rome chris anderson randolph-henry high school. italian geography the romans developed their...

RomeRome

Chris Anderson

Randolph-Henry High School

Italian GeographyItalian Geography

The Romans developed their civilization on the Italian Peninsula—a boot shaped peninsula located in southern Europe

The peninsula divides the Mediterranean Sea in half

The Peninsula is a natural location for trade in the region


Italy’s climate—mild

The peninsula has lots of farmland—75% of Italy contains arable land

Mountains in the north—the Alps—act as natural barriers to protect Italy

Italy has very few natural harbors

EtruscansEtruscans

The Etruscans came into Italy around 900 BC

Historians do not really know from where the Etruscans came

They used an alphabet similar to Greek—but historians have yet to understand the language

EtruscansEtruscans

Historians learned about the people from their art

Wonderful frescosLots of sculptures

Etruscans had a class systemWealthy overlordsPriestsSlaves

The Rise of RomeThe Rise of Rome

The city of Rome was created by a group called the LatinsLatinsRoman legend said the city was created by two legendary brothers—Romulus and RemesIn reality—the Latins created villages on the 7 hills around the Tiber RiverOver time, the villages grew so large that the people decided to create a city--Rome


600s BC—the Etruscans took over Rome and turned the Latins into slaves

The Etruscans brought useful innovations to the city

Taught the Latins to build with brick and tile

Drained marshes to create more farmland and to help eliminate the mosquitoes

Created the idea of the Forum—public square


534 BC—a new Etruscan king came to power

He was very cruel to the Latin people

509 BC—the Latins rebelled, driving out the Etruscan king and his court

Rome will never be ruled by a king again

The Latins created a Republic in Rome


After the Latins had reclaimed their city, a new social order took hold

Rome was composed of 2 social classesPatricians

The wealthy aristocrats and Latin nobles

PlebeiansEveryone else of Rome


Both Patricians and Plebeians shared some rights and responsibilities

Both could vote

Both were required to pay taxes

Both were expected to serve in the military

But the Patricians were the only class that could hold public office


The Patricians created 2 branches of government to rule the Roman Republic

Executive Branch—Consuls2 consuls ruled over the RepublicBoth were elected for 1-year termsBoth consuls had to agree before any action could be taken

Legislative Branch—Senate and Assembly of Centuries

Both legislative branches were controlled by Patricians


Only 1 person could overrule the Roman consuls—a dictator

Dictators were temporary in Rome

Dictators could only rule in Rome during a crisis and were to step down when the crisis was over

Plebeian v. PatricianPlebeian v. Patrician

The plebeians were upset at having no real say in the government of Rome

The patricians could do just about anything they wanted because the patricians were running the Roman government

The plebeians wanted more voice in Roman politics


494 BC—the plebeians went on strikeThe plebeians refused to serve in the military

Since the plebeians constituted the majority of the military, their refusal would leave Rome with virtually no defenses

The plebeians then threatened to leave Rome and create their own republic

This would have left Rome with no workforce


The patricians gave in to the plebeians’ demands

Plebeians would get their own representatives in government—tribunestribunesTribunes had veto power over any government decisionTribunes could not be arrestedThe Assembly of Tribes—the body that elected each tribune—was also recognized


The plebeians also wanted Roman law to be written down

The patricians agreed

431 BC—Roman laws were written on the 12 Tables—12 bronze tablets


287 BC—the plebeians gained even more political power over Rome

The Assembly of Tribes was given the right to make all of Rome’s laws—turning Rome into a Democracy

Religion and FamilyReligion and Family

The Romans adopted the Greek gods, but changed their names

Aphrodite—Venus

Ares—Mars

Hera—Juno

Zeus—Jupiter

Athena--Minerva

Religion and FamilyReligion and Family

The Roman family was controlled by the father

The father also controlled the families of his married sons

Women had few rightsSome women could own land and businesses

Many wealthy women could read Greek

Roman Expansion and CrisisRoman Expansion and Crisis

To protect the city from invasion, the Romans began to take over their neighbors and force them into alliances

By 264 BC—Rome had taken over the entire Italian Peninsula

Rome’s use of Legions made the military quicker and more efficient


At first, the Romans copied the Greek military system of phalanxesThe phalanxes were too large and too slow for the RomansThe Roman generals then created Legions

Consisted of 6,000 menBroken down into units of 60-120 menThe smaller units were quicker and easier to maneuver


