states of matter - denton · pdf filevocabulary preview •matter •physical...
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I know matter has measurable physical properties and those properties determine how matter is classified, changed, and used.
I can classify matter based on physical properties, including mass,
magnetism, physical state (solid, liquid, and gas), relative density (sinking and floating), solubility in
water, and the ability to conduct or insulate thermal energy or electric energy. (5.5A)
What is Matter? • Everything in the universe that has MASS and takes
up space (has volume) is classified as MATTER.
5.5AB 4.5AB 3.5ABC
Vocabulary Preview • Matter
• Physical Properties
• Mass
• Magnetism
• Physical State – Solid
– Liquid
– Gas
• Volume
• Temperature
• Heating
• Cooling
• Boiling point
• Freezing point
• Density
• Sinking
• Floating
• Conduct
• Insulate
• Thermal energy
• Electric energy
• Mixtures
• Maintain
• Iron Filings
• Solution
• Solubility
• Dissolve
What is Matter?
• All matter is made up of small particles called
molecules.
• These molecules are so small that they can be
seen only with the strongest microscopes.
• The arrangement of molecules and the amount of
energy in the molecules give matter properties
(characteristics/qualities).
Physical Properties
• The physical properties of matter are
measurable.
• Physical properties are features you can
observe with your senses.
• Physical properties are characteristics you can
measure with a tool.
• Physical properties are qualities that can be
changed without changing the matter itself.
What are the physical properties of matter?
1. Mass
2. Volume
3. Temperature
4. Magnetism
5. Physical State (solid, liquid, gas)
6. Relative Density
7. Solubility in Water
8. Ability to Conduct thermal energy or electric energy
9. Ability to Insulate thermal energy or electric energy
Mass
• Mass is the amount of matter something
contains.
• Scientists measure the mass of matter instead
of the weight of matter.
• Mass is measured in metric units.
• Mass is measured with a balance.
• Mass is not effected by gravity like weight is.
The mass of a dog is the same on Earth as it is
on the moon. The weight of a dog is greater on
Earth than on the moon.
Volume
• All matter has volume.
• Volume is the amount of space something
takes up.
• Volume is measured in two ways.
– 1. use a ruler: length x width x height
– 2. use a graduated cylinder (displacement)
Density
• Items that are not dense will float.
• Items that are very dense will sink.
• Relative Density is the physical property of matter
that compares the amount of matter to the space
taken up.
• When we talk about density, we are usually
referring to “how crowded” the molecules are.
• Density can be measured in grams per milliliter (
g/ml ).
• Solids are the densest phase of matter.
• Gases are the least dense.
Magnetism • Magnetism is a type of force, an attraction, that pulls across a distance.
• Matter that contains Nickel, Iron, or Cobalt are magnetic.
• Steel is made of Iron, so a magnet attracts anything made of steel like paper
clips, staples, and food cans.
• Not all metals are attracted to a magnet. The metal must contain iron to be
magnetic.
A magnet does NOT attract aluminum, most coins, glass, plastic, wood, or
rubber.
• The center of the earth is iron which is why we have magnetic poles and
why a compass works.
• A magnet is an object that attracts certain metals (mainly iron).
• One end of a magnet is called the south pole. The other end is called the
north pole.
• One end of a magnet repels while the other attracts.
• Opposite poles attract.
• The same poles repel.
Temperature
• Temperature measures the physical property of ‘how hot’ or ‘how cold’ material is.
• Celsius is the common unit of measurement for temperature C
• Thermometers are the scientific tools used to measure temperature.
Boiling point is the temperature at
which something becomes a gas.
Water has a boiling point of 100° C.
This means that at 100° C, water begins
to change from a liquid to a gas.
Melting point is the temperature at
which something becomes a liquid.
Water has a melting point of 0° C.
This means that at 0° C, water in the
form of ice begins to change from a solid to a liquid.
Freezing point is the temperature at
which something becomes a solid.
Water has a freezing point of 0° C.
This means that at 0° C, water begins
to change from a liquid to a solid.
TEKS 5.7A
Conductors of Heat Energy
• Materials that DO transfer heat energy from higher temperature to lower temperature areas.
****************************************************************************************************************************************************
• Examples – materials made of metal and glass
Conduction means allowing the transfer of heat from a higher temperature area to a lower temperature area.
Heat energy flow
TEKS 5.7A
Insulators of Heat Energy
• A material that does NOT transfer heat readily
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• Examples – materials made of rubber, wood, cloth
– materials that have air pockets
Insulation means providing a barrier to the flow of energy, in this case, heat.
Heat energy
Ins
ula
tor
TEKS 5.7A
Heat insulation is also called
thermal insulation
The house insulation in the walls and attic will slow
down the transfer of heat. In cold weather, inside a
warm house will be warmer than the outside
temperature. In hot weather, inside a cool house will
be cooler than the outside temperature.
The blanket keeps body heat (heat energy) close to
the boy. Heat energy is not transferred into the
surrounding air.
The styrofoam cup slows down heat transfer. A cold
drink in the cup will stay colder than the surrounding air.
A hot drink in the cup will stay hotter than the
surrounding air.
TEKS 5.7A
Practice your learning
Conductors
• Describe conductors.
• Give an example of a conductor.
• Describe a practical use of a heat conductor.
Insulators
• Describe insulators.
• Give an example of an insulator.
• Describe a practical use of a heat insulator.
The Physical States of Matter
Solids
• A solid is matter that has a definite
shape and takes up a definite
amount of space.
• The particles in a solid are close
together like neat and even stacks
of tiny balls.
• The particles are vibrating.
Liquids • A liquid is matter that takes the shape of its container and
takes up a definite amount of space.
• When matter is a liquid, its particles slip and slide around each other.
• They move from place to place, but they still stay close to each other.
• If you pour a liquid from one container than the other, the amount of matter in the liquid stays the same
Gases • A gas is matter that has no definite
shape and takes up no definite
amount of space.
• Like liquid particles the particles in
gases are not arranged in any
pattern.
• Unlike liquids, particles in gases
don’t stay close together.
• This is because the particles in
gases are moving much faster than
the particles in liquids.
How does matter change?
Matter
• Can be changed from one state to another
and back by heating or cooling
PHASE CHANGES Description of
Phase Change
Term for Phase
Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Solid to
liquid
Melting
Heat goes into
the solid as it
melts.
Liquid to
solid Freezing
Heat leaves the
liquid as it
freezes.
PHASE CHANGES Description of
Phase Change
Term for Phase
Change
Heat Movement During
Phase Change
Liquid to
gas
Vaporization,
which includes
boiling and
evaporation
Heat goes into the
liquid as it vaporizes.
Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas
as it condenses.
Solid to gas Sublimation Heat goes into the
solid as it sublimates.
What is happening?
STARTS CHANGES TO WHAT HAPPENED?
Solid Liquid
Liquid Gas
Liquid Solid
Gas Liquid
Mixture – a combination of two or more materials
that can be separated
•Each material (substance) keeps most of its own
physical properties.
Solution – a transparent or translucent liquid mixture
•Solutions are often solids dissolved into liquids.
•Solutions can also be liquids dissolved into liquids.
•The physical properties of the ingredients change in
a solution.
What happens when we mix matter? 5.5 CD 4.5C 5.3D
Solubility
• Solubility is the physical property which
describes how easily a substance breaks down
smaller and smaller pieces until it gets so small
that it dissolves and you can no longer see it.
• If something is soluble it means it will dissolve.
• A solid dissolves when it mixes evenly with the
liquid and disappears.
• A liquid dissolves when it mixes evenly with
another liquid and disappears.