EuropePeninsula of Peninsulas

•Scandinavia

•Norway, Sweden

•Iberia

•Spain, Portugal

•Italian

•Balkan

•Greece

URAL MOUNTAINS

• Mark the EAST border of Europe; the dividing line between Europe and Asia

Caucasus Mountains• Mark the southern border between The Black and

Caspian sea. They are the tallest mountains in Europe.

Globalization, Development, and Globalization, Development, and ColonialismColonialism

• European powers conquered vast overseas empires, creating trade relationships that laid the foundation for the modern global economy. The profits from these empires transformed economic development in Europe by helping to fund the industrial revolution.

©2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

Urbanization and Urbanization and DemocratizationDemocratization

• As Europe urbanized during the industrial revolution, widespread poverty, squalid living conditions, and unsafe work environments created pressure for change in Europe’s political order. Decades of struggle eventually led to democratic reforms, including the establishment of strong social welfare institutions that transformed many European cities.

©2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

©2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

The United Kingdom• Union of:

– England– Wales– Scotland– Northern Ireland

• Has the oldest government in the world– Same since 1066

What type is it???

The Queen

• The British Sovereign or supreme ruler• She ISIS Britain, and represents the United

Kingdom to the rest of the world; but the Parliament makes laws and decisions for the Kingdom.

Scottish Independence?

• Scotland will vote in 2014 to become an independent country

• Scotland has many oil and gas resources it feels should benefit the Scottish people

Spread of Italian culture and trade• Italy’s position in the middle of the

Mediterranean put it in a perfect position to trade with other cultures

Spread of Italian Culture

• Eventually Italian Culture spread throughout the Mediterranean Sea

• The Italian language of Latin spread throughout Europe and North Africa

Latin Countries

• Today, ‘Latin’ people speak a language directly related to Latin, the language of the Romans

GOTHIC CATHEDRALS• First built in the 1100’s- 900 years ago

• Designed to be a symbol of Christianity and heaven on earth– Stars on the ceiling – Shaped like a cross

Gothic Cathedrals

• All across Europe

• The largest is in Seville, Spain– Built by Moors as a Mosque, later converted

to a church

FRANCE• Is currently a

republic

• This is their 5th time being a republic

• Republic - the people elect representatives to represent them in government.

French Revolution 1789-1799

• The economy of France was floundering– The people starved

• French troops returning from America (which had just thrown off the British king) brought the idea of revolution with them

• The people revolted against the king and the nobility violently executing anyone associated with the monarchy.

Nationalism in Revolutionary France

• French people began to pledge loyalty to FranceFrance instead of the King

• The execution of the King of France scared the other Monarchs of Europe– “What if our people realized they could kill

their king just like the French?”

• Spain, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Britain and Austria invaded France to end the revolution

French Revolution

• Created the first republic in Europe since the Roman Republic

• Napoleon Bonaparte took over the republic in 1799 and created the French Empire

• Napoleon then conquered all of Europe

• Flanders with 58% of the population

• Wallonia with 32% of the population

• 10% is German

Country between France and Germany

• Initially the Flemish and German populations had very few rights and were forced to learn and speak French

• Even today speaking French in Flanders and Flemish in Wallonia can irritate the local people

• Because of this divide and lack of cooperation the country had no government for 451 days in 2010-2011

• Flanders threatens to break away and become independent

• The new Prime Minister had to be sworn in in German, Flemish, and French

• The people who live in The Netherlands are called ‘the Dutch’ people

• About 40% of the land area in the Netherlands was once under the sea

• The Dutch used windmills to pump water past small dams called dikes

• The land which was reclaimed would be perfect for growing crops

• This land is called a poulder

The land is lower than the water

BENELUXBENELUX• Economic Union of

Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg

• The goal is to bring about the total freedom of circulation of persons, goods, capital, and services

• The Benelux countries work closer than other EU countries

BASQUE COUNTRY

• Stateless NationStateless Nation• unique language not

related to any other in Europe.

• The oldest language in Europe

• Basques are NOT ethnic Spanish or French

Badakizu euskaraz?

Do you speak Basque?

BAIXO!

Hello!

