revision questionscivilrightsexamquestionsandcomments 1

8/21/2019 Revision Questionscivilrightsexamquestionsandcomments 1

1/20

OCR A, F966B Modern 1789-1997 Civil Rights in the USA, 1865-199

Revision questions and Past examination questions, with examiners comments:

1. African Americans

a) What was the position of African Americans in 18!"

#) $o what extent did #%ac& Americans 'ain civi% ri'hts in the (ears after 18!"

c) ow were the opponents of civi% ri'hts a#%e to mount a come#ac&"

d) $o what extent did the %ives of former s%aves improve as a resu%t of

Reconstruction"

e) ow were the %ives of #%ac& Americans affected after the compromise"

f) What was the impact of #%ac& Americans on trade unions"

') Was the *irst Wor%d War a ma+or turnin' point in improvin' the %ives of #%ac&

Americans"

h) Was the ew -ea% a ma+or turnin' point in improvin' the %ives of #%ac&

Americans"i) Was the econd Wor%d War a ma+or turnin' point in improvin' the %ives of

#%ac& Americans"

+) -id the /o%d War hinder the deve%opment of civi% ri'hts"

&) Were the 10!s a ma+or turnin' point in improvin' the %ives of #%ac&

Americans"

i) ow si'nificant was the 2rown decision"

ii) What happened at 3itt%e Roc&"

iii) Wh( was the 4ont'omer( 2us 2o(cott important"

%) ow much had chan'ed #( the end of the 10!s"

m) ow did the campai'ns for civi% ri'hts chan'e in the 10s"

n) Wh( was 2irmin'ham, A%a#ama so important"

o) Wh( was the /ivi% Ri'hts Act passed in 105"

p) Wh( did 4artin 3uther 6in' or'anise the e%ma march"

q) Wh( were divisions deve%opin' in the civi% ri'hts movement in the mid

10s"

r) Wh( was the 4eredith 4arch si'nificant"

s) Wh( did 2%ac& Power deve%op, and how si'nificant was it"

t) What did the 6erner Report sa("

u) What pro'ress has #een made since the 10s"

v) ow important was the ro%e of African Americans in 'ainin' civi% ri'hts" 7ive

detai%s of the aims and methods, successfai%ure and si'nificance of:i) 2oo&er $ Washin'ton,

ii) W9 -u#ois,

iii) 4arcus 7arve(

iv) A Phi%ip Rando%ph

v) 4artin 3uther 6in'

vi) 4a%co%m

vii) 2%ac& Panthers

viii) ;esse ;ac&son


2/20

=. ;ac&son

>. Rutherford 2 a(es

5. /%eve%and

!. Rooseve%t

. $ruman

?. 9isenhower8. 6enned(

0. ;ohnson

1. ixon

11. /arter

1=. Rea'an

ii) upreme /ourt:

1. 7ive detai%s of the *edera% 'overnment versus states ri'hts.

=. 18?> $he %au'hterhouse /ase

>. 18?! /ivi% Ri'hts Act

5. 188> -ec%aration on 6u 6%ux 6%an Act and 18?! /ivi% Ri'hts Act!. 180 P%ess( versus *er'uson

. 1800 /unnin'ham /ase

?. 10!5 $he 2rown /ase

8. 10! 2rowder versus 7a%e

0. 105 /ivi% Ri'hts Act

1. 10!


3/20

ii) 3itt%e Roc&

D) What was the situation %i&e in 100="

9xamination Euestions:

Assess the vie! th"t the "#tions o$ %hite s&'re("#ist gro&'s !ere the ("in

re"son !h) A$ri#"n A(eri#"ns !ere denied their #ivil rights $ro( 1865 to 191*+

"n **9, old s'e#.

F-ont adopt too narrow a focus on white supremacist 'roups B inc%ude actions of

upreme /ourt, /on'ress and presidentia% inf%uences. A%so %oo& at other factors e'

economic).

/o! $"r did US 'residents hinder r"ther th"n hel' the develo'(ent o$ A$ri#"n

A(eri#"n #ivil rights in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 1990 s'e#i(en '"'er, &ne

**9.

o !h"t e2tent did the "i(s o$ the #"('"igners $or A$ri#"n A(eri#"n #ivil rights

re("in the s"(e in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 1990 "n *1*.

A popu%ar question #ut too man( candidates wrote a ver( standard African American

essa( response Fro%es of *edera% 'overnment, upreme /ourt, African American

%eaders etc). 4an( fo%%owed a chrono%o'ica% route, descri#in' methods and ro%es

rather than comparin' the aims of %eaders and campai'ners. Wea&er responses often

focused on successfai%ure of the /ivi% Ri'hts movement and there were some who

discussed o#stac%es to the campai'n. Euite a few fai%ed to discriminate #etween the

different aims of campai'ners or the( adopted a ver( narrow perspective Fe' the aim

was a%wa(s to improve civi% ri'hts andor to achieve equa%it(). ome did see #e(ond

individua%s #ut ver( few 'ot #e(ond 108. As ever, 4artin 3uther 6in' and 4a%co%m

fi'ured prominent%(, thou'h 2oo&er $ Washin'ton and -u 2ois as we%% as 7arve(

'ot 'ood covera'e, even if not rea%%( directed at the question set. A few candidates,

however, focused on issues such as housin', hea%th, education and 'eo'raphica%

%ocation, and used them to supp%ement an eva%uation of aims.

o set conc%usions are to #e expected, #ut candidates must answer the question and

address the theme over the who%e period. $he wea&er candidates wi%% concentrate

a%most exc%usive%( on the various African American %eaders and wi%% pro#a#%( not 'o

#e(ond contrastin' the nonCvio%ent methods of 2oo&er $ Washin'ton and 4artin

3uther 6in' with the more radica% 'oa%s and methods of %eaders such as -u 2ois,7arve(, 4a%co%m , the 2%ac& Power movement and the 2%ac& Panthers. Wea&er

candidates are un%i&e%( to have much to sa( a#out civi% ri'hts campai'ns after 10!

#e(ond o#servin' that 6in' was %ess successfu% in his fina% (ears.

$he ma+orit( of candidates shou%d #e a#%e to contrast the %imited aims of 2oo&er $

Washin'ton B offerin' #%ac& coCoperation with a whiteCdominated societ( in return

for economic 'ains B with the %e'a% campai'ns of the AA/P to secure their ri'hts

under the 15th and 1!th amendments and 4artin 3uther 6in's hi'h profi%e campai'n

to a#o%ish the who%e ;im /row s(stem. $he( shou%d a%so #e a#%e to contrast these

assimi%ationist 'oa%s with the separatism advocated #( %eaders such as 7arve( and

4a%co%m . $he #est candidates wi%% exp%ain how chan'ed circumstances, especia%%(in the postCwar period ena#%ed campai'ners to pursue a more am#itious strate'( than


4/20

previous %eaders. $he( wi%% a%so refer to the importance of 'rassCroots activism when

writin', for examp%e, a#out the itCGn campai'ns and the *reedom Rides.

