement Case A working period over maximum 48-hour weekly working period may be determined in case the countries want it by including it in their domestic legislation and with the consent of the worker.

-

On-Call Work (Standby duty) Undefined.

AAD has SIMAP and Jager decisions on this issue. These decisions envisage that the entire time in standby duty should be included in the 48-hour limit estimate.

Standby duties are out of the normal work hours (45 hours) and their compensation is paid in full.

Page 98: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

38

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

According to the “Survey of Violence against Health Workers” con-ducted by Sağlık-Sen in 2013, 23.7% of health workers were subject to physical violence during the last one year. On the other hand, the ratio of workers who were subject to verbal/psychologic violence was 98.3%. It was revealed that sexual assault occurred in 5.2% of them (Sağlık Sen, 2013: 56-58). In the conducted survey, it was reported that women workers were violence victims more than men. Nearly 32% of women personnel working in health field stated that they were subject to violence at least once in their professional life (Sağlık-Sen, 2013: 74).

There are generally two methods emerging in measures to be ta-ken against violence. The first of these measures is small-size me-asures at the patient and worker level, and the second one is large size measures concerning the hospitals. In the first group, there are contemporary methods including close observation of patients, refer-ring to their detailed stories, learning the ways to struggle with stress for approach to patients, and effective dialogue as well as traditional methods including limitation, isolation, and drug treatment. Conside-ring the large-size measures concerned with the hospitals, effective safety trainings, appropriate reporting systems, and using high level safety tools are remarkable methods (Annagür, 2010: 167).

2.4. Working Hours in Health Sector

Hours spent at workplace by workers have been one of the important dispute and struggle areas between workers and employers since the first years of the Industrial Revolution, which is considered as the start of modern working relations. Improvements experienced in the democratic rights and organized strength of workers in time were able to reduce working hours to their current levels. However, working hours in some sectors are still continuing to be discussed

39

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

today as a requirement of the job or service. Health sector comes first among these sectors where uninterrupted service provision is neces-sary due to its property touching human life. Health service has to be provided 7 days 24 hours continuously due to its nature. Arrangement of working hours appropriately in health sector is an issue concerning not only the workers since long working hours have a characteristic not only affecting health workers but also social sections benefiting from health services.

The approach of International Labor Organization for arrangement of working hours has a decent job perspective. According to this, working hours, which support worker health and safety, supporting gender equality, family friend, and improving efficiency and perfor-mance of institutions and at the same time giving a selection chance to workers about the issue of working hours, is defined as “decent working hours”. In this context, forming working hours to support wor-ker health and safety and work-life balance, and on the other hand, to improve efficiency of institutions, in other words, to improve patient satisfaction is defined as one of the most prominent hardships that health sector needs to overcome (ILO, 2017a: 29).

Maximum working hours to be worked weekly and daily are arran-ged by laws in many countries. Nevertheless, structural components of the health system affect organization of working hours. The orga-nization culture, hierarchy system, administration capacity, and the presence of a consultation mechanism for determining working hours are listed as structural factors effective on organization of working hours (Messenger and Vidal, 2015: 22). As it is indicated that the con-sultation mechanism operates by means of unions generally and by collective agreements, it is important that this mechanism operates for communicating worker demands and expectations to the admi-nistration especially in organizations where strict hierarchic structures exist (Messenger and Vidal, 2015: 24-25).

Manpower deficit occurring in health sector in line with the aging po-pulation in Europe causes the current personnel to work longer ho-

Page 99: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

38

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

According to the “Survey of Violence against Health Workers” con-ducted by Sağlık-Sen in 2013, 23.7% of health workers were subject to physical violence during the last one year. On the other hand, the ratio of workers who were subject to verbal/psychologic violence was 98.3%. It was revealed that sexual assault occurred in 5.2% of them (Sağlık Sen, 2013: 56-58). In the conducted survey, it was reported that women workers were violence victims more than men. Nearly 32% of women personnel working in health field stated that they were subject to violence at least once in their professional life (Sağlık-Sen, 2013: 74).

There are generally two methods emerging in measures to be ta-ken against violence. The first of these measures is small-size me-asures at the patient and worker level, and the second one is large size measures concerning the hospitals. In the first group, there are contemporary methods including close observation of patients, refer-ring to their detailed stories, learning the ways to struggle with stress for approach to patients, and effective dialogue as well as traditional methods including limitation, isolation, and drug treatment. Conside-ring the large-size measures concerned with the hospitals, effective safety trainings, appropriate reporting systems, and using high level safety tools are remarkable methods (Annagür, 2010: 167).

2.4. Working Hours in Health Sector

Hours spent at workplace by workers have been one of the important dispute and struggle areas between workers and employers since the first years of the Industrial Revolution, which is considered as the start of modern working relations. Improvements experienced in the democratic rights and organized strength of workers in time were able to reduce working hours to their current levels. However, working hours in some sectors are still continuing to be discussed

39

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

today as a requirement of the job or service. Health sector comes first among these sectors where uninterrupted service provision is neces-sary due to its property touching human life. Health service has to be provided 7 days 24 hours continuously due to its nature. Arrangement of working hours appropriately in health sector is an issue concerning not only the workers since long working hours have a characteristic not only affecting health workers but also social sections benefiting from health services.

The approach of International Labor Organization for arrangement of working hours has a decent job perspective. According to this, working hours, which support worker health and safety, supporting gender equality, family friend, and improving efficiency and perfor-mance of institutions and at the same time giving a selection chance to workers about the issue of working hours, is defined as “decent working hours”. In this context, forming working hours to support wor-ker health and safety and work-life balance, and on the other hand, to improve efficiency of institutions, in other words, to improve patient satisfaction is defined as one of the most prominent hardships that health sector needs to overcome (ILO, 2017a: 29).

Maximum working hours to be worked weekly and daily are arran-ged by laws in many countries. Nevertheless, structural components of the health system affect organization of working hours. The orga-nization culture, hierarchy system, administration capacity, and the presence of a consultation mechanism for determining working hours are listed as structural factors effective on organization of working hours (Messenger and Vidal, 2015: 22). As it is indicated that the con-sultation mechanism operates by means of unions generally and by collective agreements, it is important that this mechanism operates for communicating worker demands and expectations to the admi-nistration especially in organizations where strict hierarchic structures exist (Messenger and Vidal, 2015: 24-25).

Manpower deficit occurring in health sector in line with the aging po-pulation in Europe causes the current personnel to work longer ho-

Page 100: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

36

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

or sexual assault forming risk for health worker and coming from the patient, patient’s next of kin or another person” (Annagür, 2010: 162).

Violence has spread considerably throughout the world during the recent years and almost become a part of social life. It is inevitable that violence incidences that affect the entire society also affect wor-king life. In this context, the violence phenomenon in health sector emerges as a critical problem. Sector-based analyses conducted in working life show that health sector is affected by violence primarily. Health workers have become the greatest target of workplace vio-lence (İlhan et al, 2013: 6). Conducted studies showed that health workers were at risk more than the workers in other fields. In this con-text, it is reported that workers in health field were at violence risk 16 times more in comparison to the workers in other fields (for example, guardians, policemen, bank employers) (İlhan et al, 2013: 6).

There are many studies conducted on violence directed against pro-fessionals in health sector. International Labor Organization and In-ternational Council of Nurses and Public Services wanted to call at-tention and present solutions for problems experienced on this issue in their report issued in 2002. The report had zero tolerance approach to violence against health workers and indicated that more than 50% of workers in health sector were subject to threat, verbal or physical violence, sexual assault or similar disturbing behavior. On the other hand, women dominant employment structure of health sector re-quires that workplace violence should be tackled in terms of social gender as well. Women work at jobs with low statue and for low wa-ges and this may render them defenseless against violence. Hence, health institutions should develop policies to protect women from so-cial and cultural pressures and encourage them to assert their rights (ILO, 2014: 85-86).

37

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Unions also have important tasks regarding violence that emerges in health field. It is possible that workplace union representatives can be examples with their own behavior with zero tolerance approach towards workplace violence in health sector, and on the other hand, unions can pressurize law makers and institution administrators for zero tolerance against violence. Development of measures to be ta-ken against violence directed to health workers will increase the suc-cess chance of practices. Research conducted on this subject reve-aled that violence experienced in hospitals dropped nearly 30% with the implementation of measures that are prepared with the collabora-tion of administrators and worker representatives (ILO, 2014: 86-89).

According to the Survey of Working Conditions in Europe conduc-ted by EUROFOUND, the ratio of workers who were subject to any type of violence was the highest in health sector among the workers employed both in private sector and public services. According to the survey, health workers are distinguished from other public officials in terms of the high rates of being subject to verbal and physical violen-ce.

Figure 13: The Ratios of Violence that Workers in Public Sector were Subject to in EU 28 Countries, 2016 (%)

Resource: Adverse social behaviour (ASB) by sector, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 70.

Figure 13: The Ratios of Violence that Workers in Public Sector were Subject to in EU 28 Countries, 2016 (%)

Resource: Adverse social behaviour (ASB) by sector, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 70.

According to the “Survey of Violence against Health Workers” conducted by Sağlık-

Sen in 2013, 23.7% of health workers were subject to physical violence during the

last one year. On the other hand, the ratio of workers who were subject to

verbal/psychologic violence was 98.3%. It was revealed that sexual assault occurred

in 5.2% of them (Sağlık Sen, 2013: 56-58). In the conducted survey, it was reported

that women workers were violence victims more than men. Nearly 32% of women

personnel working in health field stated that they were subject to violence at least

once in their professional life (Sağlık-Sen, 2013: 74).

There are generally two methods emerging in measures to be taken against violence.

The first of these measures is small-size measures at the patient and worker level,

and the second one is large size measures concerning the hospitals. In the first

group, there are contemporary methods including close observation of patients,

referring to their detailed stories, learning the ways to struggle with stress for

approach to patients, and effective dialogue as well as traditional methods including

limitation, isolation, and drug treatment. Considering the large-size measures

20

2 3,5

7

2,4 4,4

11

2,8 2 2 3 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Verbal AssaultSexual AssaultThreatPhysical Violence

The Ratios of Violence that Workers in Public Sector were Subject to in EU 28 Countries,

2016 (%)

HealthPublic AdministrationEducation

Page 101: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

36

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

or sexual assault forming risk for health worker and coming from the patient, patient’s next of kin or another person” (Annagür, 2010: 162).

Violence has spread considerably throughout the world during the recent years and almost become a part of social life. It is inevitable that violence incidences that affect the entire society also affect wor-king life. In this context, the violence phenomenon in health sector emerges as a critical problem. Sector-based analyses conducted in working life show that health sector is affected by violence primarily. Health workers have become the greatest target of workplace vio-lence (İlhan et al, 2013: 6). Conducted studies showed that health workers were at risk more than the workers in other fields. In this con-text, it is reported that workers in health field were at violence risk 16 times more in comparison to the workers in other fields (for example, guardians, policemen, bank employers) (İlhan et al, 2013: 6).

There are many studies conducted on violence directed against pro-fessionals in health sector. International Labor Organization and In-ternational Council of Nurses and Public Services wanted to call at-tention and present solutions for problems experienced on this issue in their report issued in 2002. The report had zero tolerance approach to violence against health workers and indicated that more than 50% of workers in health sector were subject to threat, verbal or physical violence, sexual assault or similar disturbing behavior. On the other hand, women dominant employment structure of health sector re-quires that workplace violence should be tackled in terms of social gender as well. Women work at jobs with low statue and for low wa-ges and this may render them defenseless against violence. Hence, health institutions should develop policies to protect women from so-cial and cultural pressures and encourage them to assert their rights (ILO, 2014: 85-86).

37

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Unions also have important tasks regarding violence that emerges in health field. It is possible that workplace union representatives can be examples with their own behavior with zero tolerance approach towards workplace violence in health sector, and on the other hand, unions can pressurize law makers and institution administrators for zero tolerance against violence. Development of measures to be ta-ken against violence directed to health workers will increase the suc-cess chance of practices. Research conducted on this subject reve-aled that violence experienced in hospitals dropped nearly 30% with the implementation of measures that are prepared with the collabora-tion of administrators and worker representatives (ILO, 2014: 86-89).

According to the Survey of Working Conditions in Europe conduc-ted by EUROFOUND, the ratio of workers who were subject to any type of violence was the highest in health sector among the workers employed both in private sector and public services. According to the survey, health workers are distinguished from other public officials in terms of the high rates of being subject to verbal and physical violen-ce.

Figure 13: The Ratios of Violence that Workers in Public Sector were Subject to in EU 28 Countries, 2016 (%)

Resource: Adverse social behaviour (ASB) by sector, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 70.

Figure 13: The Ratios of Violence that Workers in Public Sector were Subject to in EU 28 Countries, 2016 (%)

Resource: Adverse social behaviour (ASB) by sector, EU28 (%). EUROFOUND, (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 70.

According to the “Survey of Violence against Health Workers” conducted by Sağlık-

Sen in 2013, 23.7% of health workers were subject to physical violence during the

last one year. On the other hand, the ratio of workers who were subject to

verbal/psychologic violence was 98.3%. It was revealed that sexual assault occurred

in 5.2% of them (Sağlık Sen, 2013: 56-58). In the conducted survey, it was reported

that women workers were violence victims more than men. Nearly 32% of women

personnel working in health field stated that they were subject to violence at least

once in their professional life (Sağlık-Sen, 2013: 74).

There are generally two methods emerging in measures to be taken against violence.

The first of these measures is small-size measures at the patient and worker level,

and the second one is large size measures concerning the hospitals. In the first

group, there are contemporary methods including close observation of patients,

referring to their detailed stories, learning the ways to struggle with stress for

approach to patients, and effective dialogue as well as traditional methods including

limitation, isolation, and drug treatment. Considering the large-size measures

20

2 3,5

7

2,4 4,4

11

2,8 2 2 3 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Verbal AssaultSexual AssaultThreatPhysical Violence

The Ratios of Violence that Workers in Public Sector were Subject to in EU 28 Countries,

2016 (%)

HealthPublic AdministrationEducation

Page 102: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

34

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

health personnel escalated as well. Family unity of women who work in health field disintegrates due to harsh working conditions and the turn of duty practices including night shifts, and anxiety of women about their family escalates. Since health sector is required to provi-de uninterrupted service (especially assistant physicians, nurses and obstetricians primarily), the turn of duty can reach to a substantial density during the working period due to personnel shortage. This si-tuation has a quite negative effect on women health workers morally and reduces the work efficiency of workers and work quality. Accor-ding to the outcomes of the “Survey of Socio-Demographic Statue Determination and Burnout of Health Workers” conducted by Sağlık-Sen in 2012, the increase in the turn of duty leads to an increase in emotional burnout of health personnel (Özaydın, 2015: 13-14).

On the other hand, policies for obligatory service and employment of contract personnel practiced by the Ministry of Health affect he-althcare professionals substantially. These practices established to take health service to the entire country can cause to negative effects sometimes on the family life of healthcare professionals. As a result of these practices, healthcare personnel may be separated from the-ir family frequently and their anxiety about their family may elevate even further. Conducted researches showed that women healthcare professionals were subject to stress more and had “primary emotio-nal disorder” due to marriage and childcare. Moreover, they revealed that women healthcare professionals, who were busy with patientca-re and services at workplace, spent less time for themselves becau-se of dealing with family and childcare and services at home as well (Özaydın, 2015: 14).

Considering the statistics on health service branch in Turkey, it is seen that women make up the majority of professionals in this field. The same situation reflects on the unionism rates as well. The fol-lowing table shows that women in Turkey unionized in health and

35

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

social services field more than men did. This situation is one of the aspects to be emphasized significantly for policies to be formed on health labor force.