Autonomy• The right or condition of self-

government (Independent)

Many minority European ethnic groups are semi-autonomous– Basques in France and Spain– Sorbs in Germany– Bretons in France– Lapps in Scandinavia

Sign in Germany written in Sorbian and German

World War I 1914-1919

• Began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Serbia

• Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the Austrian Empire

• Austria was looking to annex Serbia

Prussian Infantry

The End of the Great War• Germany surrendered two years after the

Americans joined the war in 1917

• Allies punished Germany severely

• Germany was never invaded

• A veteran from Austria made the point that Germany was betrayed and never defeated

• He got the people working again and German Nationalism was very high

Großdeutschland“Great Germany”

• Hitler was a Nationalist who was very ‘Anti-Bolshevik’– This made him acceptable to the

French and British-initially

• Hitler then tried to re-take areas lost during World War I in Poland

–Starting WWII

The Caucasus Region

• In an area the size of California over 40 different languages are spoken

• The Caucasus mountains isolate ethnic groups and preserve their distinct way of life

Armenia Հայաստան• Located in the Caucasus Mountains

• Considered the first Christian country; founded in the early 300’s

• Over 1 million Armenians were killed in the Armenian Genocide by Turkey from 1915-1923

TROUBLE IN THE BALKANS

• Serbia dreamt of a ‘Yugoslavia’ or union of Slavic people

• Yugoslavia was a major vacation spot for Europeans

• Yugoslavia broke up in the late 1990’s which led to 8 years of war

• Today the countries of the Balkans are a popular vacation spot for Europeans

Trouble in the Balkans

• In 1992 Nationalism began breaking Yugoslavia up• Each country wanted independence• Serbian forces fought to keep Yugoslavia together• How many countries came out of Yugoslavia?

GREECE • The OLDEST civilization in Europe

which began about 1900 BCE or 3,900 years ago

• Developed into City-States (a political unit made up of a city & it’s surrounding land).

GREECE

• The Greek city-state of ATHENS had the world’s first and only true DEMOCRACY

• Athenians were tired of being ruled by tyrants

• In 411 BCE Athenians voted to end Democracy

• Smallest Sovereign country in the world

• Only country that speaks Latin

• The Catholic Church makes the rules in The Vatican

– The Vatican is a Theocracy

• Originated as a deal to keep the peace in Europe following world war II

• Started in 1950 to unite its founding countries economically

European Union

•The Union grew over time as more countries wanted into the free-trade area

• In 1993 the Single Market is completed with the 'four freedoms' of: movement of goods, services, people and money

• The EU introduces its own currency to further bring down borders

• A European Parliament makes European Laws is established in Brussels, Belgium

©2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

PIIGS• Portugal

• Italy

• Ireland

• Greece

• Spain

•All these countries are EU members

•The governments of these countries have spent all the government’s money

PIIGS

• To keep the governments and the Euro zone from going bankrupt, the Germans constantly loan them money

• German tax payers now pay for the debt of other countries

• Because the Germans pay these countries they also tell them what to do

• Germans make them pass AUSTERITY laws– Raise Taxes– Cut government spending

• Social Programs

– Cut minimum wage

PIIGS and Germans• Portugal

• Italy

• Ireland

• Greece

• Spain

The Effects of Austerity

• Massive protests in Spain, Greece, Ireland and Portugal against the government and especially against the Germans

• Leads to unemployment and poverty

Climate ChangeClimate Change• Europe leads the world in responding to climate

change. Europe has made more commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and taken more concrete steps to do so, than any other region. Although emissions are still high, Europe’s dense cities and well-developed mass transit networks reduce per capita emissions to about half of North America’s.

©2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

New housing in London powered partially by micro

wind turbines.

Bicycles parked by commuters outside

a train station in Lund, Sweden.

These buildings in Amsterdam save

energy because of their adjoining

walls.

Population and GenderPopulation and Gender• Europeans are choosing to have fewer

children, and as a result, the population as a whole is aging. Small families are in part a result of women pursuing demanding careers in occupations once dominated by men. Many women delay or avoid child bearing so that they can focus on work.

©2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

©2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

FoodFood• Throughout the European Union, smaller

family-run farms are giving way to larger farms run by corporations. This move is strongest in the Central European states recently admitted to the EU. Smaller-scale organic food production is increasingly being promoted as an alternative throughout the EU.

A rural landscape in

“Germany dominated by small family

farms.

A harvester making its way across a huge field on a corporate farm in France

An organic vineyard in Slovenia

WaterWater• Europe’s many seas are increasingly threatened

by water pollution from agriculture, industry, and cities. Several seas are nearly landlocked, and pollution here stays around much longer because it is only slowly diluted by the Atlantic Ocean.

The Amoco Cadiz sinks off the Atlantic coast of France in 1978, creating the

worst oil spill in European history.

Sewage dumped into the Mediterranean by

the resort city of Benidorm, Spain, has

recently forced beaches to close

The narrow Strait of Gibraltar (circled) slows the Mediterranean’s exchange of water with the Atlantic.