$he #etter candidates shou%d a%so #e a#%e to ana%(se the %ac& of coherence in the aims

of the 2%ac& Power movement and the 2%ac& Panthers as we%% as ana%(sin' the

pro#%ems the civi% ri'hts movement experienced in the 10?s and 108s withcontrovers( over #ussin' and affirmative action and perceptions of continued po%ice

discrimination Freference cou%d #e made to the Rodne( 6in' incident of 100=). i'h

%eve% answers wi%% ma&e effective comparisons over the who%e period, perhaps

referrin' to the persistence of de facto discrimination and the existence of a %ar'e

underc%ass trapped in a c(c%e of povert(, unemp%o(ment, poor housin' in contrast to a

prosperous #%ac& midd%e c%ass which had ta&en advanta'e of the chan'ed attitude to

racism and the a#o%ition of de +ure discrimination.

Assess the i('ort"n#e o$ the Feder"l govern(ent in the "dv"n#e(ent o$ A$ri#"n

A(eri#"n #ivil rights in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199+ &ne *1*.

$his was a ver( popu%ar question and produced a wide variet( of responses. 4ostcandidates ac&now%ed'ed the importance of *edera% institutions, in particu%ar the

President and /on'ress #ut were %ess assured in their &now%ed'e and understandin' of

the ro%e of the upreme /ourt. 2etter essa(s pointed out the contradictions in each of

the three e%ements, sometimes he%pin' and sometimes impedin' the advancement of

civi% ri'hts. urprisin'%( the contri#ution of African American or'anisations and

individua%s was often downp%a(ed a%thou'h some candidates focused most of their

answer on their ro%e. $he #est essa(s inte'rated each of the &e( *edera% e%ements, had

a 'ood ran'e of examp%es and conc%uded that most advancement occurred when the

President, /on'ress and upreme /ourt wor&ed in unison and, in the 10!s and

10s, this was in response to pressure from African American activists.

ome answers spent too much time on the various *edera% areas, especia%%( upreme

/ourt ru%in's, and did not crossCeva%uate with other factors, a#ove a%% the African

American contri#utions. $his produced some im#a%ance. A%so, as so often in this

topic, a 'ood num#er of answers stopped around 108 or the ear%( 10?sH and some

spent too much time on 4artin 3uther 6in' and his ro%e. /andidates who did en'a'e

other factors often used the chan'in' socia% context %in&ed to cu%tura% deve%opments,

with a focus on the ro%e of the media and the effects of the /o%d War.

4ost candidates wi%% accept that the *edera% 'overnment was crucia% to the

advancement of African American civi% ri'hts and o#serve that the 10!s and 10switnessed the most si'nificant period of pro'ress for the civi% ri'hts of African

Americans with the passa'e #( /on'ress of the /ivi% Ri'hts Act of 105 and the


5/20

#est, %u&ewarm support, and sometimes not even that. $he( wi%% pro#a#%( #e aware of

the chan'ed attitude of the upreme /ourt, contrastin' the P%ess( versus *er'uson

verdict of 180 with the 2rown /ase of 10!5. Pro#a#%( on%( the #est candidates

wi%% discuss the imp%ications of either the 10?8 2a&&e /ase for affirmative action or

the more conservative tone of the Rehnquist court after 108.

2etter candidates wi%% attempt to eva%uate the importance of the *edera% 'overnment

in re%ation to other factors. $he( wi%% #e aware that, even when s(mpathetic to civi%

ri'hts, the president and /on'ress were re%uctant to act un%ess put under pressure #(

activists and protestors. $he( wi%% point out that civi% ri'hts cou%d #e seen as ma&in'

pro'ress ahead of *edera% 'overnment action #ecause 'rass roots protest Fand, in the

post war period, a more s(mpathetic c%imate) were essentia% prerequisites to

%e'is%ative chan'e. $he( wi%% a%so #e aware that the hu'e economic and socia% chan'es

#rou'ht a#out #( the -epression and the econd Wor%d War undermined the a#i%it( of

the outhern states to resist chan'e.

o !h"t e2tent !"s the 'residen#) o$ 3)ndon ohnson 1964-69. the (osti('ort"nt t&rning 'oint in the develo'(ent o$ A$ri#"n A(eri#"n #ivil rights in

the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 1990 "n *11.

/andidates who support this view mi'ht refer to the /ivi% Ri'hts Acts of 105 and

108 and the

%au'hterhouse /aseH 188> /ivi% Ri'hts /asesH 180 P%ess( v *er'uson) which

undermined the 15th and 1!th amendments.


6/20

$he two wor%d wars when the expansion of the econom( provided +o# opportunities

for African American wor&ers and %ed to mi'ration northwards.

$he econd Wor%d War, in particu%ar, #ecause the impact on societ( and the

econom(, and the num#er of African Americans servin' in the armed forces were so

'reat. $he war a%so stimu%ated the expansion of 'rassCroots activism Fthe foundin' of/@R9 in 105=, the creation of the *9P/ in response to Rando%phs threatened march

on Washin'ton, the Idou#%e which inf%uenced ;*6 to introduce the /ivi% Ri'hts

2i%%, his speech at the 3inco%n 4emoria% in the Washin'ton 4arch in 10> and his

e%ma march in 10! to pressure 32; into persuadin' /on'ress to pass the


7/20

AA/P strate'( of cha%%en'in' se're'ation in the courts and exp%ain the importance

of the 10!5 2rown decision. /andidates mi'ht refer to 4arcus 7arve(s inf%uence in

he%pin' African Americans to rediscover and ta&e pride in their herita'e. A. Phi%ip

Rando%phs campai'n to end discrimination in federa% emp%o(ment in the 105s and

4a%co%m s inspirationa% wor& with the ation of Gs%am in the 10!s and ear%( 10s

ma( a%so #e mentioned. ome candidates ma( su''est that, after the death of 3uther6in' in 108, AfricanCAmericans %ac&ed effective %eadership, thou'h the( mi'ht

discuss ;esse ;ac&sons unsuccessfu% #ids to win the -emocratic presidentia%

nomination in 1085 and 1088.

2etter candidates shou%d #e aware of the need to eva%uate the importance of

%eadership in re%ation to other factors. $he( ma( #e aware that %eadership cou%d on%(

#e effective when there were %ar'e num#ers of fo%%owers wi%%in' to ris& their

%ive%ihoods, and even their %ives, #( campai'nin' for civi% ri'hts. $he #est answers

ma( point out that the a#sence of such 'rassCroots activism he%ps to exp%ain wh(

2oo&er $ Washin'ton or W92 du 2ois cou%d achieve %ess than 3uther 6in', he had

his %eadership fai%ures, for examp%e at A%#an( in 101C=. /andidates mi'ht a%so #eaware that, to achieve %e'is%ative chan'e, the /ivi% Ri'hts campai'n needed the

support of the *edera% 'overnment, pointin' not on%( to the /ivi% Ri'hts Act F105)

and the


8/20

=. $rade nion and 3a#or Ri'hts

a) What ri'hts did unions have in 18!"