Figure 12: The Number of Public Officials who Are the Member of a Union in Health and Social Services Field in Turkey, 2015-2016

Resource: ÇSBG, Union statistics

2.3. Violence Directed against Health Professionals

One of the outstanding problems and threats seen in health sector today is any type of “violence” act committed against health profes-sionals. World Health Organization defines violence as “commitment of physical coercion, use of force or threat for a purpose directed to himself/herself, a group or community that could lead to death, injuri-es, mental damage, and developmental disorder”. Violence in health field can be defined as “verbal or behavioral threat, physical assault

Resource: ÇSBG, Union statistics

2.3. Violence Directed against Health Professionals

One of the outstanding problems and threats seen in health sector today is any type

of “violence” act committed against health professionals. World Health Organization

defines violence as “commitment of physical coercion, use of force or threat for a

purpose directed to himself/herself, a group or community that could lead to death,

injuries, mental damage, and developmental disorder”. Violence in health field can be

defined as “verbal or behavioral threat, physical assault or sexual assault forming risk

for health worker and coming from the patient, patient’s next of kin or another person”

(Annagür, 2010: 162).

Violence has spread considerably throughout the world during the recent years and

almost become a part of social life. It is inevitable that violence incidences that affect

the entire society also affect working life. In this context, the violence phenomenon in

health sector emerges as a critical problem. Sector-based analyses conducted in

working life show that health sector is affected by violence primarily. Health workers

have become the greatest target of workplace violence (İlhan et al, 2013: 6).

157,975 163,988

208,255 217,09

0

50

100

150

200

250

20152016

The Number of Public Officials who Are the Member of a Union in Health and Social

Services Field in Turkey

MaleFemale

Page 103: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

34

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

health personnel escalated as well. Family unity of women who work in health field disintegrates due to harsh working conditions and the turn of duty practices including night shifts, and anxiety of women about their family escalates. Since health sector is required to provi-de uninterrupted service (especially assistant physicians, nurses and obstetricians primarily), the turn of duty can reach to a substantial density during the working period due to personnel shortage. This si-tuation has a quite negative effect on women health workers morally and reduces the work efficiency of workers and work quality. Accor-ding to the outcomes of the “Survey of Socio-Demographic Statue Determination and Burnout of Health Workers” conducted by Sağlık-Sen in 2012, the increase in the turn of duty leads to an increase in emotional burnout of health personnel (Özaydın, 2015: 13-14).

On the other hand, policies for obligatory service and employment of contract personnel practiced by the Ministry of Health affect he-althcare professionals substantially. These practices established to take health service to the entire country can cause to negative effects sometimes on the family life of healthcare professionals. As a result of these practices, healthcare personnel may be separated from the-ir family frequently and their anxiety about their family may elevate even further. Conducted researches showed that women healthcare professionals were subject to stress more and had “primary emotio-nal disorder” due to marriage and childcare. Moreover, they revealed that women healthcare professionals, who were busy with patientca-re and services at workplace, spent less time for themselves becau-se of dealing with family and childcare and services at home as well (Özaydın, 2015: 14).

Considering the statistics on health service branch in Turkey, it is seen that women make up the majority of professionals in this field. The same situation reflects on the unionism rates as well. The fol-lowing table shows that women in Turkey unionized in health and

35

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

social services field more than men did. This situation is one of the aspects to be emphasized significantly for policies to be formed on health labor force.

Figure 12: The Number of Public Officials who Are the Member of a Union in Health and Social Services Field in Turkey, 2015-2016

Resource: ÇSBG, Union statistics

2.3. Violence Directed against Health Professionals

One of the outstanding problems and threats seen in health sector today is any type of “violence” act committed against health profes-sionals. World Health Organization defines violence as “commitment of physical coercion, use of force or threat for a purpose directed to himself/herself, a group or community that could lead to death, injuri-es, mental damage, and developmental disorder”. Violence in health field can be defined as “verbal or behavioral threat, physical assault

Resource: ÇSBG, Union statistics

2.3. Violence Directed against Health Professionals

One of the outstanding problems and threats seen in health sector today is any type

of “violence” act committed against health professionals. World Health Organization

defines violence as “commitment of physical coercion, use of force or threat for a

purpose directed to himself/herself, a group or community that could lead to death,

injuries, mental damage, and developmental disorder”. Violence in health field can be

defined as “verbal or behavioral threat, physical assault or sexual assault forming risk

for health worker and coming from the patient, patient’s next of kin or another person”

(Annagür, 2010: 162).

Violence has spread considerably throughout the world during the recent years and

almost become a part of social life. It is inevitable that violence incidences that affect

the entire society also affect working life. In this context, the violence phenomenon in

health sector emerges as a critical problem. Sector-based analyses conducted in

working life show that health sector is affected by violence primarily. Health workers

have become the greatest target of workplace violence (İlhan et al, 2013: 6).

157,975 163,988

208,255 217,09

0

50

100

150

200

250

20152016

The Number of Public Officials who Are the Member of a Union in Health and Social

Services Field in Turkey

MaleFemale

Page 104: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

32

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

loyers’ Council) and worker representatives (the Korean Health and Medical Workers’ Union-KHMU) signed a collective agreement follo-wing negotiations that lasted nearly a month. According to this, the parties reached an agreement for creating 500,000 new job oppor-tunities in health sector, improving human resources management systems, abating the quota system introduced to limit the personnel number in public hospitals, and founding a sectorial council consis-ting of employers and worker representatives until the first half of 2018 (KHMU, 2017).

2.2. Women and Family Friend Policies

Health sector is one of the sectors where women labor force is at the maximum level within both public sector and private sector. He-alth sector nestles prime hardships for all personnel due to obligatory service, turn of duty, job safety and health risks, and career difficulti-es and the sector generates deeper effects on women workers who are responsible for maintaining job and family life balance (Özaydın, 2015: 3).

It is purported that participation of women in labor force in Turkey oc-curred during the war time in the 19th century primarily. Participation of women in public services, on the other hand, took place primarily in education and health services fields. Educating women obstetri-cians and nurses started since 1842 and appointment of women in civil service, hospitals and the army accelerated during the World War I years. During the following period, the rights earned in political field with the proclamation of the Republic guaranteed the gains of women in public and work life. During this period, despite it is seen that women took part further in civil service duties, women worked as unpaid family workers in agriculture and focused on their responsibi-lities regarding their traditional family roles since the production type depended on agriculture sector mainly (Özaydın, 2015: 9).

33

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Health sector has a women labor force dominant structure with its labor-intensive property within the service sector. The sector is comp-rised of jobs associated with women such as nursing and midwifery and therefore the sector is feminized (Özaydın, 2015: 12). Figure 11: Comparison of the Ratios of Women Employed in Health and Social Services Sectors and the Total Women Employment Ratios

Resource: ILO, 2017a: 17.

Women’s work is substantially critical in health and social service sec-tor. More than 70% of workers employed in this sector are women globally. This ratio is nearly 1/3 higher than the women’s ratio within the total employment. Even in Arab states, where the lowest ratio is seen among the regions, it is quite remarkable that the share of women in health and social services employment is more than twice of the total employment share. Whereas the share of women in the sector in high income countries is 76.7%, women employment ratios in the low middle and low income countries are at the lowest levels as respectively 46.3% and 47.2% (ILO, 2017a: 17).

In line with the increase tendency experienced in women employment by years, it can be said that the problems experienced by women

Resource: ILO, 2017a: 17.

Women’s work is substantially critical in health and social service sector. More than

70% of workers employed in this sector are women globally. This ratio is nearly 1/3

higher than the women’s ratio within the total employment. Even in Arab states,

where the lowest ratio is seen among the regions, it is quite remarkable that the

share of women in health and social services employment is more than twice of the

total employment share. Whereas the share of women in the sector in high income

countries is 76.7%, women employment ratios in the low middle and low income

countries are at the lowest levels as respectively 46.3% and 47.2% (ILO, 2017a: 17).

In line with the increase tendency experienced in women employment by years, it can

be said that the problems experienced by women health personnel escalated as well.

Family unity of women who work in health field disintegrates due to harsh working

conditions and the turn of duty practices including night shifts, and anxiety of women

about their family escalates. Since health sector is required to provide uninterrupted

service (especially assistant physicians, nurses and obstetricians primarily), the turn

of duty can reach to a substantial density during the working period due to personnel

shortage. This situation has a quite negative effect on women health workers morally

and reduces the work efficiency of workers and work quality. According to the

outcomes of the “Survey of Socio-Demographic Statue Determination and Burnout of

15,6

37,4 39,5 42,2 43,1 45,3 38,3

63,5 70,3

54,1

74 76,8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Arab StatesAsia and PacificWorldAfricaAmericaEurope andCentral Asia

Women Worker Ratios (%)

Total EmploymentHealth and Social Sector Employment

Page 105: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

32

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

loyers’ Council) and worker representatives (the Korean Health and Medical Workers’ Union-KHMU) signed a collective agreement follo-wing negotiations that lasted nearly a month. According to this, the parties reached an agreement for creating 500,000 new job oppor-tunities in health sector, improving human resources management systems, abating the quota system introduced to limit the personnel number in public hospitals, and founding a sectorial council consis-ting of employers and worker representatives until the first half of 2018 (KHMU, 2017).

2.2. Women and Family Friend Policies

Health sector is one of the sectors where women labor force is at the maximum level within both public sector and private sector. He-alth sector nestles prime hardships for all personnel due to obligatory service, turn of duty, job safety and health risks, and career difficulti-es and the sector generates deeper effects on women workers who are responsible for maintaining job and family life balance (Özaydın, 2015: 3).

It is purported that participation of women in labor force in Turkey oc-curred during the war time in the 19th century primarily. Participation of women in public services, on the other hand, took place primarily in education and health services fields. Educating women obstetri-cians and nurses started since 1842 and appointment of women in civil service, hospitals and the army accelerated during the World War I years. During the following period, the rights earned in political field with the proclamation of the Republic guaranteed the gains of women in public and work life. During this period, despite it is seen that women took part further in civil service duties, women worked as unpaid family workers in agriculture and focused on their responsibi-lities regarding their traditional family roles since the production type depended on agriculture sector mainly (Özaydın, 2015: 9).

33

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Health sector has a women labor force dominant structure with its labor-intensive property within the service sector. The sector is comp-rised of jobs associated with women such as nursing and midwifery and therefore the sector is feminized (Özaydın, 2015: 12). Figure 11: Comparison of the Ratios of Women Employed in Health and Social Services Sectors and the Total Women Employment Ratios

Resource: ILO, 2017a: 17.

Women’s work is substantially critical in health and social service sec-tor. More than 70% of workers employed in this sector are women globally. This ratio is nearly 1/3 higher than the women’s ratio within the total employment. Even in Arab states, where the lowest ratio is seen among the regions, it is quite remarkable that the share of women in health and social services employment is more than twice of the total employment share. Whereas the share of women in the sector in high income countries is 76.7%, women employment ratios in the low middle and low income countries are at the lowest levels as respectively 46.3% and 47.2% (ILO, 2017a: 17).

In line with the increase tendency experienced in women employment by years, it can be said that the problems experienced by women

Resource: ILO, 2017a: 17.

Women’s work is substantially critical in health and social service sector. More than

70% of workers employed in this sector are women globally. This ratio is nearly 1/3

higher than the women’s ratio within the total employment. Even in Arab states,

where the lowest ratio is seen among the regions, it is quite remarkable that the

share of women in health and social services employment is more than twice of the

total employment share. Whereas the share of women in the sector in high income

countries is 76.7%, women employment ratios in the low middle and low income

countries are at the lowest levels as respectively 46.3% and 47.2% (ILO, 2017a: 17).

In line with the increase tendency experienced in women employment by years, it can

be said that the problems experienced by women health personnel escalated as well.

Family unity of women who work in health field disintegrates due to harsh working

conditions and the turn of duty practices including night shifts, and anxiety of women

about their family escalates. Since health sector is required to provide uninterrupted

service (especially assistant physicians, nurses and obstetricians primarily), the turn

of duty can reach to a substantial density during the working period due to personnel

shortage. This situation has a quite negative effect on women health workers morally

and reduces the work efficiency of workers and work quality. According to the

outcomes of the “Survey of Socio-Demographic Statue Determination and Burnout of

15,6

37,4 39,5 42,2 43,1 45,3 38,3

63,5 70,3

54,1

74 76,8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Arab StatesAsia and PacificWorldAfricaAmericaEurope andCentral Asia

Women Worker Ratios (%)

Total EmploymentHealth and Social Sector Employment

Page 106: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

30

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

sector and dialogue mechanisms will form the fundamental source of both personnel satisfaction and satisfaction of persons who are to benefit from services.

It is possible to say that one of the most efficient application areas of social dialogue in health sector is the European Union. The social dialogue committee of hospital and healthcare sector, established in the European Commission body by EPSU and HOSPEEM together, is one of the most tangible successes for forming social dialogue in this field. The efforts of health employers and unions to generate a social dialogue environment in Europe by the end of 1990s started to show their effect and it was recognized as the Social Partner in the Hospital Sector Social Dialogue as well as Federation of European Public Services Unions (EPSU) by Association of Hospital and Healthcare Employers of Europe (HOSPEEM) founded in 2005, and by the European Commission in 2006. HOSPEEM had 14 full members and 4 members with observer status operating in various European countries by the end of 2016, and acted as a mediator throughout the continent as a social partner for the voice of health employers to be heard at the highest level within European institutions (HOSPEEM, 2016: 4-7).

The issues on which EPSU and HOSPEEM collaborate are indicated as work safety and health, hiring manpower and keeping them at the job, development of opportunities for professional improvement and life-long learning for health professionals, strengthening of social dialogue throughout Europe in hospital and healthcare sector, ensuring information and experience exchange between institutions represented by social partners, and affecting and contributing to development of legislative acts and policies concerned with the field throughout the European Union (European Commission, access: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, 08.10.2017). The following table outlines the successful social dialogue attempts of these two organizations according to historical ranking.

31

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Table 1: Social Dialogue Attempts of EPSU and HOSPEEM

Resource: European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, access: 14.10.2017.

SAnother successful social dialogue example in health field is from South Korea. Unionism actions and organization levels increased in line with democratization in 1987 historically in South Korea and yet, unionistic density did not reach high levels as much as in Western European countries and negotiation and collective bargaining proces-ses did not pass the business level until 1997/98 economic crisis. Foundation of a commission consisting of the government, employers and worker representatives for taking measures against the econo-mic crisis made up the first example of social dialogue in South Korea (Kim, 2017: 135).

The first social dialogue took place in health sector in South Korea in 2017 and it led to positive results for all parties. The government rep-resentatives, employer representatives (the Healthcare Sector Emp-

form the fundamental source of both personnel satisfaction and satisfaction of

persons who are to benefit from services.

It is possible to say that one of the most efficient application areas of social dialogue

in health sector is the European Union. The social dialogue committee of hospital

and healthcare sector, established in the European Commission body by EPSU and

HOSPEEM together, is one of the most tangible successes for forming social

dialogue in this field. The efforts of health employers and unions to generate a social

dialogue environment in Europe by the end of 1990s started to show their effect and

it was recognized as the Social Partner in the Hospital Sector Social Dialogue as well

as Federation of European Public Services Unions (EPSU) by Association of Hospital

and Healthcare Employers of Europe (HOSPEEM) founded in 2005, and by the

European Commission in 2006. HOSPEEM had 14 full members and 4 members

with observer status operating in various European countries by the end of 2016, and

acted as a mediator throughout the continent as a social partner for the voice of

health employers to be heard at the highest level within European institutions

(HOSPEEM, 2016: 4-7).

The issues on which EPSU and HOSPEEM collaborate are indicated as work safety

and health, hiring manpower and keeping them at the job, development of

opportunities for professional improvement and life-long learning for health

professionals, strengthening of social dialogue throughout Europe in hospital and

healthcare sector, ensuring information and experience exchange between

institutions represented by social partners, and affecting and contributing to

development of legislative acts and policies concerned with the field throughout the

European Union (European Commission, access:

http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en,

08.10.2017). The following table outlines the successful social dialogue attempts of

these two organizations according to historical ranking.

