a2 revision - 1

©Subject Support 2012

A2 Revision - 1A2 Revision - 1

• Based on previous questions, and• potential answers to those questions


Revision topics – chosen by Revision topics – chosen by your teachersyour teachers

1. Application of Forces2. Commercialisation3. Olympic Ideals4. Krebs cycle5. Aggression6. Support from organisations for elite athletes7. Projectile motion8. PNF stretching


Application of forces - Typical Application of forces - Typical questionquestionJan 08 Qu 3Maximising effort during performance is largely

concerned with the correct application of forces.What forces act on a player when they are running

during a game? (3 marks)

June 2010Using ‘Newton’s First and Second Laws of Motion,

explain how a swimmer dives off the starting blocks. (4 marks)

©Subject Support 2012 4

ForcesForces

Forces cause ; A force is a “A force is that which alters or to alter a body’s or of in a line.”

If a body changes or , a has been applied

force

movement

push or a pull

tends

state of rest

uniform motion straight

direction velocity


Forces affecting motionForces affecting motion

Muscular/action forcesReaction forcesGravityAir resistanceFriction


Forces acting on a sprinterForces acting on a sprinter

Action force of muscular contraction

Friction

Gravity

Air resistanc

e

Equal and opposite Ground Reaction Force


Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws

1st Law: A body will remain in its / until affected by a

• A body has a to change its

state of motion

reluctance

rest force

state of motion


Applying Newton’s 1Applying Newton’s 1stst Law Law

• Sprinter remains in on blocks until a causes him to change his

• Ball keeps moving until a causes it to change its

force

set position

force

state of motion

state of motion


2nd Law - Momentum2nd Law - Momentum

All objects in motion have mass and

Product = Momentum =

velocity

(m x v) momentum

quantity of motion


0

Newton’s 2Newton’s 2ndnd Law Law

• The rate of change of is to the force causing the change, and the change takes place in the in which the force was applied • In sport, remains constant and therefore momentum equates to

momentum

directly proportional

direction

mass

acceleration


1

Applying Newton’s 2Applying Newton’s 2ndnd Law Law

• The (size) and of force applied by the sprinter to the blocks determines the and of received – because mass remains constant• Acceleration is to applied

magnitude direction

magnitude

direction

acceleration

proportional

force


2

Newton’s 3Newton’s 3rdrd Law Law

• To every force there is an and reaction force

equalopposit

e


3

Applying Newton’s 3Applying Newton’s 3rdrd Law LawThe sprinter applies a

to the ground. This results in a force

that causes movement

The sprinter cannot move the

Reaction force from ground =

muscular force

reaction

earth/blocks

Ground Reaction Force


Commercialisation - Typical Commercialisation - Typical questionquestion

Many elite sports are now commercialised and seen as a form of entertainment.Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the ‘commercialisation’ of sport has been beneficial for performers and the sport.

(7 marks)


CommercialisationCommercialisationIdea of sporting events being used

to make moneySport gains income from: / /

/

Income used to pay players –

Commercialism increases in last

Spectators media sponsorship

merchandising

profession

als30 years


• Sport seen as a

• Where the becomes the driving force in sport• The sale of - the major source of sports funding• Broadcasting rights for Premier League now worth

commoditymarket

TV rights

£1.1 billion a year

CommercialisationCommercialisation


Media and sportMedia and sportSport – – to report/showMore readers/viewers – more

, more , more Need to make information

provided interesting –

cheap sales

advertising income

inform or sensationalise


Role of sport to mediaRole of sport to media

to suit demands of media

Share of entertainment market –

Increased interest – from TV rights and

income

Adapted

peak time viewing more

participantsIncomeMarketing

advertising


TelevisionTelevision and advertising and advertising

TV cameras – Pre-game /during game advertising Advertising Sponsors name /logo Sponsor:

logos on pitch

hoardings in

media

competition

venue stand


Sport Has Changed For TVSport Has Changed For TV

One day and 20:20 Penalty Timings – starts/kick-off to suit TV

Use of in tennis/cricket 3rd umpire in /TMO in Camera

cricketshoot outs

more viewers

hawkeye

cricket rugby

angles/position/playercam


TV has what we can watch and when and how we watch

Also brings sports we might never normally watch - ,

Become converted to

Reduces

TV changes sportTV changes sport

improved

sumo wrestling

armchair spectators

participation?


Changing the Changing the characteristics of sportcharacteristics of sport

Changing the format of play –

Changing the competition structure –

Changing the rules to simplify them –

Changing the rules to make game ‘flow’ –

tennis tie breaks

Champions League/ RU premiership

American scoring – badminton/volleyball

one-day/20:20 cricket


Professional performer - a Professional performer - a commercial object?commercial object?Signs contract –Can be Brings in money through

Exploit image for company goals –

Financial rewards

like a business

‘hired and fired’

advertising

marketability based on

results

endorsements


Olympic idealsOlympic ideals

Not Striving to win -Taking part more important than – for the love of sport

• Individuals performing

teams/Nationsfairl

y winning

• Amateur


OlympismOlympismCompeting with spirit of

Symbols:Olympic Olympic Virtually gone due to needed to competeIOC accept professional

performers –

sportsmanship

rings

oath financial support

‘amateur spirit’


Kreb’s cycle - Typical Kreb’s cycle - Typical questionquestionAt the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver medal in the swimming 10 kilometre marathon event, in a time of 1 hour 51 minutes and 53.1 seconds.Explain how the majority of energy used during the race would be provided. (7 marks)


7

Kreb’s cycleKreb’s cycleCarbohydrates - -

broken down in series of reactions to

Called Some energy released forFats (fatty acids) prepared through

ready for

in

pyruvate

ATP resynthesis

Kreb’s cycle

glycogen/glucose

β -oxidation

glycolysis

mitochondria


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Kreb’s cycleKreb’s cyclePyruvate converted into Enters Hydrogen removed leavingSomeHydrogen toOxidised to Releases large amounts of energy

for

carbon dioxideATP resynthesised

Electron Transport Chain

ATP resynthesis

Acetyl Co- AKreb’s cycle

water


Aggression - Typical Aggression - Typical questionquestion

Trait theories may be used to explain several psychological constructs.

(a)Sport may increase or decrease the likelihood of aggressive behaviour occurring among competitors. How may trait theory be used to explain aggression in sport?

(2 marks)

(b)Use the frustration-aggression hypothesis to explain why this may happen.(2 marks)

(c)Explain why incidents of aggression occur only occasionally in team games. (2 marks)


AggressionAggression“Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment”

Aggression is:1. a behaviour/action;

2. intentional; 3. to cause harm;4. outside the rules;


Forms of AggressionForms of AggressionInstrumental –aggression used to

increase chances of Hostile - aggression with injury as

Constructive use of force in sport =

Channelled aggression – diverting aggressive feelings into

winning

main aim

assertion

useful actions


Instinct theoryInstinct theoryAggression Builds up – needs to be Displaced into sport rather than Release = Theory suggests most aggression

is , but some is as a means of

control

inherited release

d violencecatharsi

s hostileinstrumental

Social learning


Frustration-aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesishypothesis

Frustration leads to Aggression comes from In sport, prevents

attainment of - leads to frustration, especially if

Aggression released – – but not always

But, not all leads to

aggressionfrustratio

nopposition

goals

unexpected

cathartic

frustration

aggression


Aggressive-cue theoryAggressive-cue theory

Not all frustration leads to aggression

Only occurs if certain present

Such as:Coach aggression of behavioursCertain or Previous Depends on

learned cues

encouragingReinforcement

objects sports

experiences

situation


Social learning theorySocial learning theory to be aggressive of others leads to prevents

LearnObservation significa

ntReinforcement

repeating actions

Punishment

copying


Strategies to reduce Strategies to reduce aggressionaggression

Strategies both for player and coach

• Punish aggressive play• Reinforce assertive play• Reduce arousal• Avoid aggressive situation


Elite Athlete Support - Typical Elite Athlete Support - Typical questionquestionTo maximise the chances of winning medals at major championships, such as the Olympic Games, performers need the support of many organisations.Outline and explain the structure of the World Class Performance Pathway. (3 marks) Explain the support structures for elite performers provided by the National institutes of excellence, such as the English Institute of Sport. (4 marks)


Role of National Governing Role of National Governing BodiesBodies

Develop structure

Manage development strategies – ,

, etcDevelop structureManage Enforce of sport

club and competition

WCP

TASScoachin

grepresentative teamsrules and regulations

Promotion


Whole Sports PlansWhole Sports PlansWSP – plan for all – grass roots to

eliteWSP directs Sport England funding IdentifiesLinks with partners – ‘Measures’

NGB’s needsPESSYP

how well NGBs doing


UK SportUK Sport

Aims:Development ofAttracting and running major

sporting events in UK prevention and testingFunded by

and

elite athletes

Dopingcentral

governmentLottery

no longer!


UK SportUK SportFull responsibility for all

and performance-related

supportRuns

programme,

All funding and support integrated

World Class Performance

OlympicParalympi

c

Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme

English Institutes of Sport


World Class Performance World Class Performance PathwayPathway

Three levels:World Class Podium –

World Class Development – potential

World Class Talent – identify and develop potential

2012 medal hopes

2016 winners

2020 performers


Funding Of Elite Funding Of Elite PerformersPerformers

1. Lottery grants via 2. – group and

personal3. 4.

Many/majority do not receive or money

NGBSponsorshi

pAppearance moneyPrize

money

appearanceprize


English Institute of Sport – English Institute of Sport – ‘making the best better’‘making the best better’

One of

Support – , medicine, physiology, diet and nutrition advice, mechanics, fitness testing and conditioning, information

Athlete Career Education

4 National Institutes• 9 regional

sites sports science


Projectile motion – Typical Projectile motion – Typical questionquestionThe flight of a golf ball is said to be parabolic. Explain the term parabolic and the main factors that limit the distance that a golf ball will travel in flight. (4 marks)


6

Projectile motionProjectile motion

•Flightpath =parabola


7

ComponentsComponents

Motion of projectile has components component component

two

VerticalHorizontal


8


Vertical motion affected by gravity –

Horizontal motion is affected by friction –

Vertical componen

t Horizontal componen

tdecreases

negligible


9

Variations in vertical and Variations in vertical and horizontal componentshorizontal components

This causes the observed parabolic flight and affects the motion components as follows:


0


Factors affecting distance travelled:• • •

Speed of release Height of release Angle of release


Typical question – PNF Typical question – PNF stretchingstretchingAs part of their preparation elite athletes may try to improve their performance through Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training. What is the main benefit of PNF training and explain how PNF training works?

(4 marks)


Proprioceptive neuromuscular Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitationfacilitation

Means of improving Requires a partnerWorks by disengaging

– allows greater range of movement

– contract-relax, antagonist-contract

flexibility

stretch reflex

CRAC


Proprioceptive neuromuscular Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitationfacilitation

Joint stretched Isometric

contraction of – held

for –

cancels

Increased

to normal limit/range

antagonist

range of movement possible

few secondsstretch

reflex

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