#) What was the impact of new immi'ration on union deve%opment"c) ow did %ar'e corporations #ehave towards %a#or"

d) What were the &e( features of the Pu%%man tri&e"

e) What was the a(mar&et Affair"

f) -escri#e the &e( features of the omestead stri&e.

') ow did emp%o(ers react to stri&es" 7ive detai%s of i)(e%%ow do'

contracts ii) vio%ent stri&e #rea&ers e' the use of Pin&erton 'uards to

#rea& up the omestead stri&e

h) $o what extent were the 180s a &e( turnin' point in the deve%opment

of trade union and %a#or ri'hts"

i) What was the impact of #%ac& Americans on trade unions"

+) What was the impact of Wor%d War @ne on trade unions and %a#orri'hts"

&) What pro'ress did nions ma&e in the 10=s"

%) $o what extent did trade unions #enefit from the ew -ea%"

m) What was the impact of Wor%d War $wo on trade unions and %a#or

ri'hts"

n) Wh( was the mer'er of the /G@ and A*3 in 10!! important"

o) ow did 6enned(s ew *rontier impact on trade unions and %a#or

ri'hts"

p) What did the 9qua% Pa( Act 10> sa("

q) What 'ains did unions ma&e under ;ohnson and his 7reat ociet("

r) ow did the /ivi% Ri'hts Act 105 improve union and %a#or ri'hts"

s) What did the 108 A'e -iscrimination Act sa("

t) 7ive detai%s of /arters 10?? 4inimum Wa'e Act

u) ow does the Air traffic contro%%ers stri&e under Rea'an indicate a

dec%ine in power for union and %a#or ri'hts"

v) What was the state of trade union and %a#or ri'hts #( 100="

w) What was the ro%e of *edera% and tate 'overnment in supportin' and opposin'

union and %a#or ri'hts" 7ive detai%s of the fo%%owin':

i) 3aisseD faire

ii) $he herman Anti $rust Act 180iii) President /%eve%and B use of troopsiv) se of troops C 4assachusetts 7overnor /oo%id'e in 2oston in 1010

v) /ourt in+unctions a'ainst stri&ers under herman Anti $rust Act

vi) $aft art%e( Act 105?

vii) 3andrumC7riffin Act of 10!0

viii) 6enned(s ew *rontier and ;ohnsons 7reat ociet(

x) -id divisions in the unions hinder pro'ress" 9xpand on each of the fo%%owin':

G) -ivisions over mem#ership B

a) 6ni'hts of 3a#or and A*3 F10/)H A*3 and /G@ F10>s)

#) 9thnic conf%ict #etween whites and #%ac&s and native wor&ers vimmi'rants


9/20

c) -ivisions over 'ender

d) -ivisions over re%i'ion

e) -ivisions over aims and methods B peacefu% protests v use of vio%ence

e' 4o%%( 4a'uires and Wo##%ies used vio%ence B 'ive detai%s.


o !h"t e2tent !ere the 189*s the ("in t&rning-'oint in the develo'(ent o$

tr"de &nion "nd l"o&r rights in the 'eriod 1865-1990 3eg"#) '"'er, &ne

**9.

he intern"l divisions !ithin the tr"de &nion "nd l"o&r (ove(ent in the USA

!ere the (ost i('ort"nt ost"#le to the 'rogress o$ l"o&r rights in the 'eriod

$ro( 1865 to 199+: /o! $"r do )o& "gree0 "n *1*.

$here were some ver( 'ood, &now%ed'ea#%e answers which usua%%( started with

interna% divisions and then went on to ma&e a comparison with other factors that

inf%uenced the pro'ress of %a#our ri'hts. 4an( answers were un#a%anced or'enera%ised, often descri#in' features #ut without evidentia% support, and man( tai%ed

off in the 10!s or 10s #efore +umpin' to the Air $raffic contro%%ers stri&e under

Rea'an. /ontextua% factors were usua%%( cited and other factors inc%uded the attitudes

of *edera%tate 'overnments and 2i' 2usiness #ut too often not enou'h i%%ustration

was advanced. 7enera%%( not enou'h was made of the ew -ea% era and the 10s

often received curt treatment. 4an( answers tended to #ecome a %ist of factors and

wou%d have #een much #etter if a crossCeva%uation of factors had #een attempted.

ome /entres disp%a(ed an a%armin' %ac& of &now%ed'e concernin' interna% divisions

in #oth the trade union and %a#our movement.


address the theme over the who%e period. Wea&er candidates wi%% pro#a#%( refer on%(

in 'enera% terms to the divisions over mem#ership #etween the 6ni'hts of 3a#or and

the A*3 in the %ate 10th centur(, and the A*3 and the /G@ in the 10>s. $he( mi'ht

a%so refer to ethnic conf%ict #etween whites and #%ac&s and #etween nativeC#orn

wor&ers and the new immi'rants of the %ate 10th and ear%( =th centuries. ome

wea&er candidates ma( a%so discount For even i'nore) the interna% divisions within the

%a#our movement and provide a %ist of a%ternative factors without adequate%(

comparin' their importance.

4an( Fperhaps most) candidates, whi%e ac&now%ed'in' the divisions within the %a#ourmovement, wi%% concentrate their ana%(sis on the other o#stac%es to the pro'ress of

%a#our ri'hts. $hese inc%ude the use force of #( 'overnment authorities to end stri&es

Ffor examp%e, President /%eve%and durin' the Pu%%man stri&e in 1805 or 4assachusetts

7overnor /oo%id'e in 2oston in 1010), the wi%%in'ness of the courts to issue

in+unctions a'ainst stri&ers under the herman AntiC$rust Act, specifica%%( antiC%a#our

%e'is%ation such as the $aftCart%e( Act of 105? and the 3andrumC7riffin act of 10!0,

and the emp%o(ers use of #oth (e%%ow do' contracts and vio%ent stri&eC#rea&ers Fsuch

as Pin&erton 'uards in the omestead stri&e). 4ost candidates shou%d attempt some

eva%uation of the re%ative importance of these factors in re%ation to divisions amon'

wor&ers.


10/20

2etter candidates wi%% #e a#%e to ana%(se how far %a#our divisions were exacer#ated #(

a c%imate in the A hosti%e to the pro'ress of %a#our movements and point out that

this c%imate was, in part, the resu%t of extremist %a#our movements Fsuch as the 4o%%(

4a'uires or the Wo##%ies) #ut that it a%so made it eas( for emp%o(ers and

'overnments to associate trade unionism with socia%ism and communism, there#(

underminin' midd%e c%ass s(mpath( for wor&ers. i'h %eve% candidates wi%% #e awarethat the ar'uments within the %a#our movement extended #e(ond union mem#ership

and tactics and were #edevi%%ed #( divisions over race, c%ass, re%i'ion and 'ender.