Table 1: Social Dialogue Attempts of EPSU and HOSPEEM

Social Dialogue Attempts of EPSU and HOSPEEM 2008 Development of ethical behavior code for cross-border hiring

2009 Framework agreement for prevention of severe injuries

2010 Principles concerned with violence and harassment faced by health

professionals

2010 Action Framework for Hiring and Keeping at the Job

2011 A joint statement concerned with the EU Directive for recognition of

professional competencies

2012 A joint report on the ethical behavior code for cross-border hiring

2012 A joint statement concerned with the Health Manpower Action Plan of

Europe

2013 Good practices and principles concerned with aging manpower

2014 A joint statement concerned with the new EU job safety and health policy

framework

2015 A joint follow-up report on the Hiring and Keeping at the Job Action

Framework of HOSPEEM and EPSU

2016 A joint statement on professional improvement and life-long learning

Resource: European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, access: 14.10.2017.

Another successful social dialogue example in health field is from South Korea.

Unionism actions and organization levels increased in line with democratization in

1987 historically in South Korea and yet, unionistic density did not reach high levels

as much as in Western European countries and negotiation and collective bargaining

processes did not pass the business level until 1997/98 economic crisis. Foundation

of a commission consisting of the government, employers and worker representatives

for taking measures against the economic crisis made up the first example of social

dialogue in South Korea (Kim, 2017: 135).

The first social dialogue took place in health sector in South Korea in 2017 and it led

to positive results for all parties. The government representatives, employer

representatives (the Healthcare Sector Employers’ Council) and worker

representatives (the Korean Health and Medical Workers’ Union-KHMU) signed a

collective agreement following negotiations that lasted nearly a month. According to

this, the parties reached an agreement for creating 500,000 new job opportunities in

health sector, improving human resources management systems, abating the quota

system introduced to limit the personnel number in public hospitals, and founding a

Page 107: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

30

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

sector and dialogue mechanisms will form the fundamental source of both personnel satisfaction and satisfaction of persons who are to benefit from services.

It is possible to say that one of the most efficient application areas of social dialogue in health sector is the European Union. The social dialogue committee of hospital and healthcare sector, established in the European Commission body by EPSU and HOSPEEM together, is one of the most tangible successes for forming social dialogue in this field. The efforts of health employers and unions to generate a social dialogue environment in Europe by the end of 1990s started to show their effect and it was recognized as the Social Partner in the Hospital Sector Social Dialogue as well as Federation of European Public Services Unions (EPSU) by Association of Hospital and Healthcare Employers of Europe (HOSPEEM) founded in 2005, and by the European Commission in 2006. HOSPEEM had 14 full members and 4 members with observer status operating in various European countries by the end of 2016, and acted as a mediator throughout the continent as a social partner for the voice of health employers to be heard at the highest level within European institutions (HOSPEEM, 2016: 4-7).

The issues on which EPSU and HOSPEEM collaborate are indicated as work safety and health, hiring manpower and keeping them at the job, development of opportunities for professional improvement and life-long learning for health professionals, strengthening of social dialogue throughout Europe in hospital and healthcare sector, ensuring information and experience exchange between institutions represented by social partners, and affecting and contributing to development of legislative acts and policies concerned with the field throughout the European Union (European Commission, access: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, 08.10.2017). The following table outlines the successful social dialogue attempts of these two organizations according to historical ranking.

31

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Table 1: Social Dialogue Attempts of EPSU and HOSPEEM

Resource: European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, access: 14.10.2017.

SAnother successful social dialogue example in health field is from South Korea. Unionism actions and organization levels increased in line with democratization in 1987 historically in South Korea and yet, unionistic density did not reach high levels as much as in Western European countries and negotiation and collective bargaining proces-ses did not pass the business level until 1997/98 economic crisis. Foundation of a commission consisting of the government, employers and worker representatives for taking measures against the econo-mic crisis made up the first example of social dialogue in South Korea (Kim, 2017: 135).

The first social dialogue took place in health sector in South Korea in 2017 and it led to positive results for all parties. The government rep-resentatives, employer representatives (the Healthcare Sector Emp-

form the fundamental source of both personnel satisfaction and satisfaction of

persons who are to benefit from services.

It is possible to say that one of the most efficient application areas of social dialogue

in health sector is the European Union. The social dialogue committee of hospital

and healthcare sector, established in the European Commission body by EPSU and

HOSPEEM together, is one of the most tangible successes for forming social

dialogue in this field. The efforts of health employers and unions to generate a social

dialogue environment in Europe by the end of 1990s started to show their effect and

it was recognized as the Social Partner in the Hospital Sector Social Dialogue as well

as Federation of European Public Services Unions (EPSU) by Association of Hospital

and Healthcare Employers of Europe (HOSPEEM) founded in 2005, and by the

European Commission in 2006. HOSPEEM had 14 full members and 4 members

with observer status operating in various European countries by the end of 2016, and

acted as a mediator throughout the continent as a social partner for the voice of

health employers to be heard at the highest level within European institutions

(HOSPEEM, 2016: 4-7).

The issues on which EPSU and HOSPEEM collaborate are indicated as work safety

and health, hiring manpower and keeping them at the job, development of

opportunities for professional improvement and life-long learning for health

professionals, strengthening of social dialogue throughout Europe in hospital and

healthcare sector, ensuring information and experience exchange between

institutions represented by social partners, and affecting and contributing to

development of legislative acts and policies concerned with the field throughout the

European Union (European Commission, access:

http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en,

08.10.2017). The following table outlines the successful social dialogue attempts of

these two organizations according to historical ranking.

Table 1: Social Dialogue Attempts of EPSU and HOSPEEM

Social Dialogue Attempts of EPSU and HOSPEEM 2008 Development of ethical behavior code for cross-border hiring

2009 Framework agreement for prevention of severe injuries

2010 Principles concerned with violence and harassment faced by health

professionals

2010 Action Framework for Hiring and Keeping at the Job

2011 A joint statement concerned with the EU Directive for recognition of

professional competencies

2012 A joint report on the ethical behavior code for cross-border hiring

2012 A joint statement concerned with the Health Manpower Action Plan of

Europe

2013 Good practices and principles concerned with aging manpower

2014 A joint statement concerned with the new EU job safety and health policy

framework

2015 A joint follow-up report on the Hiring and Keeping at the Job Action

Framework of HOSPEEM and EPSU

2016 A joint statement on professional improvement and life-long learning

Resource: European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en, access: 14.10.2017.

Another successful social dialogue example in health field is from South Korea.

Unionism actions and organization levels increased in line with democratization in

1987 historically in South Korea and yet, unionistic density did not reach high levels

as much as in Western European countries and negotiation and collective bargaining

processes did not pass the business level until 1997/98 economic crisis. Foundation

of a commission consisting of the government, employers and worker representatives

for taking measures against the economic crisis made up the first example of social

dialogue in South Korea (Kim, 2017: 135).

The first social dialogue took place in health sector in South Korea in 2017 and it led

to positive results for all parties. The government representatives, employer

representatives (the Healthcare Sector Employers’ Council) and worker

representatives (the Korean Health and Medical Workers’ Union-KHMU) signed a

collective agreement following negotiations that lasted nearly a month. According to

this, the parties reached an agreement for creating 500,000 new job opportunities in

health sector, improving human resources management systems, abating the quota

system introduced to limit the personnel number in public hospitals, and founding a

Page 108: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

28

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

2. HEALTH SECTOR PERSONNEL - CENTERED PROBLEMSIt is accepted that social factors affect health in many ways. World Health Organization expressed the factors affecting health as “social determinants of health”. According to World Health Organization, so-cial determinants of health are “conditions in which people were born, grew up, lived, worked and aged” (http://www.who.int/social_determi-nants/thecommission/en/, Erişim: 15.10.2017).

Social determinants of health are gathered in 5 major groups namely, personal features (age and gender), socio-economic determinants (work conditions, poverty), environmental determinants (housing, clean water and food), determinants related with life style (physical activity, addiction, sexual preferences), and determinants related with transportation and social services (Öner, 2014: 16).

Working conditions, which are included among the socio-economic determinants in social determinants of health, are crucial for any wor-ker. Working conditions of health sector personnel should be organi-zed well in terms of any aspect as it is for all personnel. However, it is known that especially health professionals face with many problems originating from work life today. Elimination of these problems by me-ans of policies that are to be established will accelerate develop-ments in health field. In this context, attempting to remove risks that threaten health and wellness of health professionals and providing support to studies have become one of the fundamental duties of health unions. In this framework, the issues that need to take pla-ce further in the agenda of health unionism in the next period can be listed as social dialogue, feminization of health sector, vocational risks and dangers, training of health personnel, work hours in health sector, violence against health professionals, and issues originating from the statue of health professionals.

29

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

2.1. Social Dialogue

It is possible to mention about some international attempts directing international practices for achieving social dialogue in health sector. As an outcome of the Joint Meeting of Social Dialogue in Health Sector held in 2002 and organized in the body of International Labor Organization, it has been decided that the dialogue will have positive effect for development of health systems (ILO, 2017a: 40).

High Commission of Health Employment and Economic Growth established in the body of the United Nations called attention that generating decent jobs in health will be possible with the collaboration of social entities and called attention to the significance of social dialogue (WHO, 2016b: 32). Social dialogue is one of the principles of ILO constituting the basis of the working agenda of ILO, including collective bargaining as well. According to ILO, social dialogue must be a part of organizing work relationship in public sector because dialogue and bargaining processes make important contribution to performance, efficiency and equality. Furthermore, though interests of the parties seem to be in competition, it is emphasized that dialogue and collective bargaining should not be seen as contradictive processes (ILO, 2015: vi).

According to International Labor Organization, social dialogue is a mediator for reaching the target of decent jobs in health. Social dialogue in health, which is an indicator of exercise of organizing rights of personnel and participation of them in decision making process, should include not only the issues such as working condition but also professional improvement and training of health professionals, and health reforms (ILO, 2017b: 3-4). Decent job concept, which International Labor Organization attempted to keep in the agenda persistently since 1990s, is even more important for health professionals. Decent job, nestling fundamental rights of personnel including education, health, safety, and organizing, is at the same time, a major determinant of service in health sector. Collaboration that is to take place within the multi-stakeholder structures in health

Page 109: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

28

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

2. HEALTH SECTOR PERSONNEL - CENTERED PROBLEMSIt is accepted that social factors affect health in many ways. World Health Organization expressed the factors affecting health as “social determinants of health”. According to World Health Organization, so-cial determinants of health are “conditions in which people were born, grew up, lived, worked and aged” (http://www.who.int/social_determi-nants/thecommission/en/, Erişim: 15.10.2017).

Social determinants of health are gathered in 5 major groups namely, personal features (age and gender), socio-economic determinants (work conditions, poverty), environmental determinants (housing, clean water and food), determinants related with life style (physical activity, addiction, sexual preferences), and determinants related with transportation and social services (Öner, 2014: 16).

Working conditions, which are included among the socio-economic determinants in social determinants of health, are crucial for any wor-ker. Working conditions of health sector personnel should be organi-zed well in terms of any aspect as it is for all personnel. However, it is known that especially health professionals face with many problems originating from work life today. Elimination of these problems by me-ans of policies that are to be established will accelerate develop-ments in health field. In this context, attempting to remove risks that threaten health and wellness of health professionals and providing support to studies have become one of the fundamental duties of health unions. In this framework, the issues that need to take pla-ce further in the agenda of health unionism in the next period can be listed as social dialogue, feminization of health sector, vocational risks and dangers, training of health personnel, work hours in health sector, violence against health professionals, and issues originating from the statue of health professionals.

29

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

2.1. Social Dialogue

It is possible to mention about some international attempts directing international practices for achieving social dialogue in health sector. As an outcome of the Joint Meeting of Social Dialogue in Health Sector held in 2002 and organized in the body of International Labor Organization, it has been decided that the dialogue will have positive effect for development of health systems (ILO, 2017a: 40).

High Commission of Health Employment and Economic Growth established in the body of the United Nations called attention that generating decent jobs in health will be possible with the collaboration of social entities and called attention to the significance of social dialogue (WHO, 2016b: 32). Social dialogue is one of the principles of ILO constituting the basis of the working agenda of ILO, including collective bargaining as well. According to ILO, social dialogue must be a part of organizing work relationship in public sector because dialogue and bargaining processes make important contribution to performance, efficiency and equality. Furthermore, though interests of the parties seem to be in competition, it is emphasized that dialogue and collective bargaining should not be seen as contradictive processes (ILO, 2015: vi).

According to International Labor Organization, social dialogue is a mediator for reaching the target of decent jobs in health. Social dialogue in health, which is an indicator of exercise of organizing rights of personnel and participation of them in decision making process, should include not only the issues such as working condition but also professional improvement and training of health professionals, and health reforms (ILO, 2017b: 3-4). Decent job concept, which International Labor Organization attempted to keep in the agenda persistently since 1990s, is even more important for health professionals. Decent job, nestling fundamental rights of personnel including education, health, safety, and organizing, is at the same time, a major determinant of service in health sector. Collaboration that is to take place within the multi-stakeholder structures in health

Page 110: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

26

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

International Labor Organization (ILO) and World Health Organiza-tion (WHO) experts executed pilot schemes in Senegal, Tanzania, and Thailand in 2011 about HealthWISE modules that started to be prepared in 2010 with the participation of all social entities including government representatives, workers and employers in order to gu-ide development of safe, healthy and decent jobs in health sector. The draft that was revised at the light of the pilot scheme outcomes took its final form in 2013 (ILO, 2014: 1).

HealthWISE has 2 important characteristics. First one is, HealthWISE is based on the preliminary acceptance that the units with different duties and liabilities in health institutions are “components of a whole with the main purpose of offering quality health services and care” and any changes or defects that could occur in a unit could affect the operation of other units. The second one is, all of the 8 modules in HealthWISE consist of methods and recommendations based on the collaboration between personnel and administrators (ILO, 2014: 2). The said 8 modules are listed below.

was revised at the light of the pilot scheme outcomes took its final form in 2013 (ILO,

2014: 1).

HealthWISE has 2 important characteristics. First one is, HealthWISE is based on the

preliminary acceptance that the units with different duties and liabilities in health

institutions are “components of a whole with the main purpose of offering quality

health services and care” and any changes or defects that could occur in a unit could

affect the operation of other units. The second one is, all of the 8 modules in

HealthWISE consist of methods and recommendations based on the collaboration

between personnel and administrators (ILO, 2014: 2). The said 8 modules are listed

below.

There are important efforts of social entities for establishing standards on working

conditions in health sector in Europe as well. The Action Framework of Employment

and Keeping Employment declared by the European Hospital and Healthcare

Employers’ Association (HOSPEEM) and European Federation of Public Service

Unions (EPSU) in 2010 is remarkable among these efforts. Acting in accordance with

the emphasis that access to health services is a basic human right, a framework was

attempted to be drawn in this document in terms of solution suggestions for

deficiencies experienced in this field in Europe and it is indicated that aging of

Module 1: Keeping vocational risks under control and improving workplace safety

Module 2: Ergonomic solutions for muscular-skeletal system risks

Module 3: Biologic risk and infection control

Module 4: Struggle with discrimination, violence and harrassment at workplace

Module 5: Green and healthy workplaces

Module 6: Hiring, supporting and keeping personnel at the job

Module 7: Work hours and family frend measures

•"Work development in health services in HealthWISE" modules developed by ILO and WHO

Module 8: Equipment and material selection, storage and management

27

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

There are important efforts of social entities for establishing stan-dards on working conditions in health sector in Europe as well. The Action Framework of Employment and Keeping Employment decla-red by the European Hospital and Healthcare Employers’ Associati-on (HOSPEEM) and European Federation of Public Service Unions (EPSU) in 2010 is remarkable among these efforts. Acting in accor-dance with the emphasis that access to health services is a basic hu-man right, a framework was attempted to be drawn in this document in terms of solution suggestions for deficiencies experienced in this field in Europe and it is indicated that aging of population will ge-nerate two-dimensional healthcare manpower deficit, health sector personnel need to work at optimum working hours for the patients to receive high quality service, and the system needs to be planned as resistive to crises in terms of sustainability of health service systems that are affected by economic crisis environments (EPSU and HOS-PEEM, 2010: 1).

