research psych health

7/29/2019 Research Psych Health

1/64

Health Research: Statistical tests,evidence, and peer-reviewed

literature

Psychological Health


2/64

Data Analysis: Statistical Significance

Statistical tests are used to determine the natureof a relationship between 2 variables Is it a TRUE relationship or is it due to chance?

The p-value is often used as a cut-point forstatistical significance Probability value

What is the probability that a particular valueoccurred by chance, assuming there is no

relationship? P


3/64

Statistical Significance

p-values come in all forms

0.05 is the cut off

Often see 0.01, 0.001, .0000

NOTE: A smaller p-value does not mean a result ismore significant or stronger

p


4/64

Data Analysis: T-tests and Group

Differences

Examining differences between two groups

T-tests (and F-tests) statistical procedures to

compare two (or more) group means

Statistical difference between two group

means yields a p-value


5/64

Data Analysis: Correlational Coefficient

and linear relationships

Linear relationships

as X changes, Y also changes

Numerically quantify the relationship between

the dependent (Y-variable) and independent

(x-variable)


6/64

Data Analysis: Correlational Co-

efficient

Pearson product-moment correlation (r)

Measure of the strength of a correlation between

variables

Range: -1 to +1

Positive values=direct relationship

As one variable increases, related variable also

increases Negative value=indirect relationship

As one variable increases, related variable decreases


7/64

Steps of the Scientific Method:

Drawing Conclusions

Drawing conclusions

CHOCOLATE

INTAKE

Body

fatness

r= - 0.11

p-value=0.01

What can we conclude about chocolate and body weight?


8/64

Error in Research

No research study or researcher is perfect

Measurement error Incorrect use of measurement tools

Measurement tools that dont measure what they are

meant to measure Researcher error

Recording results

Implementing experimental procedures

Participant error Memory bias (record incorrectly)

Social desirability bias

Misunderstanding of the questions


9/64

Steps of the Scientific Method

Observe a phenomenon and ask a question

Form a hypothesis (is there a causal

relationship; what do you think will happen?)

Test hypothesis (research study)

Analyze data and draw conclusions (statistical

analysis) Communicate your results (informed

literature publications, lab report)


10/64

Steps of the Scientific Method:

Communication

Communicate your results

Publish in peer-reviewed journals

Present at conferences

Write lab reports (in this class)

Communications must be transparent and clear

Communicate purpose, methods, analysis & results

Allow for critique and feedback Demonstrate reproducibility


11/64

Peer-reviewed Scientific Literature

Peer reviewed (aka refereed)

Submit research articles to journals for publications

Expert review and critique research

Provides check on research promotingpublication of only quality, systematic, and

informative research

Peer-reviewed journals Specific subject areas

Experts on the editorial boards & as reviewers


12/64

Peer-reviewed (Informed) Literature

Caveat: All published research is not goodresearch?

It is still your responsibility as a good consumer to

critically evaluate the evidence to form your ownopinion

Methodological weaknesses

Design issues

Sources of bias

Analytical weaknesses

Data open to interpretation


13/64

Using Scientific Research

One study is generally NOT enough evidence

to support a particular treatment or course of

action at least not as a standard

Compile findings from multiple studies of

different types

Explain health and diseases

Identify effective treatments and interventions


14/64

Evidence Based Practice

Applying the best available research results(evidence) when making decisions about healthcare. Health care professionals who perform

evidence-based practice use research evidencealong with clinical expertise and patientpreferences. Systematic reviews (summaries ofhealth care research results) provide information

that aids in the process of evidence-basedpractice.

- Agency for Healthcare Quality Researchhttp://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/glossary-of-terms/?filterletter=e


15/64

Evidence Based Practice

Relies on scientific research studies

Based on numerous and varied studies

Standards of practice are NOT based on One study

Opinion

Value

what weve always done


16/64

Evidence Pyramid

For more information (if you are interested) http://researchguides.uic.edu/ebm

Weak Evidence

Strongest Evidence

Systematic Reviews

Randomized controlled trials

Cohort studies

Case-control studies

Case series

Case reports

Ideas, Editorials, Opinions

Animal research

In vitro (cell) research


17/64

Other sources of health information

Most of us arent reading peer-reviewed journals forhealth information

Where do we learn about health (besides this class)?

How do you know when a source is reliable orcredible? Type of source

Use of experts Use of research to back up facts

Author/editor credited


18/64


Reading: Chapter 2 Promoting andPreserving your Psychological Health, pg 28-

55


19/64

Announcements

Kresge Library Tutorial

Lab 1

Topic: Stress

Article posted on moodle

Directions to come


20/64

Announcements

Suggestions for note-taking

Print or download notes prior to class

Print 4-6 per page and write on the those

Compare handwritten notes with the notes

posted on line after class (if you dont print notes)

Fill in the gaps with your book (or come to office

hours) If something is NOT in the book/readings I will almost

always have it written out for you


21/64

CONTINUING WITH RESEARCHMETHODS


22/64


Mental dimensions of health

Includes social, emotional & spiritual aspects of well-being

Involves physical dimension of health

heart rate

blood pressure

digestive system

weight

immunity


23/64

Elements of Psychological Health

Feeling good about yourself (and your limitations)

Feeling comfortable with others

Adequate expressions of respect and compassions

Controlling tension and anxiety Consciously avoid irrational thoughts, excessive

excuse making, or blaming others Meet demands of life problem solve


24/64

Elements of Psychological Health

Curb hate and guilt

Maintain positive outlook (more optimistic than

pessimistic)

Value diversity

Enjoy nature and/or conscious of place inuniverse


25/64

Positive Psychology

The scientific study of the strengths and virtues

that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

The field is founded on the belief that people want

to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivatewhat is best within themselves, and to enhance

their experiences of love, work, and play.

From the Positive Psychology Center (UPenn)

http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu


26/64

Positive Psychology

Focus on emotional well-being, positive aspects ofcognition Conscious movement away from focus on abnormal psychology

or mental disorders

study of happiness, resiliency, strength in character ability to adapt to change and stressful events in healthy and

flexible ways

Select goals of positive psychology:

How to promote happiness and well-being How to improve learning and productivity

Understanding motivation

Understanding strength and resilience


27/64

Positive Psychology

Recommended readings

Happiness Hypothesis by Jonathan Haidt Stumbling on Happiness by Dan Gilbert


28/64

Psychological Health: Influences

Family

Encourage, support

Social Support (friends)

Community


29/64


Self-efficacy

Self-esteem

Learned helplessness Learned optimism


30/64


Personality

Extroversion vs Introversion

Agreeableness

Openness to experiences (inquiring intellect)

Emotional stability

Conscientiousness

Resiliency


31/64


Life-stage

Adolescence vs adulthood

Transitions

Life events


32/64

MENTAL ILLNESS

Disruptions in psychological well-being


33/64

Mental Illness

Disorders that impair daily functioning by

affecting

Diagnostic Criteria

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental

Disorders 5th edition (DSM-V) by the American

Psychiatry Association


34/64

Diagnosing Mental Illness

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental

Disorders V by the American Psychiatry

Association

http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx

Sets criteria for

Diagnosis

Treatment


35/64

Treating Mental Illness

Psychotherapy

talk-therapy

Goals of psychotherapy

Understand

Provide

Examples

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Dialectical therapy

From: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/psychotherapies/index.shtml


36/64

Treating mental illness

Medications


37/64

Anxiety Disorders

Characterized by persistent feelings of threat

and worry

Anxiety disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder

Panic attacks

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder


38/64

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Level of anxiety

Fight or flight symptoms unchecked

Develops over time


39/64

Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

Diagnosis

Exhibit at least 3 symptoms more days than

not for at least 6 months


40/64

Panic Disorders

Panic attacks

Sudden onset-Anxiety

Severe physical symptoms: on- edge to heart

attack


41/64

Panic Disorders

Causes:

Genetic

Over-active sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight


42/64

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Recurrent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive

behaviors

Intrusive thoughts

Rituals


43/64

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Recurrent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive

behaviors

Knowledge of irrationality

Diagnosis


44/64

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Responses to a previously experienced trauma

that occur in absence of the event


45/64

Mood Disorders

Experience persistent emotional states

Sadness, despair, euphoria

interfere with daily or usual functiongin

Major depression

Dysthymic disorder

Bipolar disorder


46/64

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Event associations

Physical symptoms

Dissociation

f i i


47/64

More Information on Anxiety

Disorders

National Institute of Mental Health

http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-

disorders/index.shtml


48/64

Causes of Mood Disorders

Interaction of genes, environment, and

personal history

Treatment


49/64

Major Depression

Most common mood disorder

Women TWICE as likely to suffer from

depression

Depressed mood that interferes with work,relationships, daily functioning


50/64

Major Depression (DSM-IV)

Depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in lifeactivities for at least 2 weeks

At least five of the following symptoms

Cause clinically significant impairment in social, work, orother important areas of functioning almost every day


51/64

Dysthymic Disorder

Chronic, persistent, mild depression

Affects 1.5 million American adults (3%)


52/64

Dysthymic Disorder

Depressed mood most of the day for more days thannot, for at least 2 years

Presence of two or more of the following symptoms

Cause clinically significant impairment in social, work, orother important areas of functioning


53/64

Bipolar Disorder

Manic depression

Severe mood swings

Highs to lows

Affects 2.6 % population (5.7 million

Americans)


54/64

Bipolar Disorder

Symptoms of mania

increased

decreased need more talkative than usual

flight of ideas

distractibility

psychomotor agitation excessive involvement in pleasurable activities


55/64

Recognizing Mood Disorders

Difficult to notice, attend, and talk about

On-line screening available at Gannett

http://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening

/?keyword=OAKLAND
http://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening/?keyword=OAKLANDhttp://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening/?keyword=OAKLANDhttp://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening/?keyword=OAKLANDhttp://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening/?keyword=OAKLANDhttp://www.mentalhealthscreening.org/screening/?keyword=OAKLAND


56/64

Information on Mood Disorders

National Institute of Mental Health (nimh.gov)

Depression:

http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depressio

n/index.shtml Bipolar:

http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-

disorder/index.shtml

American Psychological Association (apa.org)
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml


57/64

Other Mental Health Issues

Self-injury

Suicide


58/64

Self-injury

Self-harm, self-mutilation, cutting

NOT a suicide attempt, but a coping

mechanism

Often associated with


59/64

Self-injury

Preventing behavior while developing coping

skills

Identifying triggers

Identifying plan of action for the trigger

For more information

www.selfinjury.org


60/64

Suicide

Third leading cause of death among 15-24

year olds

90% have a diagnosable mental condition

Sex differences


61/64

Risk factors for Suicide

Risk factors

Recent loss

Inability to let go of grief

History of depression

Expressed a desire to kill themselves

Previous suicide attempts


62/64

Common Signs

Change in personality

Sexual dysfunction

Expressions of Change in

Preoccupation with

A direct statement Indirect statement

Final preparations


63/64

Suicide Prevention

What you can do:

Know warning signs

Take threats seriously

Let the person know how much you care about him orher.

Ask directly.

Do not belittle the persons feelings.

Help come up with alternatives.

Tell someone; do not keep your suspicions to yourself


64/64

Resources

National Suicide Prevention Hotline

1-800-273-8255 Suicidepreventionlifeline.org

International Suicide Prevention http://suicideprevention.wikia.com/wiki/International_Suicide_Prevention_Directory

Veterans Crisis Hotline

1800-273-8255 (1)

http://www.veteranscrisisline.net
http://suicideprevention.wikia.com/wiki/International_Suicide_Prevention_Directoryhttp://suicideprevention.wikia.com/wiki/International_Suicide_Prevention_Directory

research psych health

Documents