$he( wi%% provide inte%%i'ent%( se%ected examp%es to i%%ustrate these divisions. i'h

ca%i#re candidates mi'ht, as we%% as ana%(sin' these divisions and the o#stac%es, point

out that the pro'ress of %a#our ri'hts depended crucia%%( on the support of the federa%

'overnment Fas in the ew -ea% and the ;*6C32; (ears). $he( wi%% a%so #e a#%e to

ana%(se the importance of wider economic conditions, especia%%( in exp%ainin' the

dec%ine of trade union power since the 10!s.

he Feder"l govern(ent hindered r"ther th"n hel'ed the develo'(ent o$ tr"de&nion "nd l"o&r rights+: /o! $"r do )o& "gree !ith this vie! o$ the 'eriod 1865

to 1990 "n *11.

/andidates wi%% pro#a#%( ar'ue that this was true of the period up to the 7reat

-epression #ut that the *edera% 'overnment was supportive durin' the ew -ea%.

$he( wi%% pro#a#%( #e aware that, after Wor%d War $wo, the *edera% 'overnment

#ecame %ess supportive of trade union ri'hts #ut Funder -emocratic administrations at

%east) supportive of wor&ers ri'hts.

9xamp%es of *edera% hosti%it( #efore the ew -ea% inc%ude

1

3aisseDCfaire assumptions a#out the ro%e of 'overnment which he%ped to create a

c%imate of hosti%it( to or'anised %a#our, especia%%( durin' the Ired scare that fo%%owed

each wor%d war.

President /%eve%ands use of federa% troops to suppress the 1805 Pu%%man tri&e.

180! upreme /ourt decision upho%din' the use of in+unctions a'ainst trade unions

under the herman AntiC$rust Act.

10! 3ochner /ase Fstri&in' down a ew Kor& %aw settin' a maximum num#er ofwor&in' hours for #a&er( wor&ers).

108 Adair /ase Fupho%din' I(e%%ow do' contracts #( which wor&ers were prevented

from +oinin' a union).

se of the 101? 9spiona'e Act to suppress I$he Wo##%ies FGndustria% Wor&ers of the

Wor%d).

10=1 ru%in' dec%arin' unconstitutiona% the 1015 /%a(ton Act Fwhich aimed to

'uarantee wor&ers ri'hts to or'aniDe, #ar'ain co%%ective%(, stri&e, #o(cott and pic&et).

9xamp%es of the postCwar c%imate uns(mpathetic to or'anised %a#our inc%ude


11/20

1

105> mithC/onna%%( Act preventin' stri&e action in industria% p%ant producin' war

materia%s.

105? $aftCart%e( Act a%%owin' states to pass Iri'ht to wor& %aws #annin' the Jc%osed

shopJ.

10!0 3andrumC7riffin Act #annin' secondar( pic&etin'.

$he impact on trade union power, mem#ership and stri&e activit( of Rea'ans 1081

defeat of the Air $raffic /ontro%%ers stri&e.

Gn dea%in' with *edera% support, candidates mi'ht refer to

1

Attempts durin' the presidencies of $heodore Rooseve%t and Woodrow Wi%son to

%e'is%ate on such matters as wor&in' conditions, consumer protection, housin' and

education.

$he &e( ew -ea% measures: the ationa% 3a#our Re%ations Act of 10>! FWa'ner

Act), the GRA F10>>), the ocia% ecurit( Act F10>!) and the *air 3a#our tandards

Act F10>8). 2etter candidates mi'ht a%so point out that *-Rs response to the %a#our

mi%itanc( of 10>C? contrasts sharp%( with that of ear%ier administrations.

$he creation durin' WW= of the *9P/ and the ationa% War 3a#our 2oard.

7ood candidates ma( a%so #e aware of the support 'iven, especia%%( #( -emocratic

presidents, to wor&ers. $rumans I*air -ea%, ;*6s Jew *rontierJ and, in particu%ar,

32;s J7reat ociet(J pro'rammes aimed to #ui%d on *-Rs ew -ea% and #rou'ht

definite #enefits to wor&in' peop%e: support for a minimum wa'e, economic

re'eneration measures, improved housin' and medica% care and #etter wor&

opportunities. /andidates can a%so refer to ixons support for affirmative action and

/arters extension of the minimum wa'e as examp%es of presidentia% support for %a#our

ri'hts. Gn contrast, the( ma( a%so #e aware that Rea'ans po%icies of %ower taxes and

#usiness dere'u%ation were part of a de%i#erate re+ection of the ew -ea% phi%osoph( in

the 108s. $he( mi'ht a%so show that the three #ranches of the federa% 'overnment

were not a%wa(s in harmon(: the upreme /ourt struc& down /on'ressiona%

%e'is%ation in 10=1 Fthe /%a(ton Act) and in 10>! the chechter /ase ended *-Rs

GRA. 2oth the mithC/onna%%( Act and the $aftCart%e( Act were passed overpresidentia% vetoes.

o !h"t e2tent !"s the ;e!


12/20

question was not simp%( a#out trade unions and inc%uded some 'ood materia% on

women and minorit( 'roups as sections of the %a#ourin' c%asses. Wea&er candidates

%ac&ed enou'h re%evant &now%ed'e, resorted to 'enera% descriptions and stru''%ed to

identif( other c%ear turnin' points. ome #e%ieved the Wa'ner Act was a separate

entit( from the ew -ea% and so treated it as a si'nificant turnin' point. 4an(

answers tai%ed off after 105! #efore the antiCunion #ac&%ash had 'athered momentum.*or some, ! (ears constituted a turnin' point which, as the candidates discovered,

was an interpretation that #ecame increasin'%( difficu%t to defend.

>.ative Americans

a) ow were ative Americans treated in the %ater nineteenth centur("

#) What was the impact of the -awes Act 188?"

c) $o what extent was the acquisition of citiDenship in 10=5 a turnin' point"

d) ow did ative Americans #enefit from the ew -ea%"

e) $o what extent was the Gndian Reor'anisation Act 10>5 a turnin' point"f) What impact did Wor%d War @ne and Wor%d War $wo have on ative Americans"

') Were the 10!s and 10s a turnin' point for ative Americans"

h) What pro#%ems did the ative Americans face, 105!C8".

i) Wh( was Passamaquodo( v 4orton 10?= an important case"

+) Wh( did the 2ureau for Gndian Affairs arouse opposition"

m) 7ive detai%s of improvements and successes 10?s and 8s

n) 7ive detai%s of fai%ures

o) 9xp%ain the aims and methods of the fo%%owin' pressure 'roups:

i) ociet( of American Gndians 1011

ii) ationa% /on'ress of American Gndians 1055

iii)American Gndian 4ovement 108

iv)AR*

v) Red Power

p) What impact did the *edera% 'overnment have on the ri'hts of ative Americans"

FPresident, upreme /ourt and /on'ress B he%pin' and hinderin' pro'ress).


/o! $"r !"s the =nter-%"r 'eriod 1919->1. the (ost i('ort"nt t&rning-'oint in

the develo'(ent o$ ;"tive A(eri#"n rights0 "n **9, old s'e#.