Roman soldiers were very well trained and very skilled

Soldiers were well disciplined and followed orders very well


The Romans treated their conquered victims rather well

Many areas were allowed to keep their governments and kings if they agreed to help Rome in future wars

Many captured people were given citizenship in Rome


Rome also created military colonies in Italy

The colonies acted as buffers—to defend the city of Rome if anyone attempted to attack the city

The Romans built roads to link the different colonies to Rome

The roads were very well constructed

Punic Wars—Rome v. CarthagePunic Wars—Rome v. Carthage

Rome will begin to face challenges from a former Phoenician colony—CarthageCarthage

Carthage was located in Northern Africa

300 BC—Carthage bean expanding into the Mediterranean as a way of helping its trade

Carthage took over the island of Sicily—just off the “toe” of the Italian peninsulaBy 264 BC—Carthage was about to take the Straits of Messina—between Sicily and Italy


Because Carthage was advancing toward Rome, Rome will go to war to defend the Peninsula

What resulted was a series of 3 wars—the Punic Wars


1st Punic War (264-241 BC)264 BC—to keep Carthage from taking the Straits of Messina, Rome sent its legions into Sicily and captured Carthage’s Sicilian coloniesCarthage retaliated with their very strong navyRome was forced to build a navy


1st Punic WarBoth navies met to do battle off of the coast of Northern AfricaRome used grappling hooks to pull Carthage’s ships close

The Roman soldiers would board the enemy ships and fight to the death


1st Punic War

Rome defeated Carthage in the naval battle in 241 BC

Carthage was forced to give up its Sicilian holdings


22ndnd Punic War (218-202 BC) Punic War (218-202 BC)

221 BC—Carthage wanted to exact revenge on Rome

Carthage’s leading general—Hannibal—was in Spain—he was only 25 years old

218 BC—Hannibal attempted to draw Rome into a war by attacking one of Rome’s allies

The attempt failed to bring Rome into Spain


22ndnd Punic War Punic War

Hannibal then set out to invade the Italian peninsula

He decided to take 40,000 men and 40 elephants on his land trek from Spain to Italy



Hannibal’s route led him over the Alps

His men were not equipped for the cold and harsh conditions of the Alps

Half of Hannibal’s army died in the attempt to cross the alps

Nearly all of the elephants died



Although with a small force, Hannibal met with lots of success in Northern Italy

All Roman armies sent to stop Hannibal were defeated

Rome began raising volunteer legions under General Publius ScipioGeneral Publius Scipio



Scipio developed a plan to defeat HannibalAttack the city of Carthage to draw Hannibal out of Italy

Scipio’s plan workedCarthage called Hannibal out of Italy to come and help defend Carthage



202 BC—Scipio and his volunteer legions defeated Hannibal in the Battle of Zama

Carthage gave up all of their land in Spain


3rd Punic War (149 BC)3rd Punic War (149 BC)149 BC—Carthage was at war with one of Rome’s alliesRome saw this as an opportunity to finally get rid of CarthageRome invaded Carthage and burned the city to the ground

Rome turned the people into slavesSoldiers put salt in the ground to keep food from growing

Roman Republic in CrisisRoman Republic in Crisis

Between 230 and 202 BC—Rome had taken over most of the Atlantic coast of Europe

Spain

France

England

188 BC—Rome took Asia Minor—modern day Turkey


133 BC—Rome forced Syria and Egypt into an alliance with Rome

By 130 BC—Rome had taken over all of the Mediterranean region—from Spain to Asia Minor

The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea their “little lake”


Ruling such a large area was very difficult for Rome

Rome began to face severe political and economic problems

To help rule the large land holdings, the Roman government made all of the non-Italian areas into provinces


Each province was required to pay tribute to RomeMost of the taxes collected never reached Rome, but stayed in the pockets of the tax collectorsThe people knew their money was being stolenThe people began to rebel


Many poor farmers flocked to the city of Rome because of

The low cost of foodThe free entertainmentA hope of finding a job

Unfortunately, the slaves did all the work in the city

The poor farmers were left unemployed and living off the Roman government


A series of reformers will try to fix the Republics problemsUnfortunately, most of the reforms will be unsuccessfulThe reformers were:

Tiberius GracchusGaius GracchusGaius MariusLucas Cornelius Sulla1st Triumvirate—Gnaeus Pompey, Marcus Crassus, Julius Caesar2nd Triumvirate—Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, Marc Antony


