research article analysis of land use/land cover changes

Hindawi Publishing CorporationThe Scientific World JournalVolume 2013 Article ID 268623 6 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013268623

Research ArticleAnalysis of Land UseLand Cover Changes Using Remote SensingData and GIS at an Urban Area Tirupati India

Praveen Kumar Mallupattu and Jayarama Reddy Sreenivasula Reddy

Department of Chemistry Sri Venkateswara University Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 517 502 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Praveen Kumar Mallupattu praveenmallupattugmailcom

Received 9 April 2013 Accepted 29 April 2013

Academic Editors K Nemeth G Ventura and G-L Yuan

Copyright copy 2013 P K Mallupattu and J R Sreenivasula Reddy This is an open access article distributed under the CreativeCommons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided theoriginal work is properly cited

Land useland cover (LULC) changes were determined in an urban area Tirupati from 1976 to 2003 by using GeographicalInformation Systems (GISs) and remote sensing technologyThese studies were employed by using the Survey of India topographicmap 57O6 and the remote sensing data of LISS III and PAN of IRS ID of 2003The study area was classified into eight categories onthe basis of field study geographical conditions and remote sensing dataThe comparison of LULC in 1976 and 2003 derived fromtoposheet and satellite imagery interpretation indicates that there is a significant increase in built-up area open forest plantationand other lands It is also noted that substantial amount of agriculture land water spread area and dense forest area vanished duringthe period of study which may be due to rapid urbanization of the study area No mining activities were found in the study area in1976 but a small addition of mining land was found in 2003

1 Introduction

In an urban environment natural and human-induced envi-ronmental changes are of concern today because of deteriora-tion of environment and human health [1] The study of landuseland cover (LULC) changes is very important to haveproper planning and utilization of natural resources and theirmanagement [2] Traditional methods for gathering demo-graphic data censuses and analysis of environmental sam-ples are not adequate formulticomplex environmental studies[3] since many problems often presented in environmentalissues and great complexity of handling the multidisciplinarydata set we require new technologies like satellite remotesensing andGeographical Information Systems (GISs)Thesetechnologies provide data to study andmonitor the dynamicsof natural resources for environmental management [4]

Remote sensing has become an important tool appli-cable to developing and understanding the global physicalprocesses affecting the earth [5] Recent development in

the use of satellite data is to take advantage of increasingamounts of geographical data available in conjunction withGIS to assist in interpretation [6] GIS is an integrated systemof computer hardware and software capable of capturingstoring retrieving manipulating analyzing and display-ing geographically referenced (spatial) information for thepurpose of aiding development-oriented management anddecision-making processes [7] Remote sensing and GIS havecovered wide range of applications in the fields of agricul-ture [8] environments [9] and integrated eco-environmentassessment [10] Several researchers have focused on LULCstudies because of their adverse effects on ecology of the areaand vegetation [11ndash14]

Present study area witnessed rapid development duringpast decades in terms of urbanization industrialization andalso population increase substantially The main objective ofthis paper is to detect and quantify the LULC in an urbanarea Tirupati (Figure 1) from 1976 to 2003 using satelliteimagery and topographic map

2 The Scientific World Journal

0 1200 2400 3600 4800600(m)

RoadsRailwayBuilt-up area

ForestWaterbody

Peruru Upparapalli

Gollapalle

Mallam GuntaRamanujapalliPatakalvd

Avllali

HarajanawadaMallavaram Tiruchanur

Daminedu

Shettipalle

Chennayyagunta

MatturKottapalle

Makarampalle

Alipiri Gate

Pedda Malawada

Kupuchandrapeta

Yerrammareddipalam

Paidikalva

Kathiramangalam

Tirupati extension reserve forest

Tirupati

Santhi NagarLakshmipuram

TimmayudipalamMangalam

Ullipattada

BodignipalliMutyalareddipalle

SV Nagar

SVU campusGandhi Road

Bhavaninagar

Thummalagunta

Industrial EstaRamanuja Circle

N

India

AP

Chittoor district

79∘22

998400

13∘40

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

998400

79∘22

998400

13∘35

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘35

998400

Figure 1 Location of the study area Tirupati

2 Study Area Description

The study area Tirupati region (Figure 1) is located nearbythe metropolitan city Chennai at a distance of about 145 kmin southern peninsular India Tirupati is a world famousholy pilgrim place for devotees of Lord Sri Venkateswarais situated in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh (AP)state at an altitude of 1829m (1305∘N latitude and 7905∘Elongitude) which represents an urban area surrounded bymajor industrial and agricultural activities along with denseforest The town area owes its existence to the sacred worldfamous temple of Lord Sri Venkateswara situated on the sevenhills (Tirumala) adjoining it The total population of Tirupati

region is about 3 09000 according to 2001 census of IndiaIndustrial activities have also impact on the overall pollutionlevels The major industries are located heavily at Tirupatiindustrial area situated at the east nearby Renigunta

The study area covers many water streams majorly theSwarnamukhi River basin All the streams including theSwarnamukhi River are ephemeral and rise from the Tirupatihill ranges The annual rainfall during the study period is8998mm with total number of 43 events in which thehighest rainfall in July (3406mm) and the lowest in April(56mm) The streams while flowing from the upland tolowlands form steeply dissected valleys often covered withboulders showing striations The surface runoff in most

The Scientific World Journal 3

of the streams is restricted to a few hours after the rain whilein the Swarnamukhi and Rallakalva Rivers the flows last fora few days to a few weeks after the rain Most of the year theyare dry

3 Data and Methodology

In the present study we have used mainly two types of dataThese are topographic map and remote sensing data Theremote sensing data of georeferenced and merged data ofLISS III and PAN of IRS ID of 2003 in the digital mode areobtained from theNational Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)Government of India Hyderabad and used The spatialresolutions of LISS III and PAN are 235 and 58 meters andspectral resolutions are 4 and 1 meters respectively

The topographic map 57 O6 (150000 scale) is obtainedfrom the Survey of India Hyderabad which was surveyedand prepared in 1976 it is converted to digital mode usingscanning The topographic map is georeferenced with lon-gitude and latitudes using the ArcGIS software and spatialanalyst tools and demarcated the boundary of study area

A supervised signature extraction with the maximumlikelihood algorithmwas employed to classify the digital dataof IRS 1D georeferenced and merged LISS III and PAN forland useland cover mapping for the year 2003 Before thepreprocessing and classification of satellite imagery began anextensive field survey was performed throughout the studyarea using Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment Thissurvey was performed in order to obtain accurate locationalpoint data for each land use and land cover class included inthe classification scheme as well as for the creation of trainingsites and for signature generation

The satellite data was enhanced before classification usinghistogram equalization in ERDAS Imagine 87 to improve theimage quality and to achieve better classification accuracyIn supervised classification spectral signatures are developedfrom specified locations in the image These specified loca-tions are given the generic name ldquotraining sitesrdquo and aredefined by the user Generally a vector layer is digitized overthe raster sceneThe vector layer consists of various polygonsoverlaying different land use typesThe training sites will helpto develop spectral signatures for the outlined areas

The land use maps pertaining of two different periodswere used for postclassification comparison which facilitatedthe estimation of changes in the land use category anddynamism with the changes Postclassification comparisonis the most commonly used quantitative method of changedetection [15ndash17] with fairly good results Postclassificationcomparison is sometimes referred to as ldquodelta classificationrdquo[18] It involves independently produced spectral classifica-tion results from different data sets followed by a pixel-by-pixel or segment-by-segment comparison to detect changesin the classes The detailed methodology adopted was givenin Figure 2

4 Results and Discussion

Knowledge about land useland cover has become importantto overcome the problem of biogeochemical cycles loss of

Loading preprocessing

Georeferencing

Image processing

Field checks

Land useland cover change detection

Georeferencing

Mosaicking

Methodology

Land useland cover map 1976

Supervised classification


Final rectified toposheet

IRS imagery 2003 SOI toposheet 1976

Figure 2 Flow chart of methodology for land useland cover andchange detection

Table 1 Study area population and vehicle fleetlowast

Year Population Year Vehicles1981 273540 1990 162701991 372045 2000 555032001 309000 2003 80024lowastSource Tirupati Urban Development Authority Tirupati

productive ecosystems biodiversity deterioration of envi-ronmental quality loss of agricultural lands destruction ofwetlands and loss of fish and wildlife habitat The mainreason behind the LULC changes includes rapid populationgrowth rural-to-urban migration reclassification of ruralareas as urban areas lack of valuation of ecological servicespoverty ignorance of biophysical limitations and use ofecologically incompatible technologies

Present study area Tirupati is a rapid developing town andis a world famous pilgrim centre for the devotees of Lord SriVenkateswara During the past few decades the study areahas witnessed substantial increase in population (Table 1)economic growth and industrialization and transportationactivities (Table 1) have negative impact on the environmentalhealth of the region

Due to involvement of multiple data sets we used latesttechnologies like remote sensing and GIS to quantify LULCOn the basis of interpretation of remote sensing imagery fieldsurveys and existing study area conditions we have classifiedthe study area into eight categories that is agriculturebuilt-up area dense forest mining open forest other landplantation and water spread area (Figures 3 and 4)The studyarea covers 125 km2 and LULC changes were estimated from1976 to 2003

Table 2 gives the statistical results of LULC changesIt is evident from Table 2 that the LULC changes were of


0 500

Agriculture

Dense forest

PlantationWater spread areaOther land

Built-up area

(m)

N

79∘22

998400

79∘22

99840079

∘30

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

99840013

∘40

998400

13∘35

99840013

∘35

998400

1000 2000 3000 4000Classes names

Figure 3 Land useland cover in 1976

highest amount in agriculture built-up area plantation otherland and dense forest from 1976 to 2003 Comparison ofLULC in 1976 and 2003 derived from toposheet and satel-lite imagery interpretation indicates that the built-up areacomprising human habitation developed for nonagriculturaluses like building transport and communications is largelybroadened from 591 km2 (1976) to 1834 km2 (2003) with anet addition of 1244 km2 This is due to urban expansionand population increase in this study area during the studyperiod

The agricultural lands which are used for paddy andproduction of food vegetables and other mixed varietieslike mango coconuts and other homestead trees are largelydecreased from 6823 km2 (1976) to 2145 km2 (2003) withnet decrease of 4678 km2

The study area witnessed large amount of agriculture landconverted into settlements and other urban developmentactivities Water spread area both man-made and naturalwater features such as riversstreams tanks and reservoirsalso decreased from 1209 km2 in 1976 to 991 km2 in 2003with net decline of 218 km2 Water spread area decreaseis occurred due to the gradual conversion of water spreadarea into built-up area or human developmental area as the

population increased significantly during the past decadesDense forest comprising all land with tree cover of canopydensity of 70 and above is significantly declined from1976 (2235 km2) to 2003 (425 km2) with a net decrease of1810 km2 This is attributed to conversion of forest lands intourban areas and other development activities

Open forest land comprising all lands with tree cover ofcanopy density between 10 and 40 is not found in 1976whereas there is a significant addition of 1090 km2 of land in2003 which is due to implementation of afforestation worksby Tirupati municipality during the period of 2001ndash2003under Haritha project (httpwwwtirumalaorgactivitiessocial harithahtm)The plantation land which includes agri-cultural tree crops and other horticulture nurseries alsoincreased from 079 km2 (1976) to 2180 km2 (2003) witha net increase of 2101 km2 The other land consisting ofroads mostly link roads joining the village settlement andbarren land with or without scrub and sandy area is largelybroadened from 1564 km2 (1976) to 3822 km2 (2003) with anet increase of 2254 km2 In 1976 no mining activities werefound in the study area but a small addition of 013 km2mining land was found in 2003


Agriculture

Dense forestMining

Open forestOther landPlantationWater spread area

Built-up area

N

79∘22

998400

79∘22

99840079

∘30

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

99840013

∘40

998400

13∘35

99840013

∘35

998400

0 500(m)

1000 2000 3000 4000

Class names


Table 2 Land useland cover changes from 1976 to 2003

Class name Area km2 Changekm21976 2003

Built-up area 591 1834 1243Agriculture 6823 2145

minus4678Water spread area 1209 991

minus218Dense forest 2235 425

minus1810Open forest 000 1090 1090Plantation 079 2180 2101Other land 1564 3822 2257Mining 000 013 013Total 12500 12500 000(minus) indicates decrease

5 Conclusions

This paper focuses on LULC changes in an urban areaTirupati India using remote sensing data and GIS tech-nology Our results clearly show that LULC changes weresignificant during the period from 1976 to 2003 There issignificant expansion of built-up area noticed On the otherhand there is decrease in agricultural area water spread areaand forest areas This study clearly indicates the significantimpact of population and its development activities onLULCchange This study proves that integration of GIS and remotesensing technologies is effective tool for urban planningand management The quantification of LULC changes ofTirupati area is very useful for environmental management

groups policymakers and for public to better understand thesurrounding

Acknowledgment

One of the authors Mr M Praveen Kumar is highly gratefulto the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Gov-ernment of India Bangalore India for providing financialassistance

References

[1] M K Jat P K Garg and D Khare ldquoMonitoring and modellingof urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniquesrdquoInternational Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin-formation vol 10 no 1 pp 26ndash43 2008

[2] N EM Asselman andHMiddelkoop ldquoFloodplain sedimenta-tion quantities patterns and processesrdquo Earth Surface Processesamp Landforms vol 20 no 6 pp 481ndash499 1995

[3] DMaktav F S Erbek andC Jurgens ldquoRemote sensing of urbanareasrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 26 no 4 pp655ndash659 2005

[4] C A Berlanga-Robles and A Ruiz-Luna ldquoLand use mappingand change detection in the coastal zone of northwest Mexicousing remote sensing techniquesrdquo Journal of Coastal Researchvol 18 no 3 pp 514ndash522 2002

[5] A T Hudak and C AWessman ldquoTextural analysis of historicalaerial photography to characterize woody plant encroachmentin South African Savannardquo Remote Sensing of Environment vol66 no 3 pp 317ndash330 1998

[6] J G M Tziztiki F M Jean and A H Everett ldquoLand covermapping applications with MODIS a literature reviewrdquo Inter-national Journal of Digital Earth vol 5 no 1 pp 63ndash87 2012


[7] O Aboyade ldquoGeographic information systems application inplanning and decision- making processes in Nigerardquo Unpub-lished paper presented at the Environmental and Technologicalunit in the Development Policy Centre Ibadan 2001

[8] A G O Yeh and X Li ldquoPrincipal component analysis ofstacked multi-temporal images for the monitoring of rapidurban expansion in the Pearl Riverrdquo International Journal ofRemote Sensing vol 19 no 8 pp 1501ndash1518 1998

[9] T Fung and E Ledrew ldquoApplication of principal componentsanalysis to change detectionrdquo Photogrammetric Engineering ampRemote Sensing vol 53 no 12 pp 1649ndash1658 1987

[10] H Long X Wu W Wang and G Dong ldquoAnalysis of urban-rural land-use change during 1995-2006 and its policy dimen-sional driving forces in Chongqing Chinardquo Sensors vol 8 no2 pp 681ndash699 2008

[11] M El-Raey Y Fouda and P Gal ldquoGIS for environmentalassessment of the impacts of urban encroachment on Rosettaregion Egyptrdquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol60 no 2 pp 217ndash233 2000

[12] S Martinuzzi W A Gould and O M R Gonzalez ldquoLanddevelopment land use and urban sprawl in Puerto Rico inte-grating remote sensing and population census datardquo Landscapeand Urban Planning vol 79 no 3-4 pp 288ndash297 2007

[13] H S Sudhira T V Ramachandra and K S Jagadish ldquoUrbansprawl metrics dynamics and modelling using GISrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Applied EarthObservation andGeoinformationvol 5 no 1 pp 29ndash39 2004

[14] S Hathout ldquoThe use of GIS for monitoring and predictingurban growth in East and West St Paul Winnipeg ManitobaCanadardquo Journal of Environmental Management vol 66 no 3pp 229ndash238 2002

[15] J R Jensen Introductory Digital Image Processing A RemoteSensing Perspective Prentice Hall Upper Saddle river NJ USA1996

[16] J F Mas ldquoMonitoring land-cover changes a comparison ofchange detection techniquesrdquo International Journal of RemoteSensing vol 20 no 1 pp 139ndash152 1999

[17] T M Lillesand and R W Kiefer Remote Sensing and ImageInterpretation John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 4thedition 2000

[18] P Coppin I Jonckheere K Nackaerts B Muys and E LambinldquoDigital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring areviewrdquo International Journal of Remote Sensing vol 25 no 9pp 1565ndash1596 2004

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ClimatologyJournal of

EcologyInternational Journal of


EarthquakesJournal of


Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Geophysics

OceanographyInternational Journal of


Journal of Computational Environmental SciencesHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofPetroleum Engineering


GeochemistryHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Atmospheric SciencesInternational Journal of


OceanographyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in


MineralogyInternational Journal of


MeteorologyAdvances in

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Paleontology JournalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Geological ResearchJournal of


Geology Advances in


0 1200 2400 3600 4800600(m)

RoadsRailwayBuilt-up area

ForestWaterbody

Peruru Upparapalli

Gollapalle

Mallam GuntaRamanujapalliPatakalvd

Avllali

HarajanawadaMallavaram Tiruchanur

Daminedu

Shettipalle

Chennayyagunta

MatturKottapalle

Makarampalle

Alipiri Gate

Pedda Malawada

Kupuchandrapeta

Yerrammareddipalam

Paidikalva

Kathiramangalam

Tirupati extension reserve forest

Tirupati

Santhi NagarLakshmipuram

TimmayudipalamMangalam

Ullipattada

BodignipalliMutyalareddipalle

SV Nagar

SVU campusGandhi Road

Bhavaninagar

Thummalagunta

Industrial EstaRamanuja Circle

N

India

AP

Chittoor district

79∘22

998400

13∘40

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

998400

79∘22

998400

13∘35

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘35

998400

Figure 1 Location of the study area Tirupati

2 Study Area Description

The study area Tirupati region (Figure 1) is located nearbythe metropolitan city Chennai at a distance of about 145 kmin southern peninsular India Tirupati is a world famousholy pilgrim place for devotees of Lord Sri Venkateswarais situated in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh (AP)state at an altitude of 1829m (1305∘N latitude and 7905∘Elongitude) which represents an urban area surrounded bymajor industrial and agricultural activities along with denseforest The town area owes its existence to the sacred worldfamous temple of Lord Sri Venkateswara situated on the sevenhills (Tirumala) adjoining it The total population of Tirupati

region is about 3 09000 according to 2001 census of IndiaIndustrial activities have also impact on the overall pollutionlevels The major industries are located heavily at Tirupatiindustrial area situated at the east nearby Renigunta

The study area covers many water streams majorly theSwarnamukhi River basin All the streams including theSwarnamukhi River are ephemeral and rise from the Tirupatihill ranges The annual rainfall during the study period is8998mm with total number of 43 events in which thehighest rainfall in July (3406mm) and the lowest in April(56mm) The streams while flowing from the upland tolowlands form steeply dissected valleys often covered withboulders showing striations The surface runoff in most












Georeferencing

Image processing

Field checks


Georeferencing

Mosaicking

Methodology














0 500

Agriculture

Dense forest


Built-up area

(m)

N

79∘22

998400

79∘22

99840079

∘30

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

99840013

∘40

998400

13∘35

99840013

∘35

998400

1000 2000 3000 4000Classes names








Agriculture

Dense forestMining


Built-up area

N

79∘22

998400

79∘22

99840079

∘30

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

99840013

∘40

998400

13∘35

99840013

∘35

998400

0 500(m)

1000 2000 3000 4000

Class names








5 Conclusions



Acknowledgment


References





























Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in












Georeferencing

Image processing

Field checks


Georeferencing

Mosaicking

Methodology














0 500

Agriculture

Dense forest


Built-up area

(m)

N

79∘22

998400

79∘22

99840079

∘30

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

99840013

∘40

998400

13∘35

99840013

∘35

998400

1000 2000 3000 4000Classes names








Agriculture

Dense forestMining


Built-up area

N

79∘22

998400

79∘22

99840079

∘30

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

99840013

∘40

998400

13∘35

99840013

∘35

998400

0 500(m)

1000 2000 3000 4000

Class names








5 Conclusions



Acknowledgment


References





























Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


0 500

Agriculture

Dense forest


Built-up area

(m)

N

79∘22

998400

79∘22

99840079

∘30

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

99840013

∘40

998400

13∘35

99840013

∘35

998400

1000 2000 3000 4000Classes names








Agriculture

Dense forestMining


Built-up area

N

79∘22

998400

79∘22

99840079

∘30

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

99840013

∘40

998400

13∘35

99840013

∘35

998400

0 500(m)

1000 2000 3000 4000

Class names








5 Conclusions



Acknowledgment


References





























Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in


Agriculture

Dense forestMining


Built-up area

N

79∘22

998400

79∘22

99840079

∘30

998400

79∘30

998400

13∘40

99840013

∘40

998400

13∘35

99840013

∘35

998400

0 500(m)

1000 2000 3000 4000

Class names








5 Conclusions



Acknowledgment


References





























Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in























Volume 2014

Mining


Journal of



Geophysics







Journal of




Advances in











Geology Advances in

research article analysis of land use/land cover changes

Documents