F/ompare period 1010C51 with other turnin' points, especia%%( 18??C01 and 105C8and exp%ain how ative American ri'hts chan'ed for the #etter).

he #on#e't o$ the (elting 'ot: did not "''l) to ;"tive A(eri#"ns thro&gho&t

the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199+ /o! $"r do )o& "gree !ith this vie!0 S'e#i(en

'"'er, &ne **9.

he =ndi"n Reorg"nis"tion A#t in the ;e!


13/20

though not many had any criticisms. "ome candidates had impressive knowledge ofthe #$%&s through to the #$'&s, but this was often at the expense of earlier periods.A common approach was to claim that the IRA was something of a foundation forwhat was to follow but it was the growth of the Red (ower movement in the #$%&sthat constituted the most important turning point. )his was fine and made for someinteresting answers except that in a number of cases the period before #$*+ waslargely neglected. An awareness of issues over employment, education, housing,economic and political rights nevertheless did emerge at times. Again, the concept ofa turning point and how to examine it proved troublesome for many candidates, whotended to simply state a turning point and go on to list such alternatives.nfortunately some candidates turned the question into one about how governmentagencies and presidents had proved obstructive to ative American civil rights.

o set conclusions are to be expected, but candidates must answer the question andaddress the theme over the whole period. Most candidates will agree with thisstatement and point out that the Indian ew !eal replaced forced assimilation withrespect for Indian culture and customs which, arguably, has persisted to the present.

-urthermore, the Indian Reorganiation Act prevented the alienation of more triballand and granted Indian communities a measure of governmental and /udicialautonomy. 0eaker candidates will probably see this as a stage of 1good2 policytowards Indians as opposed to the 1bad2 periods of forced assimilation from #''3until #$** and the termination policy of the #$4&s. As such, they will regard theIndian Reorganiation Act as a significant turning point, although such candidates areunlikely to be able to compare it with other turning points. Most candidates will offersome alternatives 5such as the #''3 !awes Act at the end of the Indian 0ars, theend of the Indian ew !eal in #$+4, the end of termination in the #$%&s or the firstmilitant action of Red (ower in #$%$6 but their attempts to compare them with theIndian Reorganiation Act may be unconvincing.

)he best candidates will be aware of the limitations of Indian Reorganiation Act andthe degree of opposition to it 5for different reasons6 in 7ongress and among ativeAmericans. )hey might point out that 7ollier8s policies were as paternalistic in theirway as all other federal Indian policies, and that the ma/ority of white Americans 5anda significant number of Indians themselves6 continued to believe that Indians shouldassimilate into mainstream " culture. As such, the Indian Reorganiation Act couldbe seen as an aberration rather than a turning point. )he best candidates might alsocontrast the importance of federal policy shifts with the impact of economic and socialchange in the "A on ative American lives and attitudes 5especially the two worldwars, the 7old 0ar and the post9war expansion of the " economy6. Alternatively,the best candidates will make effective comparisons between the different turningpoints they analyse and explain fully why one is more important than the others.

:xaminers must be open to alternative approaches.

he "#tions o$ ;"tive A(eri#"ns the(selves #ontri&ted nothing to the

"dv"n#e(ent o$ their #ivil rights in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199+ o !h"t e2tent

do )o& "gree !ith this vie!0 &ne *1*.

$his question wor&ed we%% and produced some rea%%( 'ood answers. 2etter candidates

had much to sa( on the issue and wrote at %en'th and main%( in an ana%(tica% manner.

ome tended to %oo& at the %ate nineteenth centur(, the ew -ea% era and then the

10s onwards, often reachin' 100=, and so were too episodic in their use of

&now%ed'e and, on #a%ance, the postC105! period was we%%C&nown #( #etter

candidates. As ever, a distin'uishin' feature was the a#i%it( to en'a'e such areas as

socia%, cu%tura%, economic and po%itica%. $he ro%e of the *edera% 'overnment featured


14/20

in most essa(s #ut on%( the #etter candidates were a#%e to %in& this to ative American

activities. At times, wea&er candidates drifted into actua% achievements and successes

and the reasons for such at the expense of the rea% thrust of the question. $here were

some confused answers which asserted that ative Americans harmed their

advancement throu'h their ne'ative actions, whi%st advancin' their civi% ri'hts #(

adoptin' IRed Power.

What was %ess evident in severa% essa(s, however, was how the campai'n of civi%

ri'hts for ative Americans fitted into the overa%% pattern of civi% ri'hts activit( from

10! onwards and the extent to which ative Americans 'ained from civi% ri'hts

%e'is%ation of the 10s. $here was some simp%istic ana%(sis in these essa(s. *or

instance, it was c%aimed that ative American invo%vement in the P%ains Wars

provo&ed an inevita#%e #ac&%ash from the *edera% 'overnment and so demonstrated

that the( were not interested in advancin' their civi% ri'hts. 4an( tended to a'ree with

the question and then write an essa( focused who%%( on the ro%e of the *edera%

'overnment with the assumption that the ative Americans were tota%%( passive.


address the theme over the who%e period.

4ost candidates are %i&e%( to a'ree that the ma+orit( of ative Americans did %itt%e

towards the attainment of their civi% ri'hts. $he( wi%% ar'ue that the *edera%

'overnment did much more than ative Americans themse%ves to advance their civi%

ri'hts. $he wea&est candidates are %i&e%( to resort to narrative, chrono%o'ica%

exposition of *edera% po%ic( #e'innin' with the period of forced assimi%ation that

#e'an with the 188? -awes Act. $he( wi%% re'ard /o%%ier and the Gndian ew -ea% as

a #rief period of en%i'htened *edera% po%ic( which was fo%%owed #( a return to forced

assimi%ation under the po%ic( of termination. 4ost candidates wi%% #e fami%iar with the

hi'hCprofi%e activities of IRed Power in the %ate 10s and ear%( 10?s Fthe

occupation of A%catraD in 100, the occupation of the 2GA in 10?=, and the protest at

Wounded 6nee in 10?>). $he( ma( conc%ude that this Gndian activism Fto'ether with

the impact of the African American civi% ri'hts campai'ns) resu%ted in the re%uctant

redress of some ative American 'rievances, thou'h some candidates wi%% ar'ue that

these actions did no more than raise the profi%e of Gndians.