Based on the above stated explanations, it is seen that all internatio-nal organizations, which attempted to improve employment in health sector, called attention to similar problematic areas and emphasized that social entities should collaborate absolutely for developing solu-tion suggestions.

Page 111: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

26

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

International Labor Organization (ILO) and World Health Organiza-tion (WHO) experts executed pilot schemes in Senegal, Tanzania, and Thailand in 2011 about HealthWISE modules that started to be prepared in 2010 with the participation of all social entities including government representatives, workers and employers in order to gu-ide development of safe, healthy and decent jobs in health sector. The draft that was revised at the light of the pilot scheme outcomes took its final form in 2013 (ILO, 2014: 1).

HealthWISE has 2 important characteristics. First one is, HealthWISE is based on the preliminary acceptance that the units with different duties and liabilities in health institutions are “components of a whole with the main purpose of offering quality health services and care” and any changes or defects that could occur in a unit could affect the operation of other units. The second one is, all of the 8 modules in HealthWISE consist of methods and recommendations based on the collaboration between personnel and administrators (ILO, 2014: 2). The said 8 modules are listed below.

was revised at the light of the pilot scheme outcomes took its final form in 2013 (ILO,

2014: 1).

HealthWISE has 2 important characteristics. First one is, HealthWISE is based on the

preliminary acceptance that the units with different duties and liabilities in health

institutions are “components of a whole with the main purpose of offering quality

health services and care” and any changes or defects that could occur in a unit could

affect the operation of other units. The second one is, all of the 8 modules in

HealthWISE consist of methods and recommendations based on the collaboration

between personnel and administrators (ILO, 2014: 2). The said 8 modules are listed

below.

There are important efforts of social entities for establishing standards on working

conditions in health sector in Europe as well. The Action Framework of Employment

and Keeping Employment declared by the European Hospital and Healthcare

Employers’ Association (HOSPEEM) and European Federation of Public Service

Unions (EPSU) in 2010 is remarkable among these efforts. Acting in accordance with

the emphasis that access to health services is a basic human right, a framework was

attempted to be drawn in this document in terms of solution suggestions for

deficiencies experienced in this field in Europe and it is indicated that aging of

Module 1: Keeping vocational risks under control and improving workplace safety

Module 2: Ergonomic solutions for muscular-skeletal system risks

Module 3: Biologic risk and infection control

Module 4: Struggle with discrimination, violence and harrassment at workplace

Module 5: Green and healthy workplaces

Module 6: Hiring, supporting and keeping personnel at the job

Module 7: Work hours and family frend measures

•"Work development in health services in HealthWISE" modules developed by ILO and WHO

Module 8: Equipment and material selection, storage and management

27

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

There are important efforts of social entities for establishing stan-dards on working conditions in health sector in Europe as well. The Action Framework of Employment and Keeping Employment decla-red by the European Hospital and Healthcare Employers’ Associati-on (HOSPEEM) and European Federation of Public Service Unions (EPSU) in 2010 is remarkable among these efforts. Acting in accor-dance with the emphasis that access to health services is a basic hu-man right, a framework was attempted to be drawn in this document in terms of solution suggestions for deficiencies experienced in this field in Europe and it is indicated that aging of population will ge-nerate two-dimensional healthcare manpower deficit, health sector personnel need to work at optimum working hours for the patients to receive high quality service, and the system needs to be planned as resistive to crises in terms of sustainability of health service systems that are affected by economic crisis environments (EPSU and HOS-PEEM, 2010: 1).

Based on the above stated explanations, it is seen that all internatio-nal organizations, which attempted to improve employment in health sector, called attention to similar problematic areas and emphasized that social entities should collaborate absolutely for developing solu-tion suggestions.

Page 112: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

24

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

and other international organizations and governments. The Com-mission determined 6 headings that need to be transformed based on the Sustainable Development Goals concerned with healthcare manpower in 2016. These headings are (WHO, 2016b: 11);

• Generation of new jobs,

• Social gender and women’s rights,

• Education, vocational training and skills,

• Organization of health services,

• Technology,

• Preparation of manpower against urgent health crises

The European Commission listed the issues that need to be conside-red primarily in health sector during the next period. These issues are listed as hiring and keeping manpower at the job, aging healthcare manpower, job safety and health at business places, psycho-social risks at business places, needle injuries, increased digital techno-logy use, development of new care models, skill inconformity and skill improvement, and fulfillment of high quality health service expec-tations of patients (the European Commission, access: 08.10.2017: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en).

In the Survey of Working Conditions in Europe developed by EURO-FOUND every year regularly, the personnel were asked to characte-rize their jobs according to a scale consisting of items including skills and appreciation, social environment, physical environment, work load, expectations, working hours, and wages. The following table summarizes the outcomes of these assessments. Considering the distribution of the survey results by sectors, only 19% of personnel working in health sector characterized their jobs as high quality jobs.

25

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Nearly 45% of personnel characterized their jobs as acceptable jobs at a decent level, and 11% described their jobs as low quality jobs. In addition to improving employment in health sector, generating jobs that personnel can portray as high quality jobs is also important. In this respect, achieving the decent job definition of International Labor Organization in health at every stage primarily and subsequently imp-roving job quality must be targeted.

Figure 10: Job Quality by Sectors in EU 28 Countries, 2015 (%)

Resource: Job quality profiles by sector and occupation, EU28 (% of workers in each category). Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, P:131.

Work Improvement in Health Services [HealthWISE]) is a tool deve-loped by International Labor Organization and World Health Orga-nization together and providing an opportunity to health institutions to improve working conditions of personnel and job safety and he-alth measures, personnel performance and offered service quality by effective methods as far as the practice, participants and costs are concerned. HealthWISE is comprised of 8 modules and at the same time it bears the effects of generally accepted administration models including Total Quality Management and 5 S Kaizen (ILO, 2014:1).

Resource: Job quality profiles by sector and occupation, EU28 (% of workers in each

category). Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, P:131.

Work Improvement in Health Services [HealthWISE]) is a tool developed by

International Labor Organization and World Health Organization together and

providing an opportunity to health institutions to improve working conditions of

personnel and job safety and health measures, personnel performance and offered

service quality by effective methods as far as the practice, participants and costs are

concerned. HealthWISE is comprised of 8 modules and at the same time it bears the

effects of generally accepted administration models including Total Quality

Management and 5 S Kaizen (ILO, 2014:1).

International Labor Organization (ILO) and World Health Organization (WHO) experts

executed pilot schemes in Senegal, Tanzania, and Thailand in 2011 about

HealthWISE modules that started to be prepared in 2010 with the participation of all

social entities including government representatives, workers and employers in order

to guide development of safe, healthy and decent jobs in health sector. The draft that

10

18

10

13

6

56

27

35

19

31

11

19

10

30

25

25

32

36

22

28

29

33

54

18

29

2

12

4

23

10

4

8

11

8

12

14

23

20

26

10

46

22

16

32

28

3

6

5

11

21

020406080100120

Agriculture

Industry

Construction

Trading and Services

Transportation

Financial Services

Public Administration

Education

Health

Other Services

Job Quality by Sectors in EU 28 Countries, 2015 (%)

High QualityDecent LevelProductiveUnder PressureLow Quality

Page 113: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

24

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

and other international organizations and governments. The Com-mission determined 6 headings that need to be transformed based on the Sustainable Development Goals concerned with healthcare manpower in 2016. These headings are (WHO, 2016b: 11);

• Generation of new jobs,

• Social gender and women’s rights,

• Education, vocational training and skills,

• Organization of health services,

• Technology,

• Preparation of manpower against urgent health crises

The European Commission listed the issues that need to be conside-red primarily in health sector during the next period. These issues are listed as hiring and keeping manpower at the job, aging healthcare manpower, job safety and health at business places, psycho-social risks at business places, needle injuries, increased digital techno-logy use, development of new care models, skill inconformity and skill improvement, and fulfillment of high quality health service expec-tations of patients (the European Commission, access: 08.10.2017: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=480&intPageId=1838&langId=en).

In the Survey of Working Conditions in Europe developed by EURO-FOUND every year regularly, the personnel were asked to characte-rize their jobs according to a scale consisting of items including skills and appreciation, social environment, physical environment, work load, expectations, working hours, and wages. The following table summarizes the outcomes of these assessments. Considering the distribution of the survey results by sectors, only 19% of personnel working in health sector characterized their jobs as high quality jobs.

25

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Nearly 45% of personnel characterized their jobs as acceptable jobs at a decent level, and 11% described their jobs as low quality jobs. In addition to improving employment in health sector, generating jobs that personnel can portray as high quality jobs is also important. In this respect, achieving the decent job definition of International Labor Organization in health at every stage primarily and subsequently imp-roving job quality must be targeted.

Figure 10: Job Quality by Sectors in EU 28 Countries, 2015 (%)

Resource: Job quality profiles by sector and occupation, EU28 (% of workers in each category). Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, P:131.

Work Improvement in Health Services [HealthWISE]) is a tool deve-loped by International Labor Organization and World Health Orga-nization together and providing an opportunity to health institutions to improve working conditions of personnel and job safety and he-alth measures, personnel performance and offered service quality by effective methods as far as the practice, participants and costs are concerned. HealthWISE is comprised of 8 modules and at the same time it bears the effects of generally accepted administration models including Total Quality Management and 5 S Kaizen (ILO, 2014:1).

Resource: Job quality profiles by sector and occupation, EU28 (% of workers in each

category). Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, P:131.

Work Improvement in Health Services [HealthWISE]) is a tool developed by

International Labor Organization and World Health Organization together and

providing an opportunity to health institutions to improve working conditions of

personnel and job safety and health measures, personnel performance and offered

service quality by effective methods as far as the practice, participants and costs are

concerned. HealthWISE is comprised of 8 modules and at the same time it bears the

effects of generally accepted administration models including Total Quality

Management and 5 S Kaizen (ILO, 2014:1).

International Labor Organization (ILO) and World Health Organization (WHO) experts

executed pilot schemes in Senegal, Tanzania, and Thailand in 2011 about

HealthWISE modules that started to be prepared in 2010 with the participation of all

social entities including government representatives, workers and employers in order

to guide development of safe, healthy and decent jobs in health sector. The draft that

10

18

10

13

6

56

27

35

19

31

11

19

10

30

25

25

32

36

22

28

29

33

54

18

29

2

12

4

23

10

4

8

11

8

12

14

23

20

26

10

46

22

16

32

28

3

6

5

11

21

020406080100120

Agriculture

Industry

Construction

Trading and Services

Transportation

Financial Services

Public Administration

Education

Health

Other Services

Job Quality by Sectors in EU 28 Countries, 2015 (%)

High QualityDecent LevelProductiveUnder PressureLow Quality

Page 114: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

22

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

the sectorial distribution of employment by gender in the European Union. As it is seen in the table, women are employed most densely in health sector and education sector follows this sector.

Figure 9: The Employment Rates (%) by Gender in the EU 28 Countries

Resource: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). Citing from EU-LFS 2008-2015, Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, P: 26

Another issue emerging about the employment situation in health sector is the aging phenomenon of healthcare professionals. Accor-ding to this, 37% of physicians were 55 years old and over in 2014 in the European Union countries, and this rate was estimated as 33% in 2013 in the OECD countries (ILO, 2017a: 17-18). This situation is an indication that higher rates of manpower deficits could be seen in he-alth sector in case adequate healthcare manpower cannot be raised in the near future. Hence, there is need for improving employment in health field both qualitatively and quantitatively.

seen in the table, women are employed most densely in health sector and education

sector follows this sector.

Figure 9: The Employment Rates (%) by Gender in the EU 28 Countries

Resource: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). Citing from EU-LFS 2008-2015,

Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, P: 26

Another issue emerging about the employment situation in health sector is the aging

phenomenon of healthcare professionals. According to this, 37% of physicians were

55 years old and over in 2014 in the European Union countries, and this rate was

estimated as 33% in 2013 in the OECD countries (ILO, 2017a: 17-18). This situation

is an indication that higher rates of manpower deficits could be seen in health sector

in case adequate healthcare manpower cannot be raised in the near future. Hence,

there is need for improving employment in health field both qualitatively and

quantitatively.

1.2. International Approaches for Improving Employment in Health Sector

22

28

49

50

50

53

65

72

78

90

78

72

51

50

50

47

35

28

22

10

020406080100120

Health

Education

Financial Service

Trading and Services

Other Services

Public Administration

Agriculture

Industry

Transportation

Construction

The Employment Rates by Gender in the EU 28 Countries (%)

MaleFemale

23

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

1.2. International Approaches for Improving Employment in Health Sector

International Labor Organization regards healthcare professionals as the backbone of national health systems. For healthcare profes-sionals to carry out these important functions efficiently, employment opportunities, adequate wages, safe and healthy working conditions, appropriate education and continuing professional development, ca-reer opportunities, and equal treatment and social protection means need to be developed (ILO, 2017a: 10).

Nonsatisfaction of healthcare professionals about working conditions including low wages, excessive work load, long working hours, and poor career opportunities lead to high personnel turnover rate in he-alth sector in some countries. At this point, despite the differences between countries and professional groups, International Labor Or-ganization emphasizes the researches revealing that job satisfaction and work leaving tendencies of healthcare professionals are related with each other (ILO, 2017a: 10-11).

Working conditions of healthcare professionals affect the offered service’s quality. The outcomes of research conducted in various co-untries accordingly support this conclusion. According to a research conducted in 9 European countries with its outcomes cited by Inter-national Labor Organization, when the nurses’ patient load to nurse increased 1 person, the death ratio escalated 7% for the inpatients. In a similar fashion, when the number of nurses increased 10%, the patient death ratio dropped 7% (ILO, 2017a: 11).

Based on all of these indicated reasons, “High Commission of Health Employment and Economic Growth” was established in the United Nations body with the congregation of International Labor Organiza-tion and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Page 115: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

22

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

the sectorial distribution of employment by gender in the European Union. As it is seen in the table, women are employed most densely in health sector and education sector follows this sector.

Figure 9: The Employment Rates (%) by Gender in the EU 28 Countries

Resource: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). Citing from EU-LFS 2008-2015, Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, P: 26

Another issue emerging about the employment situation in health sector is the aging phenomenon of healthcare professionals. Accor-ding to this, 37% of physicians were 55 years old and over in 2014 in the European Union countries, and this rate was estimated as 33% in 2013 in the OECD countries (ILO, 2017a: 17-18). This situation is an indication that higher rates of manpower deficits could be seen in he-alth sector in case adequate healthcare manpower cannot be raised in the near future. Hence, there is need for improving employment in health field both qualitatively and quantitatively.

seen in the table, women are employed most densely in health sector and education

sector follows this sector.

Figure 9: The Employment Rates (%) by Gender in the EU 28 Countries

Resource: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). Citing from EU-LFS 2008-2015,

Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, P: 26

Another issue emerging about the employment situation in health sector is the aging

phenomenon of healthcare professionals. According to this, 37% of physicians were

55 years old and over in 2014 in the European Union countries, and this rate was

estimated as 33% in 2013 in the OECD countries (ILO, 2017a: 17-18). This situation

is an indication that higher rates of manpower deficits could be seen in health sector

in case adequate healthcare manpower cannot be raised in the near future. Hence,

there is need for improving employment in health field both qualitatively and

quantitatively.

1.2. International Approaches for Improving Employment in Health Sector

22

28

49

50

50

53

65

72

78

90

78

72

51

50

50

47

35

28

22

10

020406080100120

Health

Education

Financial Service

Trading and Services

Other Services

Public Administration

Agriculture

Industry

Transportation

Construction

The Employment Rates by Gender in the EU 28 Countries (%)

MaleFemale

23

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

1.2. International Approaches for Improving Employment in Health Sector

International Labor Organization regards healthcare professionals as the backbone of national health systems. For healthcare profes-sionals to carry out these important functions efficiently, employment opportunities, adequate wages, safe and healthy working conditions, appropriate education and continuing professional development, ca-reer opportunities, and equal treatment and social protection means need to be developed (ILO, 2017a: 10).

Nonsatisfaction of healthcare professionals about working conditions including low wages, excessive work load, long working hours, and poor career opportunities lead to high personnel turnover rate in he-alth sector in some countries. At this point, despite the differences between countries and professional groups, International Labor Or-ganization emphasizes the researches revealing that job satisfaction and work leaving tendencies of healthcare professionals are related with each other (ILO, 2017a: 10-11).

Working conditions of healthcare professionals affect the offered service’s quality. The outcomes of research conducted in various co-untries accordingly support this conclusion. According to a research conducted in 9 European countries with its outcomes cited by Inter-national Labor Organization, when the nurses’ patient load to nurse increased 1 person, the death ratio escalated 7% for the inpatients. In a similar fashion, when the number of nurses increased 10%, the patient death ratio dropped 7% (ILO, 2017a: 11).

Based on all of these indicated reasons, “High Commission of Health Employment and Economic Growth” was established in the United Nations body with the congregation of International Labor Organiza-tion and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Page 116: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

20

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

World Health Organization indicated that the need for health and care services and healthcare professionals will increase in the future as well. Employment in health and social service sectors during 2000 and 2014 grew nearly 48% in OECD countries. This ratio illustrates the critical significance of health sector in terms of employment ca-pacity in comparison to sectors that experienced employment shrin-kage primarily industry and agriculture sectors following especially 2008 crisis (WHO, 2016a: 9). Health and social service sectors make up approximately 11% of the total employment in OECD countries (WHO, 2016a: 23). Generation of new jobs in health sector will be a substantial opportunity for employment of youth in especially Sub-Saharan African countries where people under 30 years of age make up more than 70% of the population (WHO, 2016a: 25).

International Labor Organization cited a research conducted in Afri-can continent and reported that poor personnel management, distri-bution of personnel inappropriately and inefficiently, skill inconformity and poor work health and safety measures led to healthcare manpo-wer waste. International Labor Organization and World Health Orga-nization specified that collaboration-improvement roles of unions and other worker organizations should gain importance for preventing such wastes, hiring of personnel in a number and with quality approp-riate for needs, and for creating high quality working environments. It is suggested that unions and administrators act in concert and de-velop collaboration for ensuring workers’ loyalty, developing in-house communication means and establishing trust relationship between personnel and administrators, receiving opinions and evaluations of personnel about working environment and their jobs, and training of personnel about their rights and job safety and health measures (ILO, 2014: 117-119). In health sector, the connection between personnel and work is superior in comparison to the other sectors due to these characteristics. Unions, which are the organized institutional structu-res of workers, have great importance for certain for sustaining this

21

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

relationship as stronger and more effectively. It is seen that unions, which have a powerful position for organization of both public and private health sectors, fulfill an important duty for improving satisfac-tion felt in health services and finally for ensuring worker satisfaction, which is the source of all of these developments.

It is seen that employment capacity in some sectors including health and education sectors increased in Europe after 2008 crisis, and it is reported that employment rates in industry and construction sectors decreased. It is estimated that there are more than 23 million of he-alth and social service workers, out of which 13 million are hospital workers, throughout Europe (the European Commission, 2015).

Figure 8: The Rate of the Sectors within the Total Employment in EU 28 Countries (%)

Resource: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). Citing from EU-LFS 2008-2015, Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 20.

Based on the data acquired in 123 countries by World Health Orga-nization, health and social service sectors have an appearance with women dominant employment. According to this, women make up 67% of the total employment (WHO, 2016a: 25). There are similar data for the European Union countries. The following table shows

personnel and work is superior in comparison to the other sectors due to these

characteristics. Unions, which are the organized institutional structures of workers,

have great importance for certain for sustaining this relationship as stronger and

more effectively. It is seen that unions, which have a powerful position for

organization of both public and private health sectors, fulfill an important duty for

improving satisfaction felt in health services and finally for ensuring worker

satisfaction, which is the source of all of these developments.

It is seen that employment capacity in some sectors including health and education

sectors increased in Europe after 2008 crisis, and it is reported that employment

rates in industry and construction sectors decreased. It is estimated that there are

more than 23 million of health and social service workers, out of which 13 million are

hospital workers, throughout Europe (the European Commission, 2015).

Figure 8: The Rate of the Sectors within the Total Employment in EU 28 Countries (%)

Resource: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). Citing from EU-LFS 2008-2015,

Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 20.

Based on the data acquired in 123 countries by World Health Organization, health

and social service sectors have an appearance with women dominant employment.

According to this, women make up 67% of the total employment (WHO, 2016a: 25).

There are similar data for the European Union countries. The following table shows

the sectorial distribution of employment by gender in the European Union. As it is

19 18

17 11

8 7 7

5 4 4

02468101214161820

Trading and Services

Industry

Education

Construction

Agriculture

The Rate of the Sectors within the Total Employment in EU 28, 2015 (%)

Page 117: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

20

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

World Health Organization indicated that the need for health and care services and healthcare professionals will increase in the future as well. Employment in health and social service sectors during 2000 and 2014 grew nearly 48% in OECD countries. This ratio illustrates the critical significance of health sector in terms of employment ca-pacity in comparison to sectors that experienced employment shrin-kage primarily industry and agriculture sectors following especially 2008 crisis (WHO, 2016a: 9). Health and social service sectors make up approximately 11% of the total employment in OECD countries (WHO, 2016a: 23). Generation of new jobs in health sector will be a substantial opportunity for employment of youth in especially Sub-Saharan African countries where people under 30 years of age make up more than 70% of the population (WHO, 2016a: 25).

International Labor Organization cited a research conducted in Afri-can continent and reported that poor personnel management, distri-bution of personnel inappropriately and inefficiently, skill inconformity and poor work health and safety measures led to healthcare manpo-wer waste. International Labor Organization and World Health Orga-nization specified that collaboration-improvement roles of unions and other worker organizations should gain importance for preventing such wastes, hiring of personnel in a number and with quality approp-riate for needs, and for creating high quality working environments. It is suggested that unions and administrators act in concert and de-velop collaboration for ensuring workers’ loyalty, developing in-house communication means and establishing trust relationship between personnel and administrators, receiving opinions and evaluations of personnel about working environment and their jobs, and training of personnel about their rights and job safety and health measures (ILO, 2014: 117-119). In health sector, the connection between personnel and work is superior in comparison to the other sectors due to these characteristics. Unions, which are the organized institutional structu-res of workers, have great importance for certain for sustaining this

21

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

relationship as stronger and more effectively. It is seen that unions, which have a powerful position for organization of both public and private health sectors, fulfill an important duty for improving satisfac-tion felt in health services and finally for ensuring worker satisfaction, which is the source of all of these developments.

It is seen that employment capacity in some sectors including health and education sectors increased in Europe after 2008 crisis, and it is reported that employment rates in industry and construction sectors decreased. It is estimated that there are more than 23 million of he-alth and social service workers, out of which 13 million are hospital workers, throughout Europe (the European Commission, 2015).

Figure 8: The Rate of the Sectors within the Total Employment in EU 28 Countries (%)

Resource: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). Citing from EU-LFS 2008-2015, Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 20.

Based on the data acquired in 123 countries by World Health Orga-nization, health and social service sectors have an appearance with women dominant employment. According to this, women make up 67% of the total employment (WHO, 2016a: 25). There are similar data for the European Union countries. The following table shows

personnel and work is superior in comparison to the other sectors due to these

characteristics. Unions, which are the organized institutional structures of workers,

have great importance for certain for sustaining this relationship as stronger and

more effectively. It is seen that unions, which have a powerful position for

organization of both public and private health sectors, fulfill an important duty for

improving satisfaction felt in health services and finally for ensuring worker

satisfaction, which is the source of all of these developments.

It is seen that employment capacity in some sectors including health and education

sectors increased in Europe after 2008 crisis, and it is reported that employment

rates in industry and construction sectors decreased. It is estimated that there are

more than 23 million of health and social service workers, out of which 13 million are

hospital workers, throughout Europe (the European Commission, 2015).

Figure 8: The Rate of the Sectors within the Total Employment in EU 28 Countries (%)

Resource: Employment by sector, EU28, 2008-2015 (%). Citing from EU-LFS 2008-2015,

Eurofound, Sixth European Working Conditions Survey, p: 20.

Based on the data acquired in 123 countries by World Health Organization, health

and social service sectors have an appearance with women dominant employment.

According to this, women make up 67% of the total employment (WHO, 2016a: 25).

There are similar data for the European Union countries. The following table shows

the sectorial distribution of employment by gender in the European Union. As it is

19 18

17 11

8 7 7

5 4 4

02468101214161820

Trading and Services

Industry

Education

Construction

Agriculture

The Rate of the Sectors within the Total Employment in EU 28, 2015 (%)

Page 118: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

18

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Figure 6: Healthcare Professional Deficit by Needs (in Millions), 2013

Resource: Estimates of deficit in healthcare professional needs (in millions) in countries below the SDG Index threshold by region in 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, p.: 44.

Health sector is a critical economic sector as well as a prominent employment source according to World Health Organization. It is estimated that economic size of health sector throughout the world reached annually 5.8 billion USD. It is emphasized that economic growth and development could be achieved only by a healthy popu-lation and it is indicated that one year lengthening of life expectancy of the population could lead to nearly 4% increase in national income. Moreover, it is considered that health sector growth could cause a multiplier effect. According to this, increased health investments and creation of smooth works will trigger economic growth, and improve-ment of health systems could increase social protection and social unity (WHO, 2016a: 9- 10). It is estimated that 1 dollar spent in health

In an assessment to be made in European level about manpower deficit in health

sector, despite it is possible to express that this problem does not exist in the entire

continent some regions form an exception for this situation. The qualified healthcare

manpower migration from especially Central and Eastern European countries to West

European countries leads to manpower deficit in emigrant countries (ETUCt.y.:, 2).

On the other hand, though there is a serious level of healthcare professional deficit in

Europe both the European Union organs and social entities express their

apprehension that increased health and social care service need due to aging

population, and on the other hand, problems faced in raising new healthcare

professionals could lead to occurrence of manpower deficit in health sector in the

next years (EPSU and HOSPEEM, 2010: 1).

Figure 6: Healthcare Professional Deficit by Needs (in Millions), 2013

WHO Regions Physicians Nurses/Obstetricians Other Healthcare Professionals

Total

Africa 0.9 1.8 1.5 4.2

America 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.8

Eastern Mediterranean

0.2 0.9 0.6 1.7

Europe 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1

Southeast Asia

1.3 3.2 2.5 6.9

West Pacific 0.1 2.6 1.1 3.7

General Sum 2.6 9.0 5.9 17.4

Resource: Estimates of deficit in healthcare professional needs (in millions) in countries

below the SDG Index threshold by region in 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy

Workforce 2030, p.: 44.

19

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

sector in developed countries contributed 0.77 dollars in economic growth along with direct and indirect effects (WHO, 2016a: 20).

Another method used for comparison of countries in terms of health sector employment is the number of skilled healthcare manpower per 10 thousands of people. The following graph shows the comparison of regions and countries made by World Health Organization. Based on 2015 data, the average skilled healthcare manpower per 10 thou-sands of population is 45.6 persons. Turkey follows a course close to the world average with a rate of 42.7%. In the comparison of regions, there are nearly 106.4 persons per 10 thousands of people in Europe and 117.8 persons per 10 thousands of people in the USA.

Figure 7: The Number of Healthcare Professionals per 10.000 People by WHO Regions in 2005-2015.

Resource: Healthcare professional density and distribution, WHO, World Health Statistics data visualizations dashboard, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-c-viz?lang=en, access: 09.10.2017.

Based on the estimations of International Labor Organization abo-ut health sector employment, each health profession work such as physician, nurse, and physiotherapist creates 1.5 additional work op-portunity for workers employed in professions other than health field (administration, cleaning, manufacturing, etc.). This ratio will be 2.3 works in a field other than health per 1 health profession when long-term unpaid elderly care works are included in this estimation (ILO, 2017a: 16).

Health sector is a critical economic sector as well as a prominent employment source

according to World Health Organization. It is estimated that economic size of health

sector throughout the world reached annually 5.8 billion USD. It is emphasized that

economic growth and development could be achieved only by a healthy population

and it is indicated that one year lengthening of life expectancy of the population could

lead to nearly 4% increase in national income. Moreover, it is considered that health

sector growth could cause a multiplier effect. According to this, increased health

investments and creation of smooth works will trigger economic growth, and

improvement of health systems could increase social protection and social unity

(WHO, 2016a: 9- 10). It is estimated that 1 dollar spent in health sector in developed

countries contributed 0.77 dollars in economic growth along with direct and indirect

effects (WHO, 2016a: 20).

Another method used for comparison of countries in terms of health sector

employment is the number of skilled healthcare manpower per 10 thousands of

people. The following graph shows the comparison of regions and countries made by

World Health Organization. Based on 2015 data, the average skilled healthcare

manpower per 10 thousands of population is 45.6 persons. Turkey follows a course

close to the world average with a rate of 42.7%. In the comparison of regions, there

are nearly 106.4 persons per 10 thousands of people in Europe and 117.8 persons

per 10 thousands of people in the USA.

Figure 7: The Number of Healthcare Professionals per 10.000 People by WHO Regions in 2005-2015.

Resource: Healthcare professional density and distribution, WHO, World Health

Page 119: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

18

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Figure 6: Healthcare Professional Deficit by Needs (in Millions), 2013

Resource: Estimates of deficit in healthcare professional needs (in millions) in countries below the SDG Index threshold by region in 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, p.: 44.

Health sector is a critical economic sector as well as a prominent employment source according to World Health Organization. It is estimated that economic size of health sector throughout the world reached annually 5.8 billion USD. It is emphasized that economic growth and development could be achieved only by a healthy popu-lation and it is indicated that one year lengthening of life expectancy of the population could lead to nearly 4% increase in national income. Moreover, it is considered that health sector growth could cause a multiplier effect. According to this, increased health investments and creation of smooth works will trigger economic growth, and improve-ment of health systems could increase social protection and social unity (WHO, 2016a: 9- 10). It is estimated that 1 dollar spent in health

In an assessment to be made in European level about manpower deficit in health

sector, despite it is possible to express that this problem does not exist in the entire

continent some regions form an exception for this situation. The qualified healthcare

manpower migration from especially Central and Eastern European countries to West

European countries leads to manpower deficit in emigrant countries (ETUCt.y.:, 2).

On the other hand, though there is a serious level of healthcare professional deficit in

Europe both the European Union organs and social entities express their

apprehension that increased health and social care service need due to aging

population, and on the other hand, problems faced in raising new healthcare

professionals could lead to occurrence of manpower deficit in health sector in the

next years (EPSU and HOSPEEM, 2010: 1).

Figure 6: Healthcare Professional Deficit by Needs (in Millions), 2013

WHO Regions Physicians Nurses/Obstetricians Other Healthcare Professionals

Total

Africa 0.9 1.8 1.5 4.2

America 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.8

Eastern Mediterranean

0.2 0.9 0.6 1.7

Europe 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1

Southeast Asia

1.3 3.2 2.5 6.9

West Pacific 0.1 2.6 1.1 3.7

General Sum 2.6 9.0 5.9 17.4

Resource: Estimates of deficit in healthcare professional needs (in millions) in countries

below the SDG Index threshold by region in 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy

Workforce 2030, p.: 44.

19

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

sector in developed countries contributed 0.77 dollars in economic growth along with direct and indirect effects (WHO, 2016a: 20).

Another method used for comparison of countries in terms of health sector employment is the number of skilled healthcare manpower per 10 thousands of people. The following graph shows the comparison of regions and countries made by World Health Organization. Based on 2015 data, the average skilled healthcare manpower per 10 thou-sands of population is 45.6 persons. Turkey follows a course close to the world average with a rate of 42.7%. In the comparison of regions, there are nearly 106.4 persons per 10 thousands of people in Europe and 117.8 persons per 10 thousands of people in the USA.

Figure 7: The Number of Healthcare Professionals per 10.000 People by WHO Regions in 2005-2015.

Resource: Healthcare professional density and distribution, WHO, World Health Statistics data visualizations dashboard, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-c-viz?lang=en, access: 09.10.2017.

Based on the estimations of International Labor Organization abo-ut health sector employment, each health profession work such as physician, nurse, and physiotherapist creates 1.5 additional work op-portunity for workers employed in professions other than health field (administration, cleaning, manufacturing, etc.). This ratio will be 2.3 works in a field other than health per 1 health profession when long-term unpaid elderly care works are included in this estimation (ILO, 2017a: 16).

Health sector is a critical economic sector as well as a prominent employment source

according to World Health Organization. It is estimated that economic size of health

sector throughout the world reached annually 5.8 billion USD. It is emphasized that

economic growth and development could be achieved only by a healthy population

and it is indicated that one year lengthening of life expectancy of the population could

lead to nearly 4% increase in national income. Moreover, it is considered that health

sector growth could cause a multiplier effect. According to this, increased health

investments and creation of smooth works will trigger economic growth, and

improvement of health systems could increase social protection and social unity

(WHO, 2016a: 9- 10). It is estimated that 1 dollar spent in health sector in developed

countries contributed 0.77 dollars in economic growth along with direct and indirect

effects (WHO, 2016a: 20).

Another method used for comparison of countries in terms of health sector

employment is the number of skilled healthcare manpower per 10 thousands of

people. The following graph shows the comparison of regions and countries made by

World Health Organization. Based on 2015 data, the average skilled healthcare

manpower per 10 thousands of population is 45.6 persons. Turkey follows a course

close to the world average with a rate of 42.7%. In the comparison of regions, there

are nearly 106.4 persons per 10 thousands of people in Europe and 117.8 persons

per 10 thousands of people in the USA.

Figure 7: The Number of Healthcare Professionals per 10.000 People by WHO Regions in 2005-2015.

Resource: Healthcare professional density and distribution, WHO, World Health

Page 120: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

16

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Resource: Stock of health workers (in millions), 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, p: 41.

The World Health Organization’s projection, which assessed the de-mand for healthcare professionals regionally (Table 5), showed that there will be demand for nearly 80.2 million of healthcare professio-nals throughout the world by 2030. According to this, America, Eas-tern Mediterranean and South East Asia regions will have demand for healthcare professionals two times higher than the number of the current healthcare professionals. This ratio will increase from a de-mand for 1.1 million of healthcare professionals to 2.4 million of pe-ople and will show more than 2 folds of increase in Africa region.

Figure 5: Demand for Healthcare Professionals by Regions (in Millions)

Resource: Estimations of World Bank; Estimated health worker demands (in millions) in 165 countries by region. WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, p: 45.

within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals and they emphasized

various benefits of investments on human resources in health including struggle

against poverty, public health and welfare, social gender inequality, smooth works,

and economic growth (WHO, 2016a: 8).

Figure 4: The Number of Healthcare Professionals by Regions (in Millions)

WHO Regions

Physicians Nurses/Obstetricians Other Healthcare Professionals

Total Healthcare Professionals

2013 2030 2013 2030 2013 2030 2013 2030 Increase

Africa 0.2

0.5

1.0 1.5 0.6 1.0 1.9 3.1 63%

America 2.0

2.4

4.7 8.2 2.6 3.4 9.4 14.0 50%

Eastern Mediterranean

0.8

1.3

1.3 1.8 1.0 2.2 3.1 5.3 72%

Europe 2.9

3.5

6.2 8.5 3.6 4.8 12.7 16.8 32%

South-East Asia

1.1

1.9

2.9 5.2 2.2 3.7 6.2 10.9 75%

Western Pacific

2.7

4.2

4.6 7.0 3.0 6.1 10.3 17.3 %68

General Sum 9.8 13.8

20.7 32.3 13.0 21.2 43.5 67.3 %55

Resource: Stock of health workers (in millions), 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy

Workforce 2030, p: 41.

The World Health Organization’s projection, which assessed the demand for

healthcare professionals regionally (Table 5), showed that there will be demand for

nearly 80.2 million of healthcare professionals throughout the world by 2030.

According to this, America, Eastern Mediterranean and South East Asia regions will

have demand for healthcare professionals two times higher than the number of the

current healthcare professionals. This ratio will increase from a demand for 1.1

million of healthcare professionals to 2.4 million of people and will show more than 2

folds of increase in Africa region.

Figure 5: Demand for Healthcare Professionals by Regions (in Millions)

WHO Regions 2013 2030

Africa 1.1 2.4

America 8.8 15.3

Eastern Mediterranean 3.1 6.2

Europe 14.2 18.2

Southeast Asia 6.0 12.2

West Pacific 15.1 25.9

General Sum 48.3 80.2

Resource: Estimations of World Bank; Estimated health worker demands (in millions) in 165

countries by region. WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, p: 45.

Based on the assessments of World Health Organization according to the necessity

estimations, there are more than 17 million of healthcare professional deficit

throughout the world. This number encompasses not only physicians but also all

healthcare professionals including nurses, obstetricians and other healthcare

professionals. Considering the distribution of healthcare professional deficit by

regions, Southeast Asia, Africa and West Pacific regions are the regions with the

highest healthcare professional deficit. Europe is the region with the least healthcare

professional deficit based on need and America follows this region. These two

regions are separated from the rest of the world in terms of economic development

and welfare level, and in addition, health expenditures are the highest in these

regions in comparison to the national income.

17

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Based on the assessments of World Health Organization according to the necessity estimations, there are more than 17 million of he-althcare professional deficit throughout the world. This number en-compasses not only physicians but also all healthcare professionals including nurses, obstetricians and other healthcare professionals. Considering the distribution of healthcare professional deficit by regi-ons, Southeast Asia, Africa and West Pacific regions are the regions with the highest healthcare professional deficit. Europe is the region with the least healthcare professional deficit based on need and Ame-rica follows this region. These two regions are separated from the rest of the world in terms of economic development and welfare level, and in addition, health expenditures are the highest in these regions in comparison to the national income.

In an assessment to be made in European level about manpower de-ficit in health sector, despite it is possible to express that this problem does not exist in the entire continent some regions form an exception for this situation. The qualified healthcare manpower migration from especially Central and Eastern European countries to West European countries leads to manpower deficit in emigrant countries (ETUCt.y.:, 2). On the other hand, though there is a serious level of healthcare professional deficit in Europe both the European Union organs and social entities express their apprehension that increased health and social care service need due to aging population, and on the other hand, problems faced in raising new healthcare professionals could lead to occurrence of manpower deficit in health sector in the next years (EPSU and HOSPEEM, 2010: 1).

Page 121: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

16

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Resource: Stock of health workers (in millions), 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, p: 41.

The World Health Organization’s projection, which assessed the de-mand for healthcare professionals regionally (Table 5), showed that there will be demand for nearly 80.2 million of healthcare professio-nals throughout the world by 2030. According to this, America, Eas-tern Mediterranean and South East Asia regions will have demand for healthcare professionals two times higher than the number of the current healthcare professionals. This ratio will increase from a de-mand for 1.1 million of healthcare professionals to 2.4 million of pe-ople and will show more than 2 folds of increase in Africa region.

Figure 5: Demand for Healthcare Professionals by Regions (in Millions)

Resource: Estimations of World Bank; Estimated health worker demands (in millions) in 165 countries by region. WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, p: 45.

within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals and they emphasized

various benefits of investments on human resources in health including struggle

against poverty, public health and welfare, social gender inequality, smooth works,

and economic growth (WHO, 2016a: 8).

Figure 4: The Number of Healthcare Professionals by Regions (in Millions)

WHO Regions

Physicians Nurses/Obstetricians Other Healthcare Professionals

Total Healthcare Professionals

2013 2030 2013 2030 2013 2030 2013 2030 Increase

Africa 0.2

0.5

1.0 1.5 0.6 1.0 1.9 3.1 63%

America 2.0

2.4

4.7 8.2 2.6 3.4 9.4 14.0 50%

Eastern Mediterranean

0.8

1.3

1.3 1.8 1.0 2.2 3.1 5.3 72%

Europe 2.9

3.5

6.2 8.5 3.6 4.8 12.7 16.8 32%

South-East Asia

1.1

1.9

2.9 5.2 2.2 3.7 6.2 10.9 75%

Western Pacific

2.7

4.2

4.6 7.0 3.0 6.1 10.3 17.3 %68

General Sum 9.8 13.8

20.7 32.3 13.0 21.2 43.5 67.3 %55

Resource: Stock of health workers (in millions), 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy

Workforce 2030, p: 41.

The World Health Organization’s projection, which assessed the demand for

healthcare professionals regionally (Table 5), showed that there will be demand for

nearly 80.2 million of healthcare professionals throughout the world by 2030.

According to this, America, Eastern Mediterranean and South East Asia regions will

have demand for healthcare professionals two times higher than the number of the

current healthcare professionals. This ratio will increase from a demand for 1.1

million of healthcare professionals to 2.4 million of people and will show more than 2

folds of increase in Africa region.

Figure 5: Demand for Healthcare Professionals by Regions (in Millions)

WHO Regions 2013 2030

Africa 1.1 2.4

America 8.8 15.3

Eastern Mediterranean 3.1 6.2

Europe 14.2 18.2

Southeast Asia 6.0 12.2

West Pacific 15.1 25.9

General Sum 48.3 80.2

Resource: Estimations of World Bank; Estimated health worker demands (in millions) in 165

countries by region. WHO Global Strategy Workforce 2030, p: 45.

Based on the assessments of World Health Organization according to the necessity

estimations, there are more than 17 million of healthcare professional deficit

throughout the world. This number encompasses not only physicians but also all

healthcare professionals including nurses, obstetricians and other healthcare

professionals. Considering the distribution of healthcare professional deficit by

regions, Southeast Asia, Africa and West Pacific regions are the regions with the

highest healthcare professional deficit. Europe is the region with the least healthcare

professional deficit based on need and America follows this region. These two

regions are separated from the rest of the world in terms of economic development

and welfare level, and in addition, health expenditures are the highest in these

regions in comparison to the national income.

17

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Based on the assessments of World Health Organization according to the necessity estimations, there are more than 17 million of he-althcare professional deficit throughout the world. This number en-compasses not only physicians but also all healthcare professionals including nurses, obstetricians and other healthcare professionals. Considering the distribution of healthcare professional deficit by regi-ons, Southeast Asia, Africa and West Pacific regions are the regions with the highest healthcare professional deficit. Europe is the region with the least healthcare professional deficit based on need and Ame-rica follows this region. These two regions are separated from the rest of the world in terms of economic development and welfare level, and in addition, health expenditures are the highest in these regions in comparison to the national income.

In an assessment to be made in European level about manpower de-ficit in health sector, despite it is possible to express that this problem does not exist in the entire continent some regions form an exception for this situation. The qualified healthcare manpower migration from especially Central and Eastern European countries to West European countries leads to manpower deficit in emigrant countries (ETUCt.y.:, 2). On the other hand, though there is a serious level of healthcare professional deficit in Europe both the European Union organs and social entities express their apprehension that increased health and social care service need due to aging population, and on the other hand, problems faced in raising new healthcare professionals could lead to occurrence of manpower deficit in health sector in the next years (EPSU and HOSPEEM, 2010: 1).

Page 122: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

14

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

There is a positive relation between health employment and econo-mic growth. Employment in health and social service sectors makes up nearly 10% of employment in high income countries and this ratio remains under 1% in low income countries. In the assessment of regions, the employment rate in health and social sectors as the total employment share was the lowest in Africa, Asia and Pacific, and it was the highest (8.8%) in Europe and Central Asia. On the other hand, it is seen that it was 3.7% and 7.4% respectively in Arab count-ries and America (ILO, 2017a: 13).

Figure 3: Average Annual Increase of Employment, (ILO region, 2005-13), (%)

Resource: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a p: 14.

In the analysis of employment increase globally, it is seen that the average annual growth in health employment (1.3%) was more than two folds higher than the total employment increase (2.8%). Employment increase in health and social service fields between the regions, except for America, exceeded the total employment increase in Asia and Pacific and Africa especially. Slow growth that occurred in developed economies during the crisis period and afterwards affected

Resource: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a p: 14.

In the analysis of employment increase globally, it is seen that the average annual

growth in health employment (1.3%) was more than two folds higher than the total

employment increase (2.8%). Employment increase in health and social service fields

between the regions, except for America, exceeded the total employment increase in

Asia and Pacific and Africa especially. Slow growth that occurred in developed

economies during the crisis period and afterwards affected the employment capacity

negatively (ILO, 2017a: 14).

Health sector cannot be considered independently from healthcare professionals.

The way for generating a healthy society passes from raising manpower required in

health field. Healthy manpower is defined as “all of the personnel in the entire health

sector, either public or private, producing health services needed by society” (Solak,

2014: 3). Hence, it is clear that one of the most critical development parameters in a

society is quality and standards of health services and the most fundamental

determinant of this is raising manpower required by health sector.

The United Nations reported that 40 million new employments should be generated in

health and social service sectors until the year 2030. In this context, it is seen that the

United Nations considered the investments to be made in health and care sector

1,2 1,9

2,8

5,2 5,9 6

1,4

0,6 1,3

1

2,9

5,6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

AmericaEurope andCentral Asia

WorldAsia and PacificAfricaArab States

Average Annual Increase of Employment (%)

Health and Social SectorsTotal

15

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

the employment capacity negatively (ILO, 2017a: 14).

Health sector cannot be considered independently from healthcare professionals. The way for generating a healthy society passes from raising manpower required in health field. Healthy manpower is defined as “all of the personnel in the entire health sector, either public or private, producing health services needed by society” (Solak, 2014: 3). Hence, it is clear that one of the most critical development parameters in a society is quality and standards of health services and the most fundamental determinant of this is raising manpower required by health sector.

The United Nations reported that 40 million new employments should be generated in health and social service sectors until the year 2030. In this context, it is seen that the United Nations considered the investments to be made in health and care sector within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals and they emphasized various benefits of investments on human resources in health including struggle against poverty, public health and welfare, social gender inequality, smooth works, and economic growth (WHO, 2016a: 8).

Figure 4: The Number of Healthcare Professionals by Regions (in Millions)

within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals and they emphasized

various benefits of investments on human resources in health including struggle

against poverty, public health and welfare, social gender inequality, smooth works,

and economic growth (WHO, 2016a: 8).

Figure 4: The Number of Healthcare Professionals by Regions (in Millions)

WHO Regions

Physicians Nurses/Obstetricians Other Healthcare Professionals

Total Healthcare Professionals

2013 2030 2013 2030 2013 2030 2013 2030 Increase

Africa 0.2

0.5

1.0 1.5 0.6 1.0 1.9 3.1 63%

America 2.0

2.4

4.7 8.2 2.6 3.4 9.4 14.0 50%

Eastern Mediterranean

0.8

1.3

1.3 1.8 1.0 2.2 3.1 5.3 72%

Europe 2.9

3.5

6.2 8.5 3.6 4.8 12.7 16.8 32%

South-East Asia

1.1

1.9

2.9 5.2 2.2 3.7 6.2 10.9 75%

Western Pacific

2.7

4.2

4.6 7.0 3.0 6.1 10.3 17.3 %68

General Sum 9.8 13.8

20.7 32.3 13.0 21.2 43.5 67.3 %55

Resource: Stock of health workers (in millions), 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy

Workforce 2030, p: 41.

The World Health Organization’s projection, which assessed the demand for

healthcare professionals regionally (Table 5), showed that there will be demand for

nearly 80.2 million of healthcare professionals throughout the world by 2030.

Page 123: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

14

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

There is a positive relation between health employment and econo-mic growth. Employment in health and social service sectors makes up nearly 10% of employment in high income countries and this ratio remains under 1% in low income countries. In the assessment of regions, the employment rate in health and social sectors as the total employment share was the lowest in Africa, Asia and Pacific, and it was the highest (8.8%) in Europe and Central Asia. On the other hand, it is seen that it was 3.7% and 7.4% respectively in Arab count-ries and America (ILO, 2017a: 13).

Figure 3: Average Annual Increase of Employment, (ILO region, 2005-13), (%)

Resource: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a p: 14.

In the analysis of employment increase globally, it is seen that the average annual growth in health employment (1.3%) was more than two folds higher than the total employment increase (2.8%). Employment increase in health and social service fields between the regions, except for America, exceeded the total employment increase in Asia and Pacific and Africa especially. Slow growth that occurred in developed economies during the crisis period and afterwards affected

Resource: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a p: 14.

In the analysis of employment increase globally, it is seen that the average annual

growth in health employment (1.3%) was more than two folds higher than the total

employment increase (2.8%). Employment increase in health and social service fields

between the regions, except for America, exceeded the total employment increase in

Asia and Pacific and Africa especially. Slow growth that occurred in developed

economies during the crisis period and afterwards affected the employment capacity

negatively (ILO, 2017a: 14).

Health sector cannot be considered independently from healthcare professionals.

The way for generating a healthy society passes from raising manpower required in

health field. Healthy manpower is defined as “all of the personnel in the entire health

sector, either public or private, producing health services needed by society” (Solak,

2014: 3). Hence, it is clear that one of the most critical development parameters in a

society is quality and standards of health services and the most fundamental

determinant of this is raising manpower required by health sector.

The United Nations reported that 40 million new employments should be generated in

health and social service sectors until the year 2030. In this context, it is seen that the

United Nations considered the investments to be made in health and care sector

1,2 1,9

2,8

5,2 5,9 6

1,4

0,6 1,3

1

2,9

5,6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

AmericaEurope andCentral Asia

WorldAsia and PacificAfricaArab States

Average Annual Increase of Employment (%)

Health and Social SectorsTotal

15

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

the employment capacity negatively (ILO, 2017a: 14).

Health sector cannot be considered independently from healthcare professionals. The way for generating a healthy society passes from raising manpower required in health field. Healthy manpower is defined as “all of the personnel in the entire health sector, either public or private, producing health services needed by society” (Solak, 2014: 3). Hence, it is clear that one of the most critical development parameters in a society is quality and standards of health services and the most fundamental determinant of this is raising manpower required by health sector.

The United Nations reported that 40 million new employments should be generated in health and social service sectors until the year 2030. In this context, it is seen that the United Nations considered the investments to be made in health and care sector within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals and they emphasized various benefits of investments on human resources in health including struggle against poverty, public health and welfare, social gender inequality, smooth works, and economic growth (WHO, 2016a: 8).

Figure 4: The Number of Healthcare Professionals by Regions (in Millions)

within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals and they emphasized

various benefits of investments on human resources in health including struggle

against poverty, public health and welfare, social gender inequality, smooth works,

and economic growth (WHO, 2016a: 8).

Figure 4: The Number of Healthcare Professionals by Regions (in Millions)

WHO Regions

Physicians Nurses/Obstetricians Other Healthcare Professionals

Total Healthcare Professionals

2013 2030 2013 2030 2013 2030 2013 2030 Increase

Africa 0.2

0.5

1.0 1.5 0.6 1.0 1.9 3.1 63%

America 2.0

2.4

4.7 8.2 2.6 3.4 9.4 14.0 50%

Eastern Mediterranean

0.8

1.3

1.3 1.8 1.0 2.2 3.1 5.3 72%

Europe 2.9

3.5

6.2 8.5 3.6 4.8 12.7 16.8 32%

South-East Asia

1.1

1.9

2.9 5.2 2.2 3.7 6.2 10.9 75%

Western Pacific

2.7

4.2

4.6 7.0 3.0 6.1 10.3 17.3 %68

General Sum 9.8 13.8

20.7 32.3 13.0 21.2 43.5 67.3 %55

Resource: Stock of health workers (in millions), 2013 and 2030, WHO Global Strategy

Workforce 2030, p: 41.

The World Health Organization’s projection, which assessed the demand for

healthcare professionals regionally (Table 5), showed that there will be demand for

nearly 80.2 million of healthcare professionals throughout the world by 2030.

Page 124: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

12

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

1. LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT IN HEALTH SECTOR1.1. Economic and Labor Force Aspect of Health Sector Health sector generates a substantial economic area equaling the sum of various branches including auxiliary services, medical device development, medication use, and R&D studies in addition to he-althcare services in the entire world. It is seen that annual health expenditures making up nearly 6 billion dollars of economic size grab share in changing rates in the gross national product depending on the development levels of countries. The ratio of health expenditures to gross domestic product of the Organization for Economic Coo-peration and Development (the OECD) countries is approximately 9%. The highest ratio, 17%, belongs to the United States of America. On the other hand, the ratio of health expenditures to gross national product ranges between approximately 5% and 11% in the European Union countries.

Figure 1: The Share of Health Expenditures within GDP in the OECD Countries

Resource: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-statistics.htm, Access: 14.10.2017

Resource: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-statistics.htm, Access: 14.10.2017

Health sector is considered as a fundamental sector for reaching extensive economic

growth, human safety and sustainable development goals. Investments made for the

employees of such an important sector in the whole world became important since

making investments for healthcare professionals is seen as an opportunity for both

improving human health and promoting economic growth by creating employment.

Countries making investments on their healthcare professionals will have healthy

people and healthy people will be able to create healthy and more sustainable

economies. Countries making inadequate investments on their healthcare

professionals, on the other hand, put their people’s health in risk and at the same

time they will be defenseless against various risks in health field.

(http://www.who.int/hrh/com-heeg/WHO_CHEflyerEn.pdf?ua=1, Access:

15.10.2017).

Figure 2: The Ratios of Employment in Health and Social Sectors to the Total Employment by Income Groups, 2013 (%)

0

5

10

15

20

The Share of Health Expenditures within GDP (%)

The Share of Health Expenditures within GDP(%)

13

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Health sector is considered as a fundamental sector for reaching extensive economic growth, human safety and sustainable develop-ment goals. Investments made for the employees of such an impor-tant sector in the whole world became important since making invest-ments for healthcare professionals is seen as an opportunity for both improving human health and promoting economic growth by creating employment. Countries making investments on their healthcare pro-fessionals will have healthy people and healthy people will be able to create healthy and more sustainable economies. Countries making inadequate investments on their healthcare professionals, on the ot-her hand, put their people’s health in risk and at the same time they will be defenseless against various risks in health field.

(http://www.who.int/hrh/com-heeg/WHO_CHEflyerEn.pdf?ua=1, Ac-cess: 15.10.2017).

Figure 2: The Ratios of Employment in Health and Social Sectors to the Total Employment by Income Groups, 2013 (%)

Resource: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a p: 13.

Resource: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a p: 13.

There is a positive relation between health employment and economic growth.

Employment in health and social service sectors makes up nearly 10% of

employment in high income countries and this ratio remains under 1% in low income

countries. In the assessment of regions, the employment rate in health and social

sectors as the total employment share was the lowest in Africa, Asia and Pacific, and

it was the highest (8.8%) in Europe and Central Asia. On the other hand, it is seen

that it was 3.7% and 7.4% respectively in Arab countries and America (ILO, 2017a:

13).

Figure 3: Average Annual Increase of Employment, (ILO region, 2005-13), (%)

0,9 1,4 1,9

3,4

10,1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Low IncomeLow - MiddleIncome

High - MiddleIncome

WorldHigh Income

Percentage of Total Employment (%)

Employment in Health and Social Sectors (%)

Page 125: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

12

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

1. LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT IN HEALTH SECTOR1.1. Economic and Labor Force Aspect of Health Sector Health sector generates a substantial economic area equaling the sum of various branches including auxiliary services, medical device development, medication use, and R&D studies in addition to he-althcare services in the entire world. It is seen that annual health expenditures making up nearly 6 billion dollars of economic size grab share in changing rates in the gross national product depending on the development levels of countries. The ratio of health expenditures to gross domestic product of the Organization for Economic Coo-peration and Development (the OECD) countries is approximately 9%. The highest ratio, 17%, belongs to the United States of America. On the other hand, the ratio of health expenditures to gross national product ranges between approximately 5% and 11% in the European Union countries.

Figure 1: The Share of Health Expenditures within GDP in the OECD Countries

Resource: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-statistics.htm, Access: 14.10.2017

Resource: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-statistics.htm, Access: 14.10.2017

Health sector is considered as a fundamental sector for reaching extensive economic

growth, human safety and sustainable development goals. Investments made for the

employees of such an important sector in the whole world became important since

making investments for healthcare professionals is seen as an opportunity for both

improving human health and promoting economic growth by creating employment.

Countries making investments on their healthcare professionals will have healthy

people and healthy people will be able to create healthy and more sustainable

economies. Countries making inadequate investments on their healthcare

professionals, on the other hand, put their people’s health in risk and at the same

time they will be defenseless against various risks in health field.

(http://www.who.int/hrh/com-heeg/WHO_CHEflyerEn.pdf?ua=1, Access:

15.10.2017).

Figure 2: The Ratios of Employment in Health and Social Sectors to the Total Employment by Income Groups, 2013 (%)

0

5

10

15

20

The Share of Health Expenditures within GDP (%)

The Share of Health Expenditures within GDP(%)

13

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Health sector is considered as a fundamental sector for reaching extensive economic growth, human safety and sustainable develop-ment goals. Investments made for the employees of such an impor-tant sector in the whole world became important since making invest-ments for healthcare professionals is seen as an opportunity for both improving human health and promoting economic growth by creating employment. Countries making investments on their healthcare pro-fessionals will have healthy people and healthy people will be able to create healthy and more sustainable economies. Countries making inadequate investments on their healthcare professionals, on the ot-her hand, put their people’s health in risk and at the same time they will be defenseless against various risks in health field.

(http://www.who.int/hrh/com-heeg/WHO_CHEflyerEn.pdf?ua=1, Ac-cess: 15.10.2017).

Figure 2: The Ratios of Employment in Health and Social Sectors to the Total Employment by Income Groups, 2013 (%)

Resource: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a p: 13.

Resource: ILO, Improving employment and working conditions in health services, 2017a p: 13.

There is a positive relation between health employment and economic growth.

Employment in health and social service sectors makes up nearly 10% of

employment in high income countries and this ratio remains under 1% in low income

countries. In the assessment of regions, the employment rate in health and social

sectors as the total employment share was the lowest in Africa, Asia and Pacific, and

it was the highest (8.8%) in Europe and Central Asia. On the other hand, it is seen

that it was 3.7% and 7.4% respectively in Arab countries and America (ILO, 2017a:

13).

Figure 3: Average Annual Increase of Employment, (ILO region, 2005-13), (%)

0,9 1,4 1,9

3,4

10,1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Low IncomeLow - MiddleIncome

High - MiddleIncome

WorldHigh Income

Percentage of Total Employment (%)

Employment in Health and Social Sectors (%)

Page 126: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

10

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

in the entire world is ensuring participation of women at the men’s level in working and business life. It is seen that there are important differences in the participation levels of women in labor force and employment in developed country settings. Many countries aim women’s employment progress by support and incentive mechanisms. Conformity of some professions included in health sector with women’s nature and feminization of professions results in appearance of women more in this sector in comparison to men.

Health sector also consists of some outstanding hardships and risks in terms of working conditions in addition to these positive characteristics in terms of labor force and employment structure. Excessive workload, long working hours, turn of duty loads as a requirement of service continuity, and adaptation difficulty to the changing conditions and technologies of the profession leads to increased personnel turnover rate and professional fatigue of healthcare professionals and decreased job and life satisfaction. On the other hand, inability of fulfilling health labor force need by trained personnel leads to increased temporary and vulnerable employment types. The need for organization of healthcare professionals becomes crucial for struggling with all of these problems. It is seen that personal and professional struggle has specific limitations, and gains achieved by unionism in health sector has a considerable place.

Designating threats to healthcare providers in health unionism and development of struggle policies on this axis is very crucial. The sector’s prominently women worker structure should be a source for forming sex-centered strategies within union policies. In this framework, policies to pioneer accommodation of work and family life should be dealt with fastidiously and effective struggle tools with any type of sex-centered discrimination practices should be determined. Furthermore, unions in health sector, which have a substantial potential for the youngsters to transit from educational institutions to

11

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

employment, should provide opportunities to the youngsters in terms of organizing.

Health unionism is affected considerably by the hardships of being personnel in health sector. High educational and expertise level of healthcare professionals may cause them to prefer more individualistic methods for problem solution. Again, the effort for closing manpower deficit by vulnerable and temporary employment methods takes place as an important obstacle in front of organization of healthcare professionals. Skepticism of women and youth about unionism forms negative effects at the unionism level too as in the entire world.

Page 127: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

10

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

in the entire world is ensuring participation of women at the men’s level in working and business life. It is seen that there are important differences in the participation levels of women in labor force and employment in developed country settings. Many countries aim women’s employment progress by support and incentive mechanisms. Conformity of some professions included in health sector with women’s nature and feminization of professions results in appearance of women more in this sector in comparison to men.

Health sector also consists of some outstanding hardships and risks in terms of working conditions in addition to these positive characteristics in terms of labor force and employment structure. Excessive workload, long working hours, turn of duty loads as a requirement of service continuity, and adaptation difficulty to the changing conditions and technologies of the profession leads to increased personnel turnover rate and professional fatigue of healthcare professionals and decreased job and life satisfaction. On the other hand, inability of fulfilling health labor force need by trained personnel leads to increased temporary and vulnerable employment types. The need for organization of healthcare professionals becomes crucial for struggling with all of these problems. It is seen that personal and professional struggle has specific limitations, and gains achieved by unionism in health sector has a considerable place.

Designating threats to healthcare providers in health unionism and development of struggle policies on this axis is very crucial. The sector’s prominently women worker structure should be a source for forming sex-centered strategies within union policies. In this framework, policies to pioneer accommodation of work and family life should be dealt with fastidiously and effective struggle tools with any type of sex-centered discrimination practices should be determined. Furthermore, unions in health sector, which have a substantial potential for the youngsters to transit from educational institutions to

11

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

employment, should provide opportunities to the youngsters in terms of organizing.

Health unionism is affected considerably by the hardships of being personnel in health sector. High educational and expertise level of healthcare professionals may cause them to prefer more individualistic methods for problem solution. Again, the effort for closing manpower deficit by vulnerable and temporary employment methods takes place as an important obstacle in front of organization of healthcare professionals. Skepticism of women and youth about unionism forms negative effects at the unionism level too as in the entire world.

Page 128: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

8

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Inadequacy of the liberal mind existing during the first periods of industrialization to come up with solutions for economic and social problems has led the state to take place as a regulator as well in addition to the market as a major determinant actor. Emergence of the development of the state’s social property as an obligation and citizens’ demand has caused the liberal state cognizance to go through a welfare state-centered change. Welfare state, built on an approximately two hundred year-industrialization and capital accumulation, took place in every aspect of social life, primarily in health and education, and resorted to improve public services based on rights. This progress has guided public service standards to improve constantly and right-based policies shaped by citizens’ demands have turned into a critical competition struggle between political parties. During this process, significant progress was made in the capacity of public services and number of employees naturally. With the effect of globalization, economic crises experienced since 1980s caused significant contractions on employment structures and it was seen that public employees were affected by these crises less based on continuity in public services.

During the globalization process, contraction in the industry sector cleared the way for progress in service sector. Technological advances experienced in information field especially caused significant developments at the characteristic level of employees and on the other hand they ensured participation of women in labor market. During this period which was shaped by flexibility pursuit in labor markets, it was seen that worker unionism experienced critical regression in many regions of the world. During the same process, it was seen that public services were kept at a certain level to deal with the experienced social problems and to protect the employment level.

9

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

The most prominent problem experienced in labor markets in today’s world is defined as unemployment absolutely. In the global analyses of the International Labor Organization, it was reported that the number of unemployed exceeded two hundred million and this trend will continue. This mandates supporting of sectors that provide employment advantage in struggle with unemployment. Health sector ranks first among the sectors having these properties. Moreover, increasing employment in health sector is the essential condition for sustaining health services beyond being only an employment policy tool. Growth in health sector has a multiplier effect for a country. Growth in this sector increases the number of healthcare professionals and contributes to economic progress and on the other hand, it is a resource to the improvement of human and public health by protecting citizens’ health.

There is an outstanding demand for healthcare professionals in each region of the world although at different rates. Aging population, wars, natural disasters, and epidemics lead to increased and ongoing need of the society for health services. The most notable hurdle to fulfill this increase arises from the training of healthcare personnel. The developing and changing technologies and the need for superior expertise level bring the training of labor force about health services to a prominent position. Poor execution of this training process, lack of determining labor force planning in health in line with the needs, and the inability of replacement of the aging healthcare personnel leads to emergence of substantial manpower deficit in health sector. This manpower deficit or personnel with lower quality level leads to decrease in quality or intensification of pressure for working hours and turn of duty for the existing skilled personnel.

One of the key characteristics of the health sector working structure is the higher level of women’s employment in comparison to the other sectors. One of the elements of economic and social development

Page 129: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

8

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Inadequacy of the liberal mind existing during the first periods of industrialization to come up with solutions for economic and social problems has led the state to take place as a regulator as well in addition to the market as a major determinant actor. Emergence of the development of the state’s social property as an obligation and citizens’ demand has caused the liberal state cognizance to go through a welfare state-centered change. Welfare state, built on an approximately two hundred year-industrialization and capital accumulation, took place in every aspect of social life, primarily in health and education, and resorted to improve public services based on rights. This progress has guided public service standards to improve constantly and right-based policies shaped by citizens’ demands have turned into a critical competition struggle between political parties. During this process, significant progress was made in the capacity of public services and number of employees naturally. With the effect of globalization, economic crises experienced since 1980s caused significant contractions on employment structures and it was seen that public employees were affected by these crises less based on continuity in public services.

During the globalization process, contraction in the industry sector cleared the way for progress in service sector. Technological advances experienced in information field especially caused significant developments at the characteristic level of employees and on the other hand they ensured participation of women in labor market. During this period which was shaped by flexibility pursuit in labor markets, it was seen that worker unionism experienced critical regression in many regions of the world. During the same process, it was seen that public services were kept at a certain level to deal with the experienced social problems and to protect the employment level.

9

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

The most prominent problem experienced in labor markets in today’s world is defined as unemployment absolutely. In the global analyses of the International Labor Organization, it was reported that the number of unemployed exceeded two hundred million and this trend will continue. This mandates supporting of sectors that provide employment advantage in struggle with unemployment. Health sector ranks first among the sectors having these properties. Moreover, increasing employment in health sector is the essential condition for sustaining health services beyond being only an employment policy tool. Growth in health sector has a multiplier effect for a country. Growth in this sector increases the number of healthcare professionals and contributes to economic progress and on the other hand, it is a resource to the improvement of human and public health by protecting citizens’ health.

There is an outstanding demand for healthcare professionals in each region of the world although at different rates. Aging population, wars, natural disasters, and epidemics lead to increased and ongoing need of the society for health services. The most notable hurdle to fulfill this increase arises from the training of healthcare personnel. The developing and changing technologies and the need for superior expertise level bring the training of labor force about health services to a prominent position. Poor execution of this training process, lack of determining labor force planning in health in line with the needs, and the inability of replacement of the aging healthcare personnel leads to emergence of substantial manpower deficit in health sector. This manpower deficit or personnel with lower quality level leads to decrease in quality or intensification of pressure for working hours and turn of duty for the existing skilled personnel.

One of the key characteristics of the health sector working structure is the higher level of women’s employment in comparison to the other sectors. One of the elements of economic and social development

Page 130: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

6

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

7

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

INTRODUCTION

Unions are establishments founded for protecting workers’ benefits and the word union is derived from an old word with the root “syndic” and is used to express entities mediating protection of interests. The word has found its precise place in modern working relationships during the industrialization processes. The inconformity between labor supply and demand and the characteristic of dominant intervention-free liberal cognizance has led to the occurrence of a situation to the detriment of labor owners in working conditions during the first periods of industrialization, which is the prevalent manufacturing means of capitalist production system. Poor factory working conditions, low wages, long working hours and inhumane working values have formed the major characteristics of the working life in this period. Complete power loss of corporations, which are the solidarity means between business owners in medieval working relationships, has led to the absence of a mechanism to ensure collaboration between employees in the new economic system. Inter-employee solidarity establishments that restarted with worker friendship organizations since the second half of the 18th century strengthened in a considerably short time and became the most important establishments of working life.

This worker-centered structure at the beginning of unionism possessed a scope encompassing all workers and sectors in the following years. Despite the unionism history started to be written since the 18th century they turned into powerful organizations only after the World War II. In addition to worker unionism, emergence of civil servant unionism as a power coincides in this period. The question why organization of employed public officials was late so much due to exercising public duty is critical here. It is certainly possible to explain this situation with the relatively late progress of the state’s responsibility area and hence the number of its personnel.

Page 131: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

6

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

7

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

INTRODUCTION

Unions are establishments founded for protecting workers’ benefits and the word union is derived from an old word with the root “syndic” and is used to express entities mediating protection of interests. The word has found its precise place in modern working relationships during the industrialization processes. The inconformity between labor supply and demand and the characteristic of dominant intervention-free liberal cognizance has led to the occurrence of a situation to the detriment of labor owners in working conditions during the first periods of industrialization, which is the prevalent manufacturing means of capitalist production system. Poor factory working conditions, low wages, long working hours and inhumane working values have formed the major characteristics of the working life in this period. Complete power loss of corporations, which are the solidarity means between business owners in medieval working relationships, has led to the absence of a mechanism to ensure collaboration between employees in the new economic system. Inter-employee solidarity establishments that restarted with worker friendship organizations since the second half of the 18th century strengthened in a considerably short time and became the most important establishments of working life.

This worker-centered structure at the beginning of unionism possessed a scope encompassing all workers and sectors in the following years. Despite the unionism history started to be written since the 18th century they turned into powerful organizations only after the World War II. In addition to worker unionism, emergence of civil servant unionism as a power coincides in this period. The question why organization of employed public officials was late so much due to exercising public duty is critical here. It is certainly possible to explain this situation with the relatively late progress of the state’s responsibility area and hence the number of its personnel.

Page 132: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

4

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Health sector has a unique and critical place in the entire world sin-ce it provides service to people directly and this provided service is the determinant of human and community health and their future. Human labor is the determinant of the provided service at each stage and hence it turns health professionals into major actors for the success of health services. Health personnel education processes are tedious and costly and this leads to encountering problems during health people source planning generally and this in turn results in health labor force deficit. This situation is the trigger of negative effects of the current health labor force on the current health labor force’s working conditions. Further-more, there is substantial need for supportive policies aimed for women in health sector where women labor force density is high. Turn of duty load and tough working conditions form a significant obstacle in front of establishing a balance between work and family life for women wor-kers. The other fundamental problematic areas faced by health workers are failure to reflect the burnout level at work to social security rights, inadequacy of social dialogue mechanisms, vocational risks and long working hours.

It is possible to say that health unionism is at a critical brink for struggling with all of these problems and strengthening the representa-tion of health workers. We think that it is not possible to carry out health unionism without hearing the voice and demands of women workers,

PREFACE

5

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

without knowing about work problems of quality and young manpower, without following up the experienced technologic changes and deve-lopments, and without involving in an effort to become a health policy determinant actor. Sağlık-Sen has included the title of authorized union in the service field since 2009 in its stable growth since its foundation and is the most powerful representative of health workers in Turkey with a member number approaching 250,000 today. This success managed in unionism was not contented with and sustainability has been turned into a major target with the requirement of visionary unionism. SASAM (Sağlık-Sen Strategic Research Center) Institute was founded for this purpose in 2014 and represented the first example in the field and is an institutionalized example of the purpose of determining our unionism targets under the light of science and providing the best service for he-alth workers with a visionary cognizance.

We think that national and international knowledge- and experi-ence-share to be carried out in unionism will contribute substantially to the right struggle in the whole world. For this purpose, we are pleased to present you this work as a preamble book which discusses health uni-onism in the world and Turkey with all of its aspects. This book, prepa-red by academicians specialized in their field, aims to assess the current problems of health workers and to be a guide for policy determination processes in health unionism. I hope that international health unionism meetings which we aim to turn into a tradition will make important contributions to increasing the content and volume of this type of works.

Metin MEMİŞSağlık-Sen General President

Page 133: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

4

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

Health sector has a unique and critical place in the entire world sin-ce it provides service to people directly and this provided service is the determinant of human and community health and their future. Human labor is the determinant of the provided service at each stage and hence it turns health professionals into major actors for the success of health services. Health personnel education processes are tedious and costly and this leads to encountering problems during health people source planning generally and this in turn results in health labor force deficit. This situation is the trigger of negative effects of the current health labor force on the current health labor force’s working conditions. Further-more, there is substantial need for supportive policies aimed for women in health sector where women labor force density is high. Turn of duty load and tough working conditions form a significant obstacle in front of establishing a balance between work and family life for women wor-kers. The other fundamental problematic areas faced by health workers are failure to reflect the burnout level at work to social security rights, inadequacy of social dialogue mechanisms, vocational risks and long working hours.

It is possible to say that health unionism is at a critical brink for struggling with all of these problems and strengthening the representa-tion of health workers. We think that it is not possible to carry out health unionism without hearing the voice and demands of women workers,

PREFACE

5

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

without knowing about work problems of quality and young manpower, without following up the experienced technologic changes and deve-lopments, and without involving in an effort to become a health policy determinant actor. Sağlık-Sen has included the title of authorized union in the service field since 2009 in its stable growth since its foundation and is the most powerful representative of health workers in Turkey with a member number approaching 250,000 today. This success managed in unionism was not contented with and sustainability has been turned into a major target with the requirement of visionary unionism. SASAM (Sağlık-Sen Strategic Research Center) Institute was founded for this purpose in 2014 and represented the first example in the field and is an institutionalized example of the purpose of determining our unionism targets under the light of science and providing the best service for he-alth workers with a visionary cognizance.

We think that national and international knowledge- and experi-ence-share to be carried out in unionism will contribute substantially to the right struggle in the whole world. For this purpose, we are pleased to present you this work as a preamble book which discusses health uni-onism in the world and Turkey with all of its aspects. This book, prepa-red by academicians specialized in their field, aims to assess the current problems of health workers and to be a guide for policy determination processes in health unionism. I hope that international health unionism meetings which we aim to turn into a tradition will make important contributions to increasing the content and volume of this type of works.

Metin MEMİŞSağlık-Sen General President

Page 134: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

2

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

© 2017. Sağlık-Sen. All Rights Reserved. Press and publish rights of this book are belong to Sağlık-Sen.

Whatever the purpose may not be copied and reproduced without written permission.

SAĞLIK-SEN PUBLICATIONS - 42

Sağlık-Sen’ License HolderMetin MEMİŞ

General President

General EditorMustafa ÖRNEK

Vice President - SASAM Coordinator

November 20171000 Piece

Publish:

Graphic Desing Sedat ALTUĞ

SAĞLIK-SEN HEAD OFFICEGMK Bulvarı Özveren Sok. No:23 Demirtepe/ANKARA

Phone: 444 1995 Fax: (0312) 230 83 65www.sagliksen.org.tr

Editorial BoardMustafa Örnek, İdris Baykan, Abdülaziz Aslan, Fatih Seyran

Prof. Dr. Mustafa Necmi İlhan, Doç. Dr. Mehmet Merve Özaydın, Dr. Özcan Kars, Mehmet Atasever, Zafer Karaca Arş. Gör. Mehmet Gözlü

Fatma Akay, Nihan Ready, Onur Burak Barkan, Defne Demet

Research Tea /WritersAssoc. D. Mehmet Merve ÖZAYDINResearch Assistant Banu KARAKAŞResearch Assistant Ömercan ÇEVİK

3

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

CONTENTS

PREFACE ..................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................7

1. LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT IN HEALTH SECTOR .............................................................................12

1.1. Economic and Labor Force Aspect of Health Sector .........................12 1.2. International Approaches for Improving Employment in Health Sector ...........................................23

2. HEALTH SECTOR PERSONNEL - CENTERED PROBLEMS .........28 2.1. Social Dialogue ......................................................................................29 2.2. Women and Family Friend Policies ...................................................32 2.3. Violence Directed against Health Professionals ................................35 2.4. Working Hours in Health Sector .........................................................38 2.5. Occupational Hazards and Job Safety and Health ............................42 2.6. Training and Professional Improvement ............................................43 2.7. Problems Stemming from Statue of Working in Health Sector ..........................................................................................45

3. UNIONISM IN HEALTH SECTOR ...................................................49 3.1. Historical Development of Unionism in the World .........................49 3.2. Public Officials Unionism and Its Development ...............................51 3.3. Health Unionism ...................................................................................54

4. HEALTH UNIONISM IN TURKEY ..................................................58

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................64

Page 135: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

2

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

© 2017. Sağlık-Sen. All Rights Reserved. Press and publish rights of this book are belong to Sağlık-Sen.

Whatever the purpose may not be copied and reproduced without written permission.

SAĞLIK-SEN PUBLICATIONS - 42

Sağlık-Sen’ License HolderMetin MEMİŞ

General President

General EditorMustafa ÖRNEK

Vice President - SASAM Coordinator

November 20171000 Piece

Publish:

Graphic Desing Sedat ALTUĞ

SAĞLIK-SEN HEAD OFFICEGMK Bulvarı Özveren Sok. No:23 Demirtepe/ANKARA

Phone: 444 1995 Fax: (0312) 230 83 65www.sagliksen.org.tr

Editorial BoardMustafa Örnek, İdris Baykan, Abdülaziz Aslan, Fatih Seyran

Prof. Dr. Mustafa Necmi İlhan, Doç. Dr. Mehmet Merve Özaydın, Dr. Özcan Kars, Mehmet Atasever, Zafer Karaca Arş. Gör. Mehmet Gözlü

Fatma Akay, Nihan Ready, Onur Burak Barkan, Defne Demet

Research Tea /WritersAssoc. D. Mehmet Merve ÖZAYDINResearch Assistant Banu KARAKAŞResearch Assistant Ömercan ÇEVİK

3

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY

CONTENTS

PREFACE ..................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................7

1. LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT IN HEALTH SECTOR .............................................................................12

1.1. Economic and Labor Force Aspect of Health Sector .........................12 1.2. International Approaches for Improving Employment in Health Sector ...........................................23

2. HEALTH SECTOR PERSONNEL - CENTERED PROBLEMS .........28 2.1. Social Dialogue ......................................................................................29 2.2. Women and Family Friend Policies ...................................................32 2.3. Violence Directed against Health Professionals ................................35 2.4. Working Hours in Health Sector .........................................................38 2.5. Occupational Hazards and Job Safety and Health ............................42 2.6. Training and Professional Improvement ............................................43 2.7. Problems Stemming from Statue of Working in Health Sector ..........................................................................................45

3. UNIONISM IN HEALTH SECTOR ...................................................49 3.1. Historical Development of Unionism in the World .........................49 3.2. Public Officials Unionism and Its Development ...............................51 3.3. Health Unionism ...................................................................................54

4. HEALTH UNIONISM IN TURKEY ..................................................58

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................64

Page 136: SAĞLIK VE SOSYAL HİZMET ÇALIŞANLARI SENDİKASIœNYADA-VE-TÜRK... · saĞlik ve sosyal hİzmet ÇaliŞanlari sendİkasi kasım 2017 ankara dÜnyada ve tÜrkİye’de saĞlik sendİkaciliĞi

HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICE WORKERS’ UNION

Nowember 2017 Ankara - TURKEY

HEALTH UNIONISM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY