regulations, requirements and standards for integration of ... · integration of dg/der in norway ....

Technology for a better society

Kjell Sand

SINTEF Energy Research

Trondheim, Norway

[email protected]

1

- including the links to EU network codes and CENELEC standardization

Regulations, requirements and standards for integration of DG/DER in Norway

Technology for a better society 2

Electricity Generation in the Nordic system 2011 (TWh)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Denmark Norway Finland Sweden

TWh

Country

Thermal

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Source: Eurostat


Grid characteristics

• Low customer density, but high electricity use per customer

• High amount of leisure homes connected to the power system

• Long distances between power plants and load centers

• Significant amount of MV and LV distribution as overhead lines

• Approx. 70 % of LV distribution built as 230 V IT network

• Weak grids with approx. 40% of the supply terminals weaker than the standardized EMC reference impedance (IEC TR 60725 )

• Demanding environment – especially for overhead lines (wind, ice, salt, moisture, trees...)


Electric Energy Usage in Norwegian Households. (Much space and water heating, large flexibility potential)

Water heater15%

Lighting6%

Cooling5%

Cooking2%

Washing3%

PC with accessories2%

Electronics3%

Space heating + misc.64%

16 000 kWh per household (average)


DG (<10 MW) in Norway today- by energy source


• Substantial potential for developing small scale hydro generation units

• In 2010 remaining potential for small scale hydro estimated to be 16, 5 TWh

• This potential mostly located in small rivers without reservoirs

• Peak production (spring) not in phase with peak load (winter)

6

Distributed Generation in Norway

Source: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE)

Potential for hydro energy DG in Norway with development cost < 3 NOK/kWh (< 0,4 € /kWh)


PVGIS © European Union, 2001-2012

Norway's potential is underestimated. Southern part of Norway: Measurements shows 1240 kWh/m2 Utilization time ca. 1000 hours. - Cold climate increase efficiency - Reflection from snow part of the year - Rain cleans PV panels

What about PV?

63o N


• New building codes (Zero Energy Buildings)

• Cost development of PV

Increased interest for PV in Norway


Example – Skarpnes

• Norway’s first zero-energy housing area

• 21 buildings

• 17 family houses

• Energy System: – Heat Pump

– Solar Thermal

– PV (~ 200 kWp)


Building Integrated PV systems can compete with the more expensive building materials in Norway

BIPV-Systemer

Glass (high)

Glass (low)

Slate

Concrete

Copper (low)

Copper (high)

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

2500

3000

3250

3500

2750

NOK/m2

Steel Hokksund Junior High School (Copper) Photo Trio Entreprenør AS

(1$= 6 NOK)


Small hydro power plants (1 - 10 MVA)

in areas with low consumption and weak lines

• Generation much higher than local consumption

• Strongly varying generation (river plants without water storage)

• Long feeders and high voltage levels when the generation is high

Generators consume reactive power to reduce line voltage

Common DG situation in Norway


• Technical challenges and requirements for DG integration

• Power quality code requirements.

• Voltage raise causing damages of appliances - fires have occurred.

• Voltage quality problems are the most common problems according to a small survey

• Protection and protection settings

12

Challenges for DG integration


Distribution-domain

DER/Customer-domain

Inductive voltage

control • HV/MV tap changer

• 1:1-transformer

• Voltage booster (e.g.

Magtech)

Reactive power

control • DG voltage control

• Reactor/capacitor

Active power

control

• Limitation

• Energy storage

Solutions including increased communication and integration

Remote tap-

changer

Coordinated voltage control

Coordinated voltage control with load/generation control

Grid

reinforcement: • Increase cross-

section of OHL

• Voltage upgrade

• New lines

• Re-section grid

• New high-voltage

grid

Technical options


TSO - Statnett

Security of supply

Frequency

Stability

Voltage control

Congestion

management

Economy

DNOs

Voltage quality

Safety

Reliability

Economy

DG owner

Economy Safe operation

Stakeholder objectives


Regulations , standards

• The TSO (Statnett) has developed functional requirements for connection of generation plants which also covers requirements for DG larger than 0,5 MVA.

• The regulator (NVE) has developed a Norwegian PQ code, which is based on the European standard EN 50160 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution system

• Definitions and limits are mostly in line, but – the Norwegian PQ code mostly have 100% of time limits i.e. not probabilistic limits

– 1 minute averaging time for supply voltage variations (not 10 min. as in EN 50160 or in the draft IEC/TS 62749 Assessment of power quality – Characteristics of electricity)


Statnett (TSO) requirements – DG hydro power plants

• Sn > 0,5 MVA : Synchronous generator with voltage regulator (of PID type)

• 1 MVA< Sn < 10 MVA: Speed governor

• Sn > 0,5 MVA: Prepared for island operation

• Power factor:

• cos ϕ < 0,86 (capacitive)

• cos ϕ < 0,95 (inductive)

• Operational requirements:

>20 s

45,0 47,5 49,0 52,0 53,0 55,0 57,0

> 30 min Continuous 30 min > 20 s >10 s f (Hz) 0,90

1,00 1,05

U (p.u.)


Fault ride through

Time (sec.)

U


Network codes are sets of rules which apply to one or more parts of the energy sector in EU as well as members of the European Economical Agreement (EEA – where Norway is a member).

Market codes

• Capacity Allocation

and Congestion Management (CACM)

• Forward Capacity Allocation (FCA)

• Electricity Balancing (EB)

Connection codes

• Requirements for

Grid Connection applicable to all Generators (RfG)

• Demand Connection Code (DCC)

• HVDC Connections (HVDC)

Operational codes

• Operational

Security (OS) • Operational

Planning and Scheduling (OPS)

• Load Frequency Control and Reserves (LFCR)

• Emergency and Restoration (ER)


• The Norwegian requirements need to be harmonized with these network codes.

• The most important code for DG/DER is Network Code on Requirements for Grid Connection Applicable to all Generators (RfG).

• Statnetts requirements are not fully in line with the RfG

19


• Coordination with network codes and international standards (CENELEC/IEC) is an issue.

• In Europe, CENELEC/CEN/ETSI BTWG 143-2 Mirror ENTSO-e activities survey possibly Network Codes concerned Technical Bodies / Technical Committees as well as contradictory requirements in standards and network codes.

20


• SR1 Terminology

• TC 2 Rotating Machinery

• TC 8X System aspects of electrical energy supply

• TC 17 Switchgear and control gear

• TC 22X Power electronic (e.g. for fault ride through)

• TC 38 Instrument transformers

• TC 57 (communication to generators)

• TC 64 Electrical Installation of buildings

• TC 82 Solar photovoltaic energy systems

• TC 85X Measuring equipment for electrical and electromagnetic quantities

• TC 88 Wind turbines

• SR 95 Measuring relays and protection equipment

• SR 96 Transformers, reactors, power supply units, and combinations thereof

• SR 114 Marine energy - Wave and tidal energy converters

• M/490 (Smart Grid Coordination Group)

21

Possibly concerned Technical Bodies / Technical Committees within CENELEC with the RfG - (no claim to completeness)


Example of input from TC

TC

Related technical topics

Related standards

Concerns (e.g. contradictory requirements in standards and network codes)

Identified standardization work (based on the network codes)

TC 2

EN 60034-1 is not conforming to the network code RfG as shown in the permitted operating range of rotating electrical machines

EN 60034-1

See Picture attached to the table


• DG/DER an important part of the Norwegian Power System

• PV scenario is likely also in Norway

• Requirements need to be harmonised with the EU network codes

• Some standards and network codes are not harmonised, which might lead to revision needs.

23

Conclusions


EV fuel Norway

Thank you! [email protected]

regulations, requirements and standards for integration of ... · integration of dg/der in norway ....

Documents