7ood candidates mi'ht consider the Gndian Wars of the %ate 10th centur( as evidence

of ative Americans attemptin', thou'h u%timate%( unsuccessfu%%(, to defend their

ri'hts. i'h a#i%it( candidates wi%% show the importance of this stru''%e in creatin's(mpath( for ative Americans some 8 (ears %ater. 7ood candidates wi%% a%so #e

aware that the si'nificant contri#ution of ative Americans to the war effort in the

two wor%d wars inf%uenced su#sequent *edera% po%ic( Fthe 'rantin' of citiDenship

in 10=5 and the formation of the Gndian /%aims /ommission in 105). $he #est

candidates wi%% #e aware of the activities of the various Gndian 'roups, the ociet( of

American Gndians FAG, esta#%ished in 1011), the ationa% /on'ress of American

Gndians F/AG, esta#%ished in 1055) and the American Gndian 4ovement FAG4,

esta#%ished in 108) to preserve Gndian customs and cu%ture and exert pressure on

*edera% and state authorities. i'h a#i%it( candidates wi%% a%so #e a#%e to eva%uate the

impact of these 'roups and show that, thou'h the( neither exercised much po%itica%

power nor mo#i%ised mass protest, their activities #oth inf%uenced, and wereencoura'ed #(, s(mpathetic *edera% officia%s F;ohn /o%%ier in the 10>s and 105s)


15/20

and po%icies Fthe Gndian /%aims /ommission). $he( wi%% a%so #e a#%e to show that

ative Americans were a#%e to exercise a si'nificant, thou'h %imited, ne'ative impact

on *edera% po%ic(: #oth the Gndian ew -ea% and the termination po%ic( of the 10!s

were a#andoned in part #ecause of Gndian hosti%it(.

i'h a#i%it( candidates mi'ht a%so point out the %ac& of c%arit( a#out what ativeAmerican civi% ri'hts actua%%( are. $he( wi%% #e aware of the impact of economic and

socia% chan'es of the mid to %ate =th centur( on ative Americans. ome wanted

reco'nition of their separate cu%ture and traditions whi%e others, particu%ar%( those who

have moved to the cities andor intermarried, wished to assimi%ate into mainstream

cu%ture and overcome de facto racia% pre+udice over such issues as emp%o(ment and

housin'. uch candidates mi'ht a%so ana%(se the %ac& of consistenc( in *edera% Gndian

po%ic( and wi%% #e a#%e to discuss the current %e'a% and economic status of the

reservations.

he 'oli#ies o$ the Feder"l govern(ent $"iled to s&''ort the #ivil rights o$

;"tive A(eri#"ns+: o !h"t e2tent do )o& "gree !ith this vie! o$ the 'eriod$ro( 1865 to 1990 &ne *11.

4an( candidates wi%% wish to a'ree with this view and discuss the uns(mpathetic

treatment ative Americans have received from the *edera% 'overnment. $he( mi'ht

mention the period of the Gndian Wars F18s to 180) when the aim of the *edera%

'overnment was to destro( ative American opposition to white westward expansion,

defeat them as a mi%itar( threat and su#+u'ate them onto reservations. $he( ma( a%so

#e fami%iar with the -awes evera%t( Act of 188? which aimed to #rea& up the

reservations and turn ative Americans into se%fCsufficient farmers. /andidates ma(

a%so &now a#out the 10> upreme /ourt decision FLone Wolf v. Hitchcock) that

/on'ress cou%d dispose of Gndian %and without 'ainin' the consent of the Gndians

invo%ved. Gn this period reformers and educators aimed to destro( ative American

cu%ture and separate identit( #( Icivi%isin' them B #( convertin' them to /hristianit(

and teachin' their chi%dren in specia% schoo%s, mode%%ed on the /ar%is%e Gndian choo%.

ome wi%% #e aware that, a%thou'h the 10=5 /itiDenship Act 'ranted citiDenship to

a%% ative Americans who had not a%read( acquired it, Gndians were denied the vote in

man( Western states #( much the same methods as African Americans were

disenfranchised in the outh. /andidates wi%% perhaps re'ard the po%ic( &nown as

Itermination from 1058 to 101 as another uns(mpathetic period when the *edera%

'overnment sou'ht to end *edera% supervision of the reservations and to I%i#erate

ative Americans #( encoura'in' them to re%ocate to the cities and assimi%ate intomainstream societ(. /andidates ma( we%% interpret this as another c(nica%

'overnment p%o( to seiDe ative American %and.

Gn cha%%en'in' the view that the *edera% 'overnment was consistent%( uns(mpathetic,

candidates ma( wish to discuss *-Rs Gndian commissioner, ;ohn /o%%ier, who ended

the assimi%ation po%ic(. $he Gndian Reor'anisation Act of 10>5 ended the po%ic( of

a%%otment, #anned the further sa%e of Gndian %and and decreed that an( una%%otted %and

not (et so%d shou%d #e returned to tri#a% contro%. Gt a%so 'ranted Gndian communities a

measure of 'overnmenta% and +udicia% autonom(. $he GRA was important in arrestin'

the %oss of Gndian resources and /o%%ier successfu%%( encoura'ed a renewed respect for

ative American cu%ture and traditions. /andidates ma( a%so wish to ar'ue that, fromthe 10s, *edera% po%ic( has #een much more supportive of ative American ri'hts.


16/20

$he( mi'ht point to the impact of the Red Power movement in drawin' nationa%

attention to the p%i'ht of Gndians and the %ar'e%( s(mpathetic response in a series of

measures inc%udin' the 108 Gndian /ivi% Ri'hts Act, the 10?= Gndian 9ducation Act,

the 10?! Gndian e%fC-etermination and 9ducation Assistance Act and the 10?8

American Gndian Re%i'ious *reedom Act. $he( ma( a%so #e aware of the decisions of

the Gndian /%aims /ommission and the upreme /ourt in 'rantin' compensation for%ost Gndian %ands and the socia%, economic and socia% impact these have had on some

reservations.

$he #est answers ma( we%% #e a#%e to point out that *edera% po%ic( is comp%icated #( a

%ac& of c%arit( a#out what ative American ri'hts shou%d #e and that there is no

a'reement amon' ative Americans a#out this either. $he( mi'ht point out that some

ative Americans are on%( too anxious to assimi%ate, as the opposition of man( to the

GRA, their wi%%in'ness to en%ist Fespecia%%( in Wor%d War $wo) and the de'ree of

support for termination demonstrates. ome candidates ma( point out that *edera%

po%ic( has #een consistent%( characterised #( paterna%ism. 2oth the po%ic( of *edera%

supervision of the reservations and the attempts to assimi%ate ative Americans arefounded on the assumption that WAP cu%ture is superior.

5. Women

a) What was the position of women in 18!"

#) ow did the campai'n for prohi#ition impact on womens ri'hts"

c) What methods did women use to win the vote"

d) $o what extent were the womens suffra'e campai'ners divided" 7ive detai%s of

divisions in aims and methods of WA and the AWA F#oth founded in 180) and

101> 4i%itant /on'ressiona% nion.

e) $o what extent was the ineteenth Amendment 10= a turnin' point"

f) ow did the status of women chan'e in the 10=s"

') Gn what wa(s were women %ess successfu% in the 10=s"

h) Wh( were the achievements of women in the 10=s %imited"

i) ow did women #enefit from the ew -ea%"

+) ow did the *irst and econd Wor%d War he%p to improve the status of women"

&) 7ive reasons for the rise of feminism in the 10s and 10?s

%) 7ive detai%s of the campai'n for the 9qua% Ri'hts Amendment

m) What chan'es to the %aw were made #etween 10?= and 10?5"

n) What is the si'nificance of Roe v Wade 10?>"

o) What were the resu%ts of a%% these chan'es"p) 7ive detai%s of opposition to these chan'es from women themse%ves, e' Ph(%%is

ch%af%(

q) 2rief%( out%ine the chan'es in womens economic and emp%o(ment opportunities.

r) What was the position of women #( 100="


/o! $"r do )o& "gree th"t divisions !ithin the !o(ens (ove(ent !ere the

(ost i('ort"nt $"#tor hindering the "tt"in(ent o$ gender e&"lit) in the USA in

the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 1990 &ne *1*.