Tiberius GracchusTiberius GracchusTiberius had the chance to be a patrician, but chose to be a plebeian tribune133 BC—he proposed a law to take land away from the rich farmers and give the land to those who had no landThe law passed, but with much oppositionTiberius was eventually killed by 300 rioters

Tiberius Gracchus


Gaius GracchusGaius GracchusTiberius’ brotherGaius was elected tribune 1 year after his brother’s murderGaius wanted to give more land to poor farmersHe created laws to sell grain at lower prices121 BC—Gaius was murdered by his opponents

Gracchi Brothers


Gaius MariusGaius Marius107 BC—he was elected consulHe passed laws that enlisted the poor into the military

A way to give the poor jobs—they were paid for their serviceAfter military service, the poor were given landThis system changed the military system—soldiers became loyal to their commander, not to the Republic

88 BC—Gaius was overthrown by his newly created army, led by Lucas Cornelius Sulla

Gaius Marius


Lucas Cornelius SullaLucas Cornelius Sulla

Sulla made himself dictator of Rome

He attempted to steal power away from the Assembly of Tribes

This attempt embroiled Rome into a brutal period of violence


11stst Triumvirate Triumvirate70 BC—2 new consuls were elected in Rome—GnaeusGnaeus PompeyPompey and Marcus Marcus CrassusCrassusPompey was a general and Crassus was a politicianBoth men began to gain support from a young aristocrat—Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Gnaeus Pompey

Marcus Crassus

Julius Cesar


11stst Triumvirate Triumvirate

60 BC—the 3 men formed the 1st Triumvirate—all 3 would share power over Rome

The Triumvirate was very unstable—each man tried to take power from the others



Caesar flexed his muscle by conquering the Celts, increasing Roman holdings in Britain

Crassus tried to show military power, but he will be killed in battle in 53 BC

Crassus’ death left Caesar and Pompey to battle over Rome


11stst Triumvirate TriumviratePompey feared that Caesar would try to take all powerPompey convinced the Roman Senate to order Caesar to leave his legions in Britain and return to Rome, aloneCaesar did start for Rome, but with his legions



When Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with his army, civil war broke out in Rome

Caesar quickly took over all of Italy in only 2 months

Pompey was driven out of Italy


Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

45 BC—Caesar made himself dictator of Rome for life

He gave the poor loans and jobs

He gave many non-Italians citizenship



Many in the government questioned Caesar’s true political intentions

They believed Caesar wanted to make himself KingKing

Many government officials began a plot to rid Rome of Caesar



March 15, 44 BC (Ides of March)—Caesar was assassinated by a group of Roman Senators

The assassination was led by Caesar’s friend—Marcus Brutus


22ndnd Triumvirate Triumvirate

After Caesar’s murder, Caesar’s 18 year old grandnephew—Octavian—began to make alliances with 2 very powerful government officials—Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus

Octavian

Marc Antony

Marcus Lepidus


22ndnd Triumvirate Triumvirate

The 3 began to divide the Roman world between them

Octavian—Italy and the West

Antony—Greece and the East

Lepidus—North Africa


22ndnd Triumvirate TriumvirateThe 3 then formed the 2nd TriumvirateThe Triumvirate was very short livedOctavian forced Lepidus to retireAntony moved to Egypt and married CleopatraOctavian convinced the Roman people that Antony was going to seize Rome


22ndnd Triumvirate TriumvirateOctavian and Antony go to war over RomeAntony and Cleopatra commit suicide to escape captureOctavian became the sole leader of RomeOctavian’s victory ushered out the Republic and created the Roman EmpireOctavian is the 1st Roman Emperor

The Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire

27 BC—the Roman Senate elected Octavian tribune, consul, and commander in chief for life

Octavian changed his name to Augustus—”the Majestic One”

The 1The 1stst Emperors Emperors

Many different emperors will rule Rome after Augustus

Some will be considered “Bad Emperors”

Others will be called the “Good Emperors”

Each will have their own “quirks” and ideas of how to make the Roman Empire great


1.) 1.) Augustus (27 BC-AD 14)Augustus (27 BC-AD 14)

He rebuilt the city of Rome and was a patron of the arts

He ordered new roads to be built

Under Augustus, the Pax Romana began

The Pax Romana was a 200 year period of peace in Rome


1.) 1.) Augustus (27 BC-AD 14)Augustus (27 BC-AD 14)The Roman empire under Augustus was very large

70-100 million people in the empire

He used professional governors to rule the different provincesAugustus made himself chief priest in Rome


2.) 2.) Tiberius (AD 14-37)Tiberius (AD 14-37)

Augustus’ adopted son

Tiberius will be the 1st of the “Bad Emperors”

He falsely accused many in the government of treason

Emperor Tiberius


3.) 3.) Caligula (37-41)Caligula (37-41)

Tiberius’ grandnephew

He became mentally ill after an illness

AD 41—Caligula was assassinated by is own guards because of his ineptitude

Caligula


4.) 4.) Claudius (41-54)Claudius (41-54)

Caligula’s uncle

He took office at a rather elder age

He had trouble with affairs of the stateHe was a “yes” man

He was too easy to influence

AD 54—Claudius was murdered by his wifeShe wanted her son—Nero—to be emperor

Claudius


5.) 5.) Nero (54-68)Nero (54-68)Claudius’ stepsonNero was very cruel and vain—he was probably insaneHe was more concerned with making himself happy than with the empireNero had his wife and mother murdered—he did not trust themAD 68—he was arrested and sentenced to death, but he committed suicide before he could be executed


After Rome had been ruled by so many failures, the Roman Senate decided to choose its own emperors

Over time, the Senate began to choose emperors that were capable

In AD 96, the Senate chose the 1st of the “Good Emperors”--Nerva


6.) 6.) NervaNerva

1st of the Good Emperors

7.) 7.) TrajanTrajan

He increased the size of the Roman empire


8.) 8.) HadrianHadrian

He strengthened Rome’s fortifications—built Hadrian’s Wall in Great Britain

9.) 9.) Antoninus PiusAntoninus Pius

He maintained the prosperity of the empire


10.) 10.) Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius

He brought Rome lots of wealth

He will be the last of the good emperors


As the empire grew under the 1st emperors , different cultures were added to the empire

New laws were needed to deal with the new cultures—jus gentium (laws that applied to non-citizens and foreigners)

By AD 200—all free males in the empire were given citizenship


Roman law placed the state above the individual

An accused individual was presumed innocent until proven guilty

Roman law is the basis for most Western law


The emperors did keep strong armies

However, during the Pax Romana, Rome did not need to keep a large military force because there were few threats to Roman power during these peaceful times

Rome reduced its number of legions from 60 down to 28


With the reduced number of legions and Rome’s reserve forces, the emperor had 300,000 soldiers at his disposal300,000 troops were NOT enough to protect the empire’s borders from invasionOutsiders slowly began invading the frontier of the empireThese invasions will help cause the downfall of the empire

Roman CivilizationRoman Civilization

The Pax Romana allowed trade to grow within the empire

It was safe to trade—no fear of bandits on the trade routes

In the 1st century AD, many “factories” turned out pottery, cloth, glass, and jewelryThe Romans began to trade as far east as China


The family became less important during the Pax Romana

The Romans started having fewer childreDivorce rates increasedFathers lost their power over the family

Roman society was becoming less stable and more flexible

The poor could become rich and the rich could lose it all and become poor


Although the poor of Rome still had it rough, they did not try to rebelThe government took care of the poor

Gave the poor free breadGave the poor free entertainment in the Colosseum

Chariot racesGladiators

The Romans celebrated over 130 holidays


During the Pax Romana the Romans created many architectural achievements

The Colosseum

Aquaducts


The Romans studied what others had written

Rich boys & girls received private educations at home

Boys would go on to academies to further their studies in geometry, astronomy, philosophy, and oratory

Girls received more education at home


The lower classes of Rome were literate (could read and write) and had some knowledge of simple math

The Romans spoke LatinLatinThe Latin language had fewer letters than Greek and was relatively simple to learn

Latin was the common language of Europe until AD 1500s


Latin is the basis for the Romance Languages

Spanish

French

Italian

Portuguese

Romanian

Rise of ChristianityRise of Christianity

The Romans were polytheisticThe Roman Republic allowed for religious freedom—the different cultures could worship their different godsReligion began to change under Augustus

Augustus made himself chief priest and expected the people to honor him as chief priestAugustus still allowed for different religions to worshipMany different religions began to developed during Augustus’ reign


A new religion began to developed during Augustus’ reign—ChristianityChristianityChristianity started as a radical sect of Judaism followed by eastern Mediterranean JewsAs more Jews converted to Christianity, the Christian faith moved away from the ideas of JudaismChristianity eventually gained its own identity and became its own religion


Judaism and the Roman EmpireJudaism and the Roman EmpireAD 6—Kingdom of Judah became part of the Roman Empire

The Romans renamed the region JudeaJudea

The provincial government of Judea allowed the Jews to practice their religion, but the Jews were still persecuted because they were monotheistic


Judaism and the Roman EmpireJudaism and the Roman Empire

The Jews began to pray for a messiah--a deliverer or savior—to save them from the Romans and restore the kingdom of David

Other Jews began taking up arms in rebellion against the Roman government in Judea


Judaism and the Roman EmpireJudaism and the Roman EmpireAD 66—a small force of Jews was able to overpower the Romans in Jerusalem and reclaim the city for the JewsAD 70—the Romans recaptured Jerusalem and destroy the Jewish templeAD 132—the Jews attempted another rebellion, but it proved unsuccessful


Judaism and the Roman EmpireJudaism and the Roman Empire

The Romans forced the Jews out of Jerusalem

The Jews were forced to settle in the Middle East


Jesus of NazarethJesus of NazarethAround the time that Judea fell under Roman control, Jesus was growing up in NazarethJesus received a traditional Jewish educationBetween AD 26 and AD 30, Jesus traveled through Judea preaching his message and gaining lots of followers


Jesus of NazarethJesus of Nazareth

Jesus preached that the people needed to repent their sins and change their behavior

Jesus also preached that God was not harsh and vengeful as the Jews believed—instead he preached that God was loving and forgiving


Jesus of NazarethJesus of NazarethMany of Jesus’ followers began to believe that Jesus was the Jewish messiah—the man sent by God to deliver the Jews out of Roman controlOther Jews saw Jesus as a fakeThe differing opinions over Jesus began to cause problems


Jesus of NazarethJesus of NazarethThe Roman government of Judea feared Jesus because of his large followingThe Jewish rabbis disliked Jesus because he was teaching a message different than what they were preachingAD 33—Jesus was arrested by the Roman governor of PalestineJesus was charged as a political troublemaker and executed by crucifixion—a common practice for the time


Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity

After Jesus’ death, Jesus’ followers were called Christians

The early Christians started forming Churches

The Churches promoted worship, fellowship, and the further spread of Jesus’ message


Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity

The leading teacher of Christianity in the non-Jewish community was Paul

Paul helped Christianity spread through the Middle East and Roman Empire

Paul tried to narrow down the early Christian doctrine


Spread of ChristianitySpread of ChristianityPeter began spreading Christianity in the city or RomePeter helped form the Christian Church in RomeChristian Churches were later created in Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece, Gaul (France), and Spain


PersecutionPersecutionChristians believed and taught that Christianity was the only true faith

Christians would not honor the Roman emperor as a godChristians refused to serve in the militaryChristians criticized the many Roman holidays, festivals, and games


PersecutionPersecutionBecause the Christians openly challenged Roman customs, the Christians were severely dislikedMany Christians were accused of treason for not honoring the emperor and refusing to serve in the militaryMany Christians were thrown into the stadiums to fight animals for entertainment


PersecutionPersecutionThe emperor Nero burned Christians to light the streets of RomeMany Christians never gave up a fight and willingly died for their religion—martyrsmartyrsMany of the early martyrs became Christian saints


PersecutionPersecutionBecause of all the persecution, many non-Christians feared becoming ChristianOthers secretly practiced the religionAD 200s and 300s—the Romans began to become unhappy with their own polytheistic religion

The Roman empire was also becoming weak


PersecutionPersecutionThe Romans were losing faith in their polytheistic gods and wanted moreMany turned to monotheism—Judaism and ChristianityAs the Roman empire began to fall, more people turned to Christianity seeking faith and guidance


Romans Adopt ChristianityRomans Adopt ChristianityThe Roman emperor ConstantineConstantine became the 1st Christian emperor in AD 312He allowed for religious tolerance in the Empire—this ended the Christian persecutionHe had Christian churches constructed in Rome and Jerusalem


Romans Adopt ChristianityRomans Adopt ChristianityAD 300s—the Christian population began to increase at a very rapid rateAD 392—the emperor TheodosiusTheodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire


The Early ChurchThe Early ChurchEarly Christians knew their Church would have to be unified in order for it to surviveSt. AugustineSt. Augustine tried to explain much of the early Church’s beliefs


The Early ChurchThe Early ChurchAD 354—St. Augustine was born in Hippo, North AfricaHe wrote many books, sermons, and letters that helped Western Christianity solidify its doctrine

Rise of ChristianityRise of ChristianityThe Early ChurchThe Early ChurchThe early Church was organized into a hierarchy—different levels of authorityThe lowest level was the parish priestsMany parishes together formed a diocese

A diocese was overseen by a bishop

The most powerful bishops were the archbishopsArchbishops controlled the churches in the large cities


The Early ChurchThe Early ChurchThere were 5 archbishops of the early church

RomeConstantinopleAlexandriaAntiochJerusalem


The Early ChurchThe Early ChurchAD 400—the archbishop of Rome proclaimed authority over the rest of the ArchbishopsAll of the other archbishops—except the archbishop of Constantinople—relinquished their power to the archbishop of RomeThe Archbishop of Rome then became the Pope


The Early ChurchThe Early ChurchThe Archbishop of Constantinople refused to see the Pope as the leading authority on religionThis caused the early church to split

Western Church—Roman Catholic ChurchEastern Church—Eastern Orthodox Church


The Early ChurchThe Early ChurchHierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church

PopeArchbishopBishopParish Priests

Fall of the Western EmpireFall of the Western Empire

As the Catholic Church began a stronghold in the Roman Empire, the empire began to experience invasion from the outsideThe outsiders were Germanic tribesGermanic tribes from the north and west of the empire


The Empire’s ProblemsThe Empire’s ProblemsWhen the “Good Emperors” controlled Rome, the empire was in good conditionAD 180—the last “Good Emperor” died—Marcus Aurelius

After Aurelius’ death, the empire fell into a period of severe violence and corruption, ending the Pax Romana


The Empire’s ProblemsThe Empire’s ProblemsAfter Aurelius died, his son—CommodusCommodus——became emperorCommodus was a very bad emperorHe spent most of the empire’s money on his own luxuries—similar to NeroHis unwise spending left the Roman Empire in a state of bankruptcy


The Empire’s The Empire’s ProblemsProblemsAD 192—Commodus is killed by his own troopsFrom AD 192—284, the empire fell into a period of violence

28 different emperors ruled from 192—284

Most of the 28 were killed not long after taking office

At one point, the throne was sold to the highest bidder


The Empire’s ProblemsThe Empire’s ProblemsFrom 192—284, the Roman army was busy fighting with itself, not defending the Empire’s frontierWith the army NOT defending the borders, Germanic tribes began to invade and take over parts of the empire

Goths, Alemanni, Franks, Saxons, etc.


The Empire’s ProblemsThe Empire’s ProblemsRome’s unstable politics led to an unstable economyThe constant civil warfare caused :

travel to become difficultdisrupted tradeDestroyed farmland—caused food prices to increase


The Empire’s ProblemsThe Empire’s ProblemsArtisans and merchants began to lose money because of the decrease in tradeThe Germanic invaders destroyed many of the empire’s production centersTo help stimulate the economy, the Roman government began increasing the supply of money

The new $ had no backing—led to soaring inflation


The Empire’s ProblemsThe Empire’s ProblemsTo keep up with the rising inflation, the government had to continually raise taxesFarmers stopped farming—resulted in major food shortages in the empire


Unsuccessful ReformsUnsuccessful Reforms3 emperors will come along and try to keep the empire from falling apart in the AD 200s and 300s These emperors will be able to save the Eastern part of the empire, but not the Western part


Unsuccessful ReformsUnsuccessful Reforms1.) 1.) Diocletian (284-307)Diocletian (284-307)AD 284—Diocletian came to power after the murder of the previous emperorHe raised the number of legions back to 60

An attempt to fight off the Germanic invasions

He realized the empire had grown way too large


Unsuccessful ReformsUnsuccessful Reforms1.) 1.) Diocletian (284-307)Diocletian (284-307)He divided the empire into 2 parts—an Eastern part and a Western part

Diocletian made himself emperor of the Eastern partDiocletian appointed Maxmian to rule the Western Part as co-emperor


Unsuccessful ReformsUnsuccessful Reforms1.) 1.) Diocletian (284-307)Diocletian (284-307)Diocletian also tried to fix the empire’s economic problemsHe issued the Edict of PricesEdict of Prices to slow inflation

The Edict froze wages and set a maximum price for goodsThe Edict failed because it was not enforced


Unsuccessful ReformsUnsuccessful Reforms1.) 1.) Diocletian (284-307)Diocletian (284-307)AD 307—Diocletian retired from the governmentHis retirement led to a brutal civil war in the empire

Diocletian


Unsuccessful ReformsUnsuccessful Reforms2.) 2.) Contantine (312-337)Contantine (312-337)AD 312—Constantine won the civil war and made himself emperorHe made it legal for landowners to chain farmers to the land to make the farmers grow food


Unsuccessful ReformsUnsuccessful Reforms2.) 2.) Contantine (312-337)Contantine (312-337)He moved the empire’s capital to Byzantium and renamed the city after himself—ConstantinopleConstantinople

Constantine


Unsuccessful ReformsUnsuccessful Reforms3.) 3.) Theodosius (337-395)Theodosius (337-395)After Constantine’s death, civil war erupted again in the empireAD 337—Theodosius won the civil war and made himself emperorBefore he died, Theodosius created a will


Unsuccessful ReformsUnsuccessful Reforms3.) 3.) Theodosius (337-395)Theodosius (337-395)His will stated that upon his death, the eastern and western parts of the empire would become separate empires with separate rulersAD 395—he died and his will was carried out


Unsuccessful ReformsUnsuccessful Reforms3.) 3.) Theodosius (337-395)Theodosius (337-395)The empire was divided into 2 separate parts

East—Byzantine EmpireByzantine EmpireWest—Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Theodosius

Fall of the Western EmpireFall of the Western EmpireGermanic InvasionsGermanic InvasionsAD 300s—many Germanic tribes began migrating into the Western part of the empireThe Germanic people came to the empire for several reasons

Looking for better climates and grazing lands for their herdsWanted to share in Rome’s wealthOthers were running from the Huns

Fall of the Western EmpireFall of the Western EmpireGermanic InvasionsGermanic InvasionsThe Germanic tribes were nomadic—usually raising cattle and farming small plots of landThe Romans called the different Germanic tribes barbarians

Fall of the Western EmpireFall of the Western EmpireGermanic InvasionsGermanic InvasionsAD 378—the VisigothsVisigoths defeated the Romans at AdrianopleDuring the battle, the eastern emperor was killedThe new emperor of the east made peace with the Visigoths by giving them land in the Balkans—mostly Greece

Fall of the Western EmpireFall of the Western EmpireGermanic InvasionsGermanic InvasionsAD 410—the Visigoths invaded Italy and the city of RomeThe Visigoth leader was killed, causing the Visigoths to retreat into Gaul (modern day France)

Fall of the Western EmpireFall of the Western EmpireGermanic InvasionsGermanic InvasionsMany of the Germanic tribes were running from the HunsHuns—a group from AsiaAttila the HunAttila the Hun was the leader of the HunsAttila invaded the eastern empireHe then invaded Gaul (France)AD 451—the Romans received some help from the Visigoths

Fall of the Western EmpireFall of the Western EmpireGermanic InvasionsGermanic InvasionsThe Romans and the Visigoths kept the Huns from taking GaulAttila then turned his focus on ItalyHe attacked the peninsula, terrorizing the Italian peopleAD 453—Attila died and the Huns retreated from Italy into Eastern Europe

Fall of the Western EmpireFall of the Western EmpireEnd of the Western EmpireEnd of the Western EmpireAfter the Huns left, Italy was left in shamblesItaly was left defenseless to further invasionAD 455—the VandalsVandals invaded and sacked the city of RomeThe Franks and Goths divided Gaul

Fall of the Western EmpireFall of the Western EmpireEnd of the Western EmpireEnd of the Western EmpireAD AD 476476—The Roman emperor was killed by a German soldier—OdacerOdacer made himself king of Italy—effectively ending the empire of the WestAD 476—the date of the end of the Western (Roman) Empire

Fall of the Western EmpireFall of the Western EmpireEnd of the Western EmpireEnd of the Western EmpireRoman culture did not end in the westThe German rulers accepted the Latin language, Roman laws, and ChristianityThe Eastern (Byzantine) empire will continue to prosper for another 1000 years

Byzantine empire adopted Hellenistic culture and the Greek language

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patricianthe plebeians

defensesthe plebeians

patrician494 bcthe plebeians

king againthe latins

patriciansthe rise of