$his question produced man( hi'h qua%it( essa(s. 4ost candidates were aware ofdivisions within and #etween womens 'roups and attri#uted this to conf%ictin' aims,


17/20

methods and attitudes of supporters. $he #est essa(s showed how such divisions

existed throu'hout the period in question and that socia%, economic and po%itica%

deve%opments a%so hindered the attainment of 'ender equa%it(. $he main phases

covered were the runCup to and period of #oth the 'ainin' of the vote and Prohi#ition,

the ew -ea% era and Wor%d War $wo, the 10s onwards reachin' into the 108s.

urprisin'%( man( essa(s omitted the impact of racia% and c%ass pre+udices andpersistent ma%e opposition exemp%ified #( the $rade nions. Wea&er responses, and

there were quite a %ot, revea%ed sha%%ow &now%ed'e and understandin' of the topic in

'enera% and the question in particu%ar. $he( offered much 'enera%ised comment a#out

sexism and Iseparate spheres, and drifted into ma&in' a comparison with other socia%

'roups, inc%udin' ative Americans, there#( resu%tin' in a %ac& of focus.


address the theme over the who%e period.

4ost candidates wi%% #e aware of the different, and sometimes competin', womens

or'anisations. $he( wi%% refer to the different strate'ies adopted #( the WA and theAWA F#oth founded in 180) and to the foundin' in 101> of the mi%itant

/on'ressiona% nion. owever, the( ma( #a%ance this #( pointin' out that the WA

and the AWA mer'ed Fas the AWA) in 180 and ma( attri#ute the passa'e of the

10th Amendment in 10= Fwhich 'ranted women the vote nationa%%() to the

campai'nin' of the AWA and the /on'ressiona% nion. $he( mi'ht characterise

the womens suffra'e movement Fas we%% as the temperance campai'ners and those

a'itatin' for Pro'ressive 9ra socia% and economic reform) as essentia%%( midd%e c%ass

and the( shou%d a%so #e aware of divisions amon' women over race. 2%ac& women

were exc%uded from the AWA Fand so formed their own campai'n 'roup) and

9%iDa#eth tanton opposed a%%owin' #%ac&s to vote. White women were heavi%(

represented in the mem#ership of the revived 666 in the 10=s.

ome women opposed the postCwar civi% ri'hts movement for its fai%ure to campai'n

for womens issues. 4ost candidates shou%d #e aware of the divisions over a#ortion

FRoe versus Wade, 10?>) and the ro%e of Ph(%%is ch%af%( in opposin' the 9qua%

Ri'hts Amendment.

Wea& candidates wi%% pro#a#%( not 'et much further than out%inin' the divisions

within the womens movement, #ut #etter candidates shou%d #e a#%e to wei'h up the

importance of these divisions in re%ation to other factors. $he( cou%d refer to the

impact of economic and techno%o'ica% chan'e Fthe deve%opment of factor( wor&, the

t(pewriter, the expansion of retai% trade in the %ate 10th centur( and the deve%opmentof domestic app%iances in the =thcentur() in chan'in' womens %ives and prospects.

$he( cou%d a%so refer to the power of ma%e opposition to 'ender equa%it(, initia%%( in

resistin' fema%e suffra'e, #ut a%so in trade unions.

$he a#%est candidates ma( a%so #e aware that some advances in 'ender equa%it( had

%itt%e to do with womens a'enc(. $he 'rantin' of fema%e suffra'e in certain western

states Fe' /o%orado in 180>, Gdaho in 180, Washin'ton in 101 and /a%ifornia in

1011) had more to do with encoura'in' westward mi'ration than en%i'htened attitudes

to womens ro%es in societ(. imi%ar%(, after the econd Wor%d War, some

outherners advocated womens ri'hts as a tactic to divide, and thus defeat, the civi%

ri'hts campai'n.


18/20

i'h %eve% answers mi'ht a%so discuss the nature of womens ri'hts and point out the

%ac& of unit( a#out what 'ender equa%it( means in practice.

=t !"s the "#tivis( o$ !o(en the(selves th"t !"s the (ost i('ort"nt $"#tor in

"dv"n#ing their #ivil rights+: /o! $"r do )o& "gree !ith this ?&dge(ent on the

'eriod 1865 to 1990 "n *11.

*rom the Pro'ressive era candidates can discuss campai'ners for improved re'u%ation

of wor&in' conditions and for hea%th and housin' reform such as ;ane Addams,

*%orence 6e%%e( and the ationa% /onsumers 3ea'ue. $he( mi'ht a%so discuss Gda

We%%ss antiC%(nchin' crusade and the ro%e of the ationa% Association of /o%ored

Women F180). @n the suffra'e issue, some mi'ht refer #ac& to the eneca *a%%s

/onvention of 1858 as the start of or'anised womens campai'nin' and 'o on to refer

to the wor& of 9%iDa#eth /ad( tanton and usan 2 Anthon( and of the more 'entee%

3uc( tone. $he( wi%% pro#a#%( #e aware of their respective pressure 'roups, the

WA and the AWA F#oth 180, #ut mer'ed as the AWA, 180) as we%% as A%ice

Pau%s more radica% campai'n and the ro%e of the ationa% Womens Part( F101?)./andidates ma( mention womens ro%e in the temperance movement and refer to the

wor& of *rances Wi%%ard and the W/$ F18?5) as we%% as the AntiCa%oon 3ea'ue

F180>). 2etter candidates ma( a%so #e aware of womens ro%e in the repea% of

prohi#ition and of Pau%ine a#in and W@PR F10=0). ome mi'ht refer to 4ar'aret

an'ers %en'th( campai'n for fami%( p%annin' and #irth contro%. Gn the postCwar

period, candidates wi%% pro#a#%( discuss the impact of 2ett( *riedans campai'n to

%i#erate women from domesticit( and the ro%e of @W F10) in pressin' for womens

equa%it( and its impact on theRoe versus Wade+ud'ement and the 9RA. ome ma(

wish to discuss Ph(%%is ch%af%( and the importance of her campai'n a'ainst the 9RA.

$he wea&er candidates wi%% pro#a#%( do %itt%e more than out%ine the activities of some

or a%% of these campai'ns. 2etter candidates wi%% attempt some +ud'ement a#out their

importance. $he( ma( #e aware that women were not the on%( campai'ners durin' the

Pro'ressive era which was a reaction to chan'in' economic and socia% conditions

#rou'ht a#out #( the rapid industria%isation of the A in the %ate 10th centur( and that

%e'is%ative and +udicia% pro'ress depended on ma%e po%iticians in the White ouse and

/on'ress and ma%e +ustices in the upreme /ourt. $he( ma( a%so #e aware that the 10 th

amendment F10=) came after man( states had a%read( 'iven women the vote and that

western territories Fe' W(omin' 180, tah 18?) did so to encoura'e emi'ration

westwards and hasten statehood. $he( ma( point out that prohi#ition was part of the

wider Pro'ressive a'enda and as much a product of protestant re%i'ious Dea% as fema%eactivism. Repea% owed as much to the perceived fai%ure of prohi#ition and the need to

revive Fand tax) the drin&s industr( durin' the -epression as to womens campai'nin'.

2etter candidates wi%% pro#a#%( a%so #e aware of the controversia% nature of modern

feminism and that issues such as porno'raph(, a#ortion, the 9RA and womens ro%e in

the econom( have divided #oth the womens movement and ma%e opinion.

$he #est candidates mi'ht a%so assess how far divisions in the womens movement

%essened the effectiveness of their campai'ns Fe' the differin' aims of #%ac& and white,

midd%e c%ass and poor). $he( ma( a%so #e a#%e to eva%uate the importance of womens

activism in re%ation to other factors and #a%ance the importance of womens pressure

on po%iticians with the impact of socia%, cu%tura% and economic chan'e #rin'in' womenmore opportunities in education and emp%o(ment. $he( ma( wish to ana%(se how far


19/20

socia% and %e'is%ative chan'e was caused #(, or fo%%owed, womens activism. *ina%%(,

the( mi'ht assess how far there is a consensus on what womens civi% ri'hts are.

@"ining the vote in Feder"l ele#tions in 19* !"s the (ost i('ort"nt t&rning-

'oint in the #"('"ign $or gender e&"lit) in the USA+: /o! $"r do )o& "gree

!ith this vie! o$ the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 1990 &ne *11.

$he 10th Amendment can #e seen as a turnin'Cpoint in a%%owin' women fu%%

participation in po%itica% %ife. /andidates mi'ht contrast 18!, when women cou%d not

vote, with the end of the period when, in 1085, 7era%dine *erraro was the viceC

presidentia% -emocratic candidate and there were si'nificant Fthou'h sma%%) num#ers

of women in /on'ress. $he( ma( refer to the Lf%appersM of the 10=s as evidence of a

'reater sense of %i#eration amon' women Ffrom the midd%e c%ass, at %east) perhaps

attri#uta#%e to the achievement of the vote and point out that *rances Per&ins #ecame

the first fema%e mem#er of the /a#inet as ecretar( of 3a#or on%( 1> (ears after the

10th Amendment and that *-Rs ew -ea% %e'is%ation advanced a num#er of

womens causes. $he( mi'ht re'ard the 10th Amendment as evidence of the successof womens activism and see it as inspirin' %ater campai'ns on other issues.

ome candidates wi%% wish to cha%%en'e whether 10= can #e seen as a turnin'Cpoint,

perhaps pointin' out that the vote had #een 'ranted in near%( ha%f F=58) of the states

#efore 10=. $he( ma( a%so o#serve that the 10th Amendment had no impact on #%ac&

women in the ;im /row south and that 'ainin' the vote had #een an o#+ective of

main%( midd%e c%ass women. $he #etter candidates ma( o#serve that the vote made no

rea% difference to womens other, ar'ua#%( more important, concerns such as

education, +o# opportunities, wor&in' conditions, and earnin's and point out that,

after 10=, opinion amon' women over the 9RA #ecome more po%arised. /andidates

shou%d compare 10= with other potentia% turnin'Cpoints. $hese mi'ht inc%ude either

of the two wor%d wars which expanded womens emp%o(ment and earnin' power.

9ven if these #enefits %asted on%( for the duration of the war, the economic expansion

that occurred in each war widened womens opportunities and horiDons and, ar'ua#%(,

contri#uted to %on'Cterm chan'e in socia% attitudes.

/andidates mi'ht a%so consider the 10s which saw the expansion of universit(

education and we%fare provision, two important %e'is%ative mi%estones F10> 9qua%

Pa( Act, 105 /ivi% Ri'hts Act), the feminist movement spearheaded #( 2ett(

*riedan and the mar&etin' of the contraceptive pi%%. ome candidates mi'ht ar'ue for

the Roe versus Wade upreme /ourt decision on a#ortion as the turnin'Cpoint which#e'an the cu%ture wars of the 10?s and 108s and stimu%ated the womens #ac&%ash

a'ainst the 9RA %ed #( Ph(%%is ch%af%(. $he #est candidates wi%% wei'h up the

re%ative merits of the various turnin'Cpoints. $he( ma( conc%ude that the re%ative%(

%imited impact of the 10th Amendment disqua%ifies it as the most important turnin'C

point. $he( mi'ht ar'ue that the chan'es #rou'ht a#out #( the wars were more

si'nificant #ecause the( affected a wider ran'e of issues and peop%e. @thers wi%% opt

for the 10s as the most si'nificant #ecause the chan'es were %e'is%ative,

educationa%, economic and socia%. *urthermore, the( were ar'ua#%( more divisive

than the chan'es #rou'ht a#out #( other turnin'Cpoints.

Assess the re"sons !h) gender e&"lit) in the USA ("de gre"ter 'rogress in the)e"rs 19>1 to 199 th"n in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 "n&"r) *1.


20/20

Euestions on womens ri'hts have produced some exce%%ent essa(s in recent sessions

and this paper was no different. $he contrast #etween the periods 18!B1051 and

1051B 100= was evident in most answers a%thou'h a few candidates cha%%en'ed the

premise of the question. Reasons for particu%ar trends needed to #e at the heart of the

essa( and #etter candidates #e'an #( assessin' the impact of Wor%d War $woFcompared with Wor%d War @ne), the African American civi% ri'hts movement of the

10!sBs Fcompared with the 10=sB>s), the rise of womens %i#eration Fcompared

with womens movements 18!B1010) and the support of federa% a'encies and trade

unions Fcompared with opposition #efore 1051). $here were, however, man( wea&er

essa(s that descri#ed pro'ress in womens ri'hts rather than exp%ained or assessed the

reasons, said %itt%e a#out the ear%ier period, and presented ver( 'enera%ised and overC

assertive narratives. ome simp%( %isted &e( events. $here was a%so a widespread

fai%ure to differentiate #etween different t(pes of women and how the( fared, and a

mar&ed re%uctance to sum up pro'ress #( 100=. ome focused too much on

hindrances to the womens movement Fsuch as the impact of *edera% 'overnments and

interna% divisions) and these candidates seemed to #e rehearsin' past questions.

revision questionscivilrightsexamquestionsandcomments